1. Interaction. The interactions learners have with each other build interpersonal skills, such as listening, politely interrupting, expressing ideas, raising questions, disagreeing, paraphrasing, negotiating, and asking for help. 2. Interdependence. Learners must depend on one another to accomplish a common objective. Each group member has specific tasks to complete, and successful completion of each member’s tasks results in attaining the overall group objective.

将“Cooperative Learning”融入课堂——浅谈英语素质教育

Dedication Preface Foreword PART I: FRAME OF REFERENCE We begin with the idea of giving students the tools that increase their capacity for learning. The primary role of education is to increase student capacity for personal growth, social growth, and academic learning. Models of Teaching is an avenue to liberate student learning capacity and, by doing so, to help teachers take charge of their lives as teachers. CHAPTER 1: BEGINNING THE INQUIRY Creating Communities of Expert Learners On the whole, students are in schools and classes within those schools. Both need to be developed into learning communities and provided with the models of learning that enable them to become expert learners. We study how to build those learning communities. CHAPTER 2: WHERE MODELS OF TEACHING COME FROM Multiple Ways of Constructing Knowledge The history of teacher researchers comes to us in the form of models of teaching that enable us to construct vital environments for our students. Models have come from the ages and from teacher-researchers who have invented new ways of teaching. Some of these are submitted to research and development and how teachers can learn to use them. Those are the models that are included in this book. CHAPTER 3: STUDYING THE SLOWLY-GROWING KNOWLEDGE BASE IN EDUCATION A Basic Guide Through the Rhetorical Thickets We draw on descriptive studies, experimental studies, and experience to give us a fine beginning to what will eventually become a research-based profession. Here we examine what we have learned about how to design good instruction and effective curriculums. And, we learn how to avoid some destructive practices. CHAPTER 4: MODELS OF TEACHING AND TEACHING STYLES Three Sides of Teaching--Styles, Models, and Diversity We are people and our personalities greatly affect the environments that our students experience. And, as we use various models of teaching our selves -- our natural styles -- color how those models work in the thousands of classrooms in our society. Moreover, those models and our styles affect the achievement of the diverse students in our classes and schools. PART II: THE INFORMATION-PROCESSING FAMILYOF MODELS How can we and our students best acquire information, organize it, and explain it? For thousands of years philosophers, educators, psychologists, and artists have developed ways to gather and process information. Here are several live ones. CHAPTER 5: LEARNING TO THINK INDUCTIVELY Forming Concepts by Collecting and Organizing Information Human beings are born to build concepts. The vast intake of information is sifted and organized and the conceptual structures that guide our lives are developed. The inductive model builds on and enhances the inborn capacity of our students. CHAPTER 6: ATTAINING CONCEPTS Sharpening Basic Thinking Skills Students can develop concepts. They also can learn concepts developed by others. Concept attainment teaches students how to learn and use concepts and develop and test hypotheses. CHAPTER 7: THE PICTURE-WORD INDUCTIVE MODEL Developing Literacy across the Curriculum Built on the language experience approach, the picture-word inductive model enables beginning readers to develop sight vocabularies, learn to inquire into the structure of words and sentences, write sentences and paragraphs, and, thus, to be powerful language learners. In Chapter 19 the outstanding results from primary curriculums and curriculums for older struggling readers are displayed. CHAPTER 8: SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY AND INQUIRY TRAINING The Art of Making Inferences From the time of Aristotle, we have had educators who taught science-in-the-making rather than teaching a few facts and hoping for the best. We introduce you to a model of teaching that is science on the hoof, so to speak. This model has had effects, among other things, on improving the capacity of students to learn. We concentrate on the Biological Sciences Study Group, where for 40 years science teachers have shared information and generated new ideas. And, Inquiry training is a "best yet" model for teaching basic inquiry skills. CHAPTER 9: MEMORIZATION Getting the Facts Straight Memorization has had something of a bad name, mostly because of deadly drills. Contemporary research and innovative teachers have created methods that not only improve our efficiency in memorization, but also make the process delightful. CHAPTER 10: SYNECTICS The Arts of Enhancing Creative Thought Creative thought has often been thought of as the province of a special few, and something that the rest of us cannot