This paper provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols, and application issues. The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols. The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications. The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision making. This paper starts by providing a horizontal overview of the IoT. Then, we give an overview of some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. Compared to other survey papers in the field, our objective is to provide a more thorough summary of the most relevant protocols and application issues to enable researchers and application developers to get up to speed quickly on how the different protocols fit together to deliver desired functionalities without having to go through RFCs and the standards specifications. We also provide an overview of some of the key IoT challenges presented in the recent literature and provide a summary of related research work. Moreover, we explore the relation between the IoT and other emerging technologies including big data analytics and cloud and fog computing. We also present the need for better horizontal integration among IoT services. Finally, we present detailed service use-cases to illustrate how the different protocols presented in the paper fit together to deliver desired IoT services.

Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications

Networked sensors-those that coordinate amongst themselves to achieve a larger sensing task-will revolutionize information gathering and processing both in urban environments and in inhospitable terrain. The sheer numbers of these sensors and the expected dynamics in these environments present unique challenges in the design of unattended autonomous sensor networks. These challenges lead us to hypothesize that sensor network coordination applications may need to be structured differently from traditional network applications. In particular, we believe that localized algorithms (in which simple local node behavior achieves a desired global objective) may be necessary for sensor network coordination. In this paper, we describe localized algorithms, and then discuss directed diffusion, a simple communication model for describing localized algorithms.

https://www.cs.jhu.edu/~cs647/class-papers/Sensor%20Nets/estrin.pdf

Next century challenges: scalable coordination in sensor networks

Underwater sensor nodes will find applications in oceanographic data collection, pollution monitoring, offshore exploration, disaster prevention, assisted navigation and tactical surveillance applications. Moreover, unmanned or autonomous underwater vehicles (UUVs, AUVs), equipped with sensors, will enable the exploration of natural undersea resources and gathering of scientific data in collaborative monitoring missions. Underwater acoustic networking is the enabling technology for these applications. Underwater networks consist of a variable number of sensors and vehicles that are deployed to perform collaborative monitoring tasks over a given area. In this paper, several fundamental key aspects of underwater acoustic communications are investigated. Different architectures for two-dimensional and three-dimensional underwater sensor networks are discussed, and the characteristics of the underwater channel are detailed. The main challenges for the development of efficient networking solutions posed by the underwater environment are detailed and a cross-layer approach to the integration of all communication functionalities is suggested. Furthermore, open research issues are discussed and possible solution approaches are outlined. � 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.

/pdf/underwater-acoustic-sensor-networks-research-challenges-15fjl1gvhc.pdