XI. STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING DIABETES CARE D iabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical care and patient self-management education to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of long-term complications. Diabetes care is complex and requires that many issues, beyond glycemic control, be addressed. A large body of evidence exists that supports a range of interventions to improve diabetes outcomes. These standards of care are intended to provide clinicians, patients, researchers, payors, and other interested individuals with the components of diabetes care, treatment goals, and tools to evaluate the quality of care. While individual preferences, comorbidities, and other patient factors may require modification of goals, targets that are desirable for most patients with diabetes are provided. These standards are not intended to preclude more extensive evaluation and management of the patient by other specialists as needed. For more detailed information, refer to Bode (Ed.): Medical Management of Type 1 Diabetes (1), Burant (Ed): Medical Management of Type 2 Diabetes (2), and Klingensmith (Ed): Intensive Diabetes Management (3). The recommendations included are diagnostic and therapeutic actions that are known or believed to favorably affect health outcomes of patients with diabetes. A grading system (Table 1), developed by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and modeled after existing methods, was utilized to clarify and codify the evidence that forms the basis for the recommendations. The level of evidence that supports each recommendation is listed after each recommendation using the letters A, B, C, or E.

Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes

BIOE 402. Medical Technology Assessment. 2 or 3 hours. Bioentrepreneur course. Assessment of medical technology in the context of commercialization. Objectives, competition, market share, funding, pricing, manufacturing, growth, and intellectual property; many issues unique to biomedical products. Course Information: 2 undergraduate hours. 3 graduate hours. Prerequisite(s): Junior standing or above and consent of the instructor.

“Bioinformatics” 특집을 내면서

Review of recent research on hepatitis C therapy for 54th annual meeting of the American association for the study of liver diseases

https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/63157/4/Gomez-Guillen-collagenreview_CSIC.pdf

Functional and bioactive properties of collagen and gelatin from alternative sources: A review

The rapidly emerging field of nanotechnology has offered innovative discoveries in the medical, industrial, and consumer sectors. The unique physicochemical and electrical properties of engineered nanoparticles (NP) make them highly desirable in a variety of applications. However, these novel properties of NP are fraught with concerns for environmental and occupational exposure. Changes in structural and physicochemical properties of NP can lead to changes in biological activities including ROS generation, one of the most frequently reported NP-associated toxicities. Oxidative stress induced by engineered NP is due to acellular factors such as particle surface, size, composition, and presence of metals, while cellular responses such as mitochondrial respiration, NP-cell interaction, and immune cell activation are responsible for ROS-mediated damage. NP-induced oxidative stress responses are torch bearers for further pathophysiological effects including genotoxicity, inflammation, and fibrosis as demonstrated by activation of associated cell signaling pathways. Since oxidative stress is a key determinant of NP-induced injury, it is necessary to characterize the ROS response resulting from NP. Through physicochemical characterization and understanding of the multiple signaling cascades activated by NP-induced ROS, a systemic toxicity screen with oxidative stress as a predictive model for NP-induced injury can be developed.

/pdf/mechanisms-of-nanoparticle-induced-oxidative-stress-and-232aa5crad.pdf

Mechanisms of nanoparticle-induced oxidative stress and toxicity.

Streptococcus suis (S. suis) is an important bacterial pathogen, that causes serious infections in humans and pigs. Although numerous virulence factors have been proposed, their particular role in pathogenesis is still inconclusive. The current study explored putative peptides responsible for the virulence of S. suis serotype 2 (SS2). Thus, the peptidome of highly virulent SS2, less prevalent SS14, and rarely reported serotypes SS18 and SS19 were comparatively analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method (LC-MS/MS). Six serotype-specific peptides, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate N-acetyltransferase (DapH), alanine racemase (Alr), CCA-adding enzyme (CCA), peptide chain release factor 3 (RF3), ATP synthase subunit delta (F0F1-ATPases) and aspartate carbamoyltransferase (ATCase), were expressed moderately to highly only in the SS2 peptidome with p-values of less than 0.05. Some of these proteins are responsible for bacterial cellular stability; especially, Alr was highly expressed in the SS2 peptidome and is associated with peptidoglycan biosynthesis and bacterial cell wall formation. This study indicated that these serotype-specific peptides, which were significantly expressed by virulent SS2, could serve as putative virulence factors to promote its competitiveness with other coexistences in a particular condition. Further in vivo studies of these peptides should be performed to confirm the virulence roles of these identified peptides.

/pdf/unlocking-the-secrets-of-streptococcus-suis-a-peptidomics-2d8yzryd.pdf

Unlocking the Secrets of Streptococcus suis: A peptidomics comparison of virulent and non-virulent serotypes 2, 14, 18, and 19

The Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) causes severe economic losses in both papaya and cucurbits throughout the tropical and subtropical regions. An understanding of the interaction between the papaya plant and PRSV can help to improve papaya production. The protein profi les of virus-infected and healthy papaya leaves were compared by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Among the observed 490 protein spots, 227 were identifi ed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionizationtime of fl ight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Forty-three proteins were found to be similar to those identifi ed in the Papaya EST and NCBI nr databases. They play roles in the areas of: photosynthesis (14%), photorespiration (5%), metabolism (20%), gene and biosynthesis (10%), defence related (7%), stress response (5%), signal transduction (10%), and unknown processes (29%). Spot intensity and transcription levels determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction showed ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase, Rieske protein ubiquinol cytochome C and chlorophyll A/B binding were down-regulated in infected plants. On the other hand, ubiquitin-like modifi ers, vascular processing enzyme and germin-like protein were up-regulated in infected plants at transcription and translation levels. The results showed the novel virus-responding mechanism of the papaya plant that might be essential for developing viral-tolerant papaya in the agricultural industries.