aspire to. Not so. Synectics brings to all students the development of metaphoric thinking -- the foundation of creative thought. The model continues to improve. CHAPTER 11: LEARNING FROM PRESENTATIONS Advance Organizers Learning from presentations has almost as bad a name as learning by memorization. Ausubel developed a system for creating lectures and other presentations that will increase learner activity and, subsequently, learning. PART III: THE SOCIAL FAMILY OF MODELS Working together might just enhance all of us. The social family expands what we can do together and generates the creation of democracy in our society in venues large and small. In addition, the creation of learning communities can enhance the learning of all students dramatically. CHAPTER 12: PARTNERS IN LEARNING From Dyads to Group Investigation Can two students who are paired in learning increase their learning? Can students organized into a democratic learning community apply scientific methods to their learning? You bet they can. Group Investigation can be used to redesign schools, increase personal, social, and academic learning among all students, and -- is very satisfying to teach. CHAPTER 13: THE STUDY OF VALUES Role Playing and Public Policy Education Values provide the center of our behavior, helping us get direction and understand other directions. Policy issues involve the understanding of values and the costs and benefits of selecting some solutions rather than others. In these models, values are central. Think for a moment about the issues that face our society right now -- research on cells, international peace, including our roles in Iraq and the rest of the Middle East, the battle against AIDS, poverty, and who controls the decisions about pregnancy and abortion. Not to mention just getting along together. PART IV: THE PERSONAL FAMILY OF MODELS The learner always does the learning. His or her personality is what interacts with the learning environment. How do we give the learner centrality when we are trying to get that same person to grow and respond to tasks we believe will enhance growth? CHAPTER 14: NONDIRECTIVE TEACHING The Learner at the Center How do we think about ourselves as learners? As people? How can we organize schooling so that the personalities and emotions of students are taken into account? Let us inquire into the person who is the center of the education process. CHAPTER 15: DEVELOPING POSITIVE SELF-CONCEPTS The Inner Person of Boys and Girls, Men and Women If you feel great about yourself, you are likely to become a better learner. But you begin where you are. Enhancing self concept is a likely avenue. The wonderful work by the SIMs group in Kansas (see Chapter 3) has demonstrated how much can be accomplished. PART V: THE BEHAVIORAL SYSTEMS FAMILY OF MODELS We are what we do. So how do we learn to practice more productive behaviors? Let's explore some of the possibilities. CHAPTER 16: LEARNING TO LEARN FROM MASTERY LEARNING Bit by bit, block by block, we climb our way up a ladder to mastery. CHAPTER 17: DIRECT INSTRUCTION Why beat around the bush when you can just deal with things directly? Let's go for it! However, finesse is required, and that is what this chapter is all about. CHAPTER 18: LEARNING FROM SIMULATIONS Training and Self-Training How much can we learn from quasi-realities? The answer is, a good deal. Simulations enable us to learn from virtual realities where we can experience environments and problems beyond our present environment. Presently, they range all the way to space travel, thanks to NASA and affiliated developers. PART VI: INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES, DIVERSITY, AND CURRICULUM The rich countryside of humanity makes up the population of our schools. The evidence suggests that diversity enhances the energy of schools and classrooms. However, some forms of teaching make it difficult for individual differences to flourish. We emphasize the curriculums and models of teaching that enable individual differences to thrive. CHAPTER 19: LEARNING STYLES AND MODELS OF TEACHING Making Discomfort Productive By definition, learning requires knowing, thinking, or doing things we couldn't do before the learning took place. Curriculums and teaching need to be shaped to take us where we haven't been. The trick is to develop an optimal mismatch in which we are pushed but the distance is manageable. CHAPTER 20: EQUITY Gender, Ethnicity, and Socioeconomic Background The task here is to enable differences to become an advantage. The best curriculums and models of teaching do just that. In other words, if differences are disadvantages, it is because of how we teach. CHAPTER 21: CREATING AND TESTING CURRICULUMS The Conditions of Learning Robert Gagne's framework for building curriculums is discussed and illustrated. This content is not simple, but it is powerful. CHAPTER 22: TWO WORDS ON THE FUTURE The Promise of Distance Learning and Using Models of Teaching to Ensure that No Child is Left Behind. Afterword APPENDIX PEER COACHING GUIDES Related Literature and References Index

教学模式 = Models of Teaching

Kini semakin banyak perusahaan yang menghubungkan diri dengan internet sebagai upaya untuk memperluas jaringan komputer mereka. Namun demikian internet memiliki masalah mendasar, yaitu keamanan. Dengan terhubung ke internet berarti terbuka pintu bagi orang lain untuk mengakses bahkan merusak informasi ataupun sistem pada jaringan lokal. Berbagai mekanisme telah dibuat untuk mendukung layanan keamanan di internet, diantaranya dengan pembatasan jalur data antara jaringan lokal dan internet. Namun tidaklah cukup karena protokol TCP/IP yang digunakan di internet menyimpan kelemahan dalam layanan keamanan. Oleh karena itu protokol tersebut diperbaharui agar dapat memenuhi tuntutan komunitas
internet atas layanan keamanan. IPng sebagai hasil pembauran, mendukung keamanan dengan menyediakan layanan autentikasi dan enkripsi pada paket IP. Dalam tugas akhir ini penulis melakukan implementasi sebuah layanan keamanan pada ITng, yaitu autentikasi. Implementasi mencapku penggunaan beberapa algoritma seperti MD5 dan SHA untuk proses autentikasi dan penggunaan sistem operasi linux sebagai lingkungan nya. Hasil evaluasi menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan layanan autentikasi membuat waktu pengiriman paket menjadi dua kali lipat.

Metodologi Penelitian Pendidikan

The conditions of learning

Kim, Hyesouk. 2004. Theories and Developments of Sociolinguistics. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 12(1). The purpose of this article is to understand a current status of sociolinguistics by reviewing previous studies and attempting to see the future of the discipline as linguistics. As Milroy and Milroy (1990:485) have defined, sociolinguistics is "the study of language as it is used by real speakers in social and situational contexts of use." It has four characteristics. (1)Those who study sociolinguistics are linguists but they have great interests in adding social variables to pure linguistics. Sociolinguists believe that criteria of correct language usage be based upon not only pure grammatical standards but also societal norms in terms of its relevance and general acceptance. (2)The goal of sociolinguistics is to identify a co-variance between language and society and to establish a theory of language performance. (3)Sociolinguistics regards synchronical and diachronical traits as an identical frame. (4)Sociolingustics pays attention to language usage in societal contexts and extends language competence, which is the main subject of pure linguistics, to communicative competence. D. Hymes predicts that the core areas of linguistics is actually sociolinguistics and, thus, the prefix 'socio' will not be necessary. Although we still have that prefix, it is true that sociolingusitics has already had its own identity and is growing rapidly as an independent discipline. In conclusion, this paper argues that sociolinguistics will receive more attention from linguists and play a key role in linguistics by explaining variation in language more systematically, and by interpreting and eliminating language conflict in everyday life.

사회언어학(Sociolinguistics)의 이론과 전개

Pembelajaran keterampilan berbahasa Indonesia teori dan aplikasi

This research aims to develop Indonesian Language textbooks with multiculturalism and character education for traditional poetry writing learning. This research uses a research and development approach until the discovery of a proper textbook. The subjects involved in this study were 101 elementary school fourth-graders, 33 teachers, and 2 Indonesian language and literature learning experts. Data analysis techniques at the need analysis stage through interactive models, and data analysis at the product testing stage using quantitative techniques with non-independent t-test statistics. Preliminary studies found that teachers and students needed creative writing skills textbooks developed by integrating the values of multiculturalism and character education. Textbook development referred to aspects of content, language, presentation, and graphics. Limited textbook product testing using t-test showed that t-obtained= -4,265 and t-table on α = 5 % is 2,064, so H0 is rejected. Broad testing also resulted in t-obtained= -6,426 and t-table = 2,004, so it can be decided that H0 is rejected. Students' traditional poetry writing skills after learning using textbooks are better than before learning using textbooks. Thus it is concluded that the textbooks developed are inferred worthy of use by teachers and students to improve their writing skills in elementary school.

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Development of Indonesian Language Text Books with Multiculturalism and Character Education to Improve Traditional Poetry Writing Skills

This study aims to develop textbooks to write children's stories based on the education character for fourth grade students of Muhammadiyah elementary school in Surakarta Indonesia, and also to improve students' skills in writing children's stories that are included the education character in it. The subjects of this study are students and teachers. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling. The methods of the data collection are through questionnaire, observation, interview, and documentation study, supported by Focus Group Discussion and field notes. The analysis data used in this study is techniques of peer-debriefing by analyzing in depth to the subject. The discussion of the result of the data analysis uses qualitative descriptive. The results of this study prove that; (1) based on the results of the exploratory study, it is proved that many elementary schools which do not have textbooks with special specifications to help students in writing children's stories, that’s 100%; (2) based on the results of the Focus Group Discussion it allows to be internalized the characters education into textbooks of children's stories; (3) the product prototypes of the textbooks in writing children's stories based on character education for fourth grade students of elementary school

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The need textbook writing of children’s story based on character education

A b s trak: Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeskripsikan nilai-nilai pendidikan karakter dalam kumpulan cerita rakyat dari Pacitan. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan sumber data penelitian berupa Buku Cerita Rakyat dari Pacitan terbitan Grasindo 2004 yang memuat 10 judul cerita . Analisis data dilakukan dengan teknik analisis isi ( content analysis ). Hasil penelitian menunjuk- kan bahwa Cerita Rakyat dari Pacitan sebagai suatu karya sastra mengandung nilai pendidikan karakter yang meliputi: (1) religius; (2) jujur; (3) kerja keras; (4) kreatif; (5) rasa ingin tahu; (6) semangat kebang- saan; (7) menghargai prestasi; (8) cinta damai; (9) peduli lingkungan; (10) peduli sosial; dan (11) tang- gung jawab. Nilai-nilai tersebut menjadi dasar bahwa cerita rakyat selain digunakan sebagai media memperkenalkan kisah-kisah yang diyakini nenek moyang kepada keturunannya, juga bisa sekaligus menjadi sarana mendidik karakter pada diri mereka. K ata Kunci : pendidikan karakter, nilai-nilai karakter, cerita rakyat, Pacitan CH A R A C T ER EDUCATION CONTENT IN FOLKLORE PACITAN’S A b s tract : This study aims to describe the value of character education in the compilation of Pacitan’s folklore. The method used is qualitative descriptive method with data source of research in the form of folklore from Pacitan published by Grasindo 2004 which contains 10 story titles. Data analysis is done by content analysis technique. The results show that Pacitan folklore as a literary work contains the value of character education which includes: (1) religious; (2) honest; (3) hard work; (4) creative; (5) curiosity; (6) Spirit of nationalism; (7) respecting achievement; (8) love of peace; (9) environmental care; (10) social care; and (11) responsibility. These values form the basis that folklore is used as a medium for introducing stories that ancestors believed to their descendants, as well as being a means of educating their character. Keyword : character education, character values, folklore, Pacitan

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Muatan pendidikan karakter dalam cerita rakyat di pacitan

This study aims at discovering whether or not there is any differences of students' reading comprehension skills for: (1) those who take learning model DRTA, PQRST, and DRA models, (2) those  who have high, moderate, and low interest in reading,  and whether (3) there is any interaction of learning models and reading interest toward reading comprehension skills. This study was conducted at the Junior High School Ternate. The number of samples is 79 people. The results of this study found that: First, there is a difference between the reading comprehension skills of students who take learning model DRTA, PQRST, and model DRA. Model DRTA yield better result compared with the DRA model and PQRST model. Secondly, there are differences in reading comprehension skills of students who have  high, moderate, and low reading interest. Students who have  high reading interest  show   better understanding than students who have moderate and low  reading interest. Third, there is an  interaction of learning models and reading interest toward reading comprehension skills Keywords: reading comprehension, modeling, reading interest.

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The Effect of Learning Model Drta ( Directed Reading Thingking Activity ) Toward Students' Reading Comprehension Ability Seeing from Their Reading Interest

St. Y. Slamet

Papers

Pembelajaran keterampilan berbahasa Indonesia teori dan aplikasi

Development of Indonesian Language Text Books with Multiculturalism and Character Education to Improve Traditional Poetry Writing Skills

The need textbook writing of children’s story based on character education

Muatan pendidikan karakter dalam cerita rakyat di pacitan

The Effect of Learning Model Drta ( Directed Reading Thingking Activity ) Toward Students' Reading Comprehension Ability Seeing from Their Reading Interest