There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

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Principles Of Optics Electromagnetic Theory Of Propagation Interference And Diffraction Of Light

THE subject of quantum electrodynamics is extremely difficult, even for the case of a single electron. The usual method of solving the corresponding wave equation leads to divergent integrals. To avoid these, Prof. P. A. M. Dirac* uses the method of redundant variables. This does not abolish the difficulty, but presents it in a new form, which may be dealt with in two ways. The first of these needs only comparatively simple mathematics and is directly connected with an elegant general scheme, but unfortunately its wave functions apply only to a hypothetical world and so its physical interpretation is indirect. The second way has the advantage of a direct physical interpretation, but the mathematics is so complicated that it has not yet been solved even for what appears to be the simplest possible case. Both methods seem worth further study, failing the discovery of a third which would combine the advantages of both.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/3/22993/01069961.pdf

Quantum electrodynamics

Experimental and theoretical results are presented for double, triple, and quadruple photoionization of Si+ and Si2+ ions and for double photoionization of Si3+ ions by a single photon. The experiments employed the photon–ion merged-beams technique at a synchrotron light source. The experimental photon-energy range 1835–1900 eV comprises resonances associated with the excitation of a 1s electron to higher subshells and subsequent autoionization. Energies, widths, and strengths of these resonances are extracted from high-resolution photoionization measurements, and the core-hole lifetime of K-shell ionized neutral silicon is inferred. In addition, theoretical cross sections for photoabsorption and multiple photoionization were obtained from large-scale multiconfiguration Dirac–Hartree–Fock calculations. The present calculations agree with the experiment much better than previously published theoretical results. The importance of an accurate energy calibration of laboratory data is pointed out. The present benchmark results are particularly useful for discriminating between silicon absorption in the gaseous and in the solid component (dust grains) of the interstellar medium.

Near K-edge Photoionization and Photoabsorption of Singly, Doubly, and Triply Charged Silicon Ions

The spontaneous parametric down-conversion of photons has been widely applied for generating entangled photon pairs. We theoretically explore the entangled down-converted state of the photon pair, also known as biphoton state, for both degenerate and nondegenerate photon pairs. In particular, the spatial structure of the biphoton state has been expressed in Bessel modes to better understand the correlation with regard to the opening angle ${\ensuremath{\vartheta}}_{k}$ of Bessel modes. In fact, the opening angles of the down-converted photon pair are not independent of each other, but rather are correlated. Furthermore, we confirm the experimentally observed conditions concerning the optimization of generating high-degree spatial entanglement by controlling the beam waist of the pump beam. We also introduce a new experimental setup for efficient measurement of the spatial entanglement of the biphoton state using geometrical optics arguments.

Characterization of opening angle correlations of a biphoton state decomposed in Bessel modes

Following the work of Giulio Racah and others from the 1940s onward, the rotational symmetry of atoms and ions, e.g., the conservation of angular momentum, has been utilized in order to efficiently predict atomic behavior, from their level structure to the interaction with external fields, and up to the angular distribution and polarization of either emitted or scattered photons and electrons, while this rotational symmetry becomes apparent first of all in the block-diagonal structure of the Hamiltonian matrix, it also suggests a straight and consequent use of symmetry-adapted interaction amplitudes in expressing the observables of most atomic properties and processes. We here emphasize and discuss how atomic structure theory benefits from exploiting this symmetry, especially if open-shell atoms and ions in different charge states need to be combined with electrons in the continuum. By making use of symmetry-adapted amplitudes, a large number of excitation, ionization, recombination or even cascade processes can be formulated rather independently of the atomic shell structure and in a language close to the formal theory. The consequent use of these amplitudes in existing codes such as Grasp will therefore qualify them to deal with the recently emerging demands for developing general-purpose tools for atomic computations.

/pdf/application-of-symmetry-adapted-atomic-amplitudes-2r97rrx6.pdf

Application of Symmetry-Adapted Atomic Amplitudes

Fast and reliable techniques for using Racah's algebra in many-particle physics

https://link.aps.org/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevA.94.029905

Stephan Fritzsche

Papers

Near K-edge Photoionization and Photoabsorption of Singly, Doubly, and Triply Charged Silicon Ions

Characterization of opening angle correlations of a biphoton state decomposed in Bessel modes

Application of Symmetry-Adapted Atomic Amplitudes

Fast and reliable techniques for using Racah's algebra in many-particle physics

Erratum: Polarization measurement of dielectronic recombination transitions in highly charged krypton ions [Phys. Rev. A 92, 042702 (2015)]