Proteomics of Papaya ringspot virus-Infected Papaya Leaves

Leukemia is one of the high-incidence cancers that is characterized by an abnormal production of immature white blood cells. Subject to many reports on the side effects of conventional chemotherapy, herbs and natural compounds have been studied as an alternative medicine. In this study, sesamin, a lignan in sesame seed with pharmaceutical functions including anti-cancer, was chosen and treated with MOLT-4 and NB4 leukemic cell lines in various concentrations for 24 and 48 hours. The effect of sesamin on cell inhibition and expression levels of apoptotic genes in leukemic cell lines were investigated by MTT assay and real-time PCR, respectively. Moreover, apoptotic proteins were studied by mass spectrometry and bioinformatics tools to investigate the relation between sesamin and targeted proteins. Results showed that sesamin increased cell inhibition in both cell lines in dose- and time-dependent manner. Levels of caspase-3, -7, -8, and -9 gene expressions significantly increased, while BCL-2 decreased drastically in sesamin-treated cells. From bioinformatics study, PARP4, IPPK and caspase family proteins were found to be involved in sesamin that induced apoptosis in leukemic cells. Besides, doxorubicin, a chemotherapeutic drug, also shared the same protein targets as sesamin in apoptosis pathway. Sesamin demonstrates its potential to enhance cell inhibition and promotes cell apoptosis in both MOLT-4 and NB4 leukemic cell lines. This study will benefit the development of sesamin as an effective anti-leukemia drug in the future.

Sesamin Acts as Anti-leukemic Compound Interacting with Novel Phosphoprotein Targets and Inducing Apoptosis in Leukemic Cells

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), the cause of chikungunya fever, is a member of genus Alphavirus and family Togaviridae. Chikungunya fever is a re-emerging infectious disease that is endemic to Africa and Asia. The classic clinical symptoms after infection by CHIKV are sudden febrile illness, headache, rash, myalgia, althalgia, edema of the extremities, and gastrointestinal complaints. Moreover, severe dermatological lesions, lethal hepatitis and encephalitis can occur in newborns and old people. CHIKV has been shown to infect a wide variety of cell lines with differential pathogenicity. This study worked with a CHIKV isolated from recent outbreak Thailand (2008-2009) and aimed to compare production of CHIKV propagated in mosquito Aedes albopictus C6/36 cells, which are representative of one of the main natural vectors, and in African green monkey kidney (Vero) cells. CHIKV propagation, microscopic and standard plaque assay were applied for this research. The results showed different patterns of infection. The growth curve of CHIKV in C6/36 cells illustrated that the highest viral titer of CHIKV in C6/36 cells was produced on day 2 post infection. Cytopathic effect (CPE) was utilized to assay productivity in Vero cells. Optimal collection occurred when Vero cells were undergoing 30-40% CPE. While reduced virus titer was observed when CPE reached 50-70%. Virus titer in Vero cells was depended upon the degree of CPE, amount of input virus, time of virus collection and cell type for virus propagation. The results of this studies are primary information and useful for further developing CHIKV studies.

Production of Chikungunya virus propagated in Aedes albopictus cells compared with the production of this virus propagated in Vero cells

There is a desire to develop new molecules that can combat hyperpigmentation. To this end, the N-terminal cysteine-containing heptapeptide TILI-2 has shown promising preliminary results. In this work, the mechanism by which it works was evaluated using a series of biochemical assays focusing on known biochemical pathways, followed by LC-MS/MS proteomics to discover pathways that have not been considered before. We demonstrate that TILI-2 is a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase’s monophenolase activity and it could potentially scavenge ABTS and DPPH radicals. It has a very low cytotoxicity up to 1400 µM against human fibroblast NFDH cells and macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells. Our proteomics study revealed that another putative mechanism by which TILI-2 may reduce melanin production involves the disruption of the TGF-β signaling pathway in mouse B16F1 cells. This result suggests that TILI-2 has potential scope to be used as a depigmenting agent.

/pdf/evaluation-of-tili-2-as-an-anti-tyrosinase-anti-oxidative-3cejslqe.pdf

Sittiruk Roytrakul

Papers

Unlocking the Secrets of Streptococcus suis: A peptidomics comparison of virulent and non-virulent serotypes 2, 14, 18, and 19

Proteomics of Papaya ringspot virus-Infected Papaya Leaves

Sesamin Acts as Anti-leukemic Compound Interacting with Novel Phosphoprotein Targets and Inducing Apoptosis in Leukemic Cells

Production of Chikungunya virus propagated in Aedes albopictus cells compared with the production of this virus propagated in Vero cells

Evaluation of TILI-2 as an Anti-Tyrosinase, Anti-Oxidative Agent and Its Role in Preventing Melanogenesis Using a Proteomics Approach