Soil Chemical Analysis

Nanoparticulate material delivery to plants

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Geostatistics For Environmental Scientists

Metal nanoparticles have been studied and applied in many areas including the biomedical, agricultural, electronic fields, etc. Several products of colloidal silver are already on the market. Research on new, eco-friendly and cheaper methods has been initiated. Biological production of metal nanoparticles has been studied by many researchers due to the convenience of the method that produces small particles stabilized by protein. However, the mechanism involved in this production has not yet been elucidated although hypothetical mechanisms have been proposed in the literature. Thus, this review discusses the various mechanisms provided for the biological synthesis of metal nanoparticles by peptides, bacteria, fungi, and plants. One thing that is clear is that the mechanistic aspects in some of the biological systems need more detailed studies.

Mechanistic aspects in the biogenic synthesis of extracellular metal nanoparticles by peptides, bacteria, fungi, and plants

The bactericidal efficiency of various positively and negatively charged silver nanoparticles has been extensively evaluated in literature, but there is no report on efficacy of neutrally charged silver nanoparticles. The goal of this study is to evaluate the role of electrical charge at the surface of silver nanoparticles on antibacterial activity against a panel of microorganisms. Three different silver nanoparticles were synthesized by different methods, providing three different electrical surface charges (positive, neutral, and negative).The antibacterial activity of these nanoparticles was tested against gram-positive (i.e., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans, and Streptococcus pyogenes) and gram-negative (i.e., Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris) bacteria. Well diffusion and micro-dilution tests were used to evaluate the bactericidal activity of the nanoparticles. According to the obtained results, the positively-charged silver nanoparticles showed the highest bactericidal activity against all microorganisms tested. The negatively charged silver nanoparticles had the least and the neutral nanoparticles had intermediate antibacterial activity. The most resistant bacteria were Proteus vulgaris. We found that the surface charge of the silver nanoparticles was a significant factor affecting bactericidal activity on these surfaces. Although the positively charged nanoparticles showed the highest level of effectiveness against the organisms tested, the neutrally charged particles were also potent against most bacterial species.

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The effect of charge at the surface of silver nanoparticles on antimicrobial activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria: a preliminary study

Nanotechnology is expected to open some new aspects to fight and prevent diseases using atomic scale tailoring of materials. The ability to uncover the structure and function of biosystems at the nanoscale, stimulates research leading to improvement in biology, biotechnology, medicine and healthcare. The size of nanomaterials is similar to that of most biological molecules and structures; therefore, nanomaterials can be useful for both in vivo and in vitro biomedical research and applications. The integration of nanomaterials with biology has led to the development of diagnostic devices, contrast agents, analytical tools, physical therapy applications, and drug delivery vehicles. In all the nanomaterials with antibacterial properties, metallic nanoparticles are the best. Nanoparticles increase chemical activity due to crystallographic surface structure with their large surface to volume ratio. The importance of bactericidal nanomaterials study is because of the increase in new resistant strains of bacteria against most potent antibiotics. This has promoted research in the well known activity of silver ions and silver-based compounds, including silver nanoparticles. This effect was size and dose dependent and was more pronounced against gram-negative bacteria than gram-positive organisms.

Nanotechnology in medicine and antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles

The ongoing Corona virus (COVID-19) pandemic has witnessed global political responses of unimaginable proportions. Many nations have implemented lockdowns that involve mandating citizens not to leave their residences for non-essential work. The Indian government has taken appropriate and commendable steps to curtail the community spread of COVID-19. While this may be extremely beneficial, this perspective discusses the other reasons why COVID-19 may have a lesser impact on India. We analyze the current pattern of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, testing, and mortality in India with an emphasis on the importance of mortality as a marker of the clinical relevance of COVID-19 disease. We also analyze the environmental and biological factors which may lessen the impact of COVID-19 in India. The importance of cross-immunity, innate immune responses, ACE polymorphism, and viral genetic mutations are discussed.

COVID-19 in India: Are Biological and Environmental Factors Helping to Stem the Incidence and Severity?

Persistent hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus leads to increased formation of free radicals through various mechanisms. These free radicals attack and damage lipids, proteins and nucleic acids resulting in various late diabetic complications. MDA is an end product of lipid peroxidation which has been used as a oxidative stress marker. The study was undertaken to determine the serum MDA in diabetics and relationship of lipid peroxidation with severity and duration of diabetes. Fasting blood glucose and MDA were evaluated in 100 healthy controls, 50 non-complicated type-II diabetics and 50 complicated diabetics with nephropathy. The levels of serum MDA were found to be increased significantly in diabetic nephropathy cases as compared to those in the cases with diabetics without complication and in the healthy controls (p<0.001). MDA levels were also found significantly higher in diabetics with increasing duration (p<0.001). Increase in serum MDA levels in type-II diabetics with complication and duration reflects the increasing free radical activity and subsequent oxidative stress.

Malondialdehyde (MDA): an oxidative stress marker in type II Diabetes mellitus with and without complications.

Weed Dynamics in Greengram as Influenced by Mulching and Weed Management Practices under Eight Year Old Custard Apple Plantation in Agri-horticultural System

We propose a fast algorithm to down-size video frames, by arbitrary factor, directly in DCT domain. The existing methods treat each 8 × 8 block as a fundamental unit, therefore, involve high cost of reconstructing down-sized frames. We demonstrate that a basic operation in reconstructing 16 × 16 macroblock, as a whole, can be represented as multiplication by fixed matrices and the computations can be greatly simplified through decomposition of DCT/IDCT matrix operations. Experimental results using cascaded DCT domain transcoder (CDDT) show substantial reduction in cost of reconstructing down-sized frames at quality similar to the existing methods.

Suvarna Prasad

Papers

Nanotechnology in medicine and antibacterial effect of silver nanoparticles

COVID-19 in India: Are Biological and Environmental Factors Helping to Stem the Incidence and Severity?

Malondialdehyde (MDA): an oxidative stress marker in type II Diabetes mellitus with and without complications.

Weed Dynamics in Greengram as Influenced by Mulching and Weed Management Practices under Eight Year Old Custard Apple Plantation in Agri-horticultural System

A Fast Arbitrary Down-Sizing Algorithm for Video Transcoding