Stephen C. Wright

TL;DR: This paper examined American students' responses to a university admission policy for African students that produced an open, closed or tokenism context, when attention was focused on their own or the disadvantaged group.

TL;DR: This article found that when inequality between groups is perceived as illegitimate, disadvantaged group members will experience a need for empowerment and advantaged group members a need to be accepted, and when intergroup contact satisfies each group's needs, it should result in more mutual support for social change.

TL;DR: Aron and McLaughlin-Volpe as discussed by the authors argued that the desire to expand the self is a basic human motivation and that the actual achievement of goals is of only secondary importance.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the role of meritocracy beliefs in justifying and maintaining inequality, and contrast the individual mobility of individual mobility in the highly restricted context of tokenism, showing that allowing individual mobility for a few disadvantaged group tokens can maintain intergroup inequality as tokens are quickly co-opted and the disadvantaged group abandons disruptive collective action for more benign individual responses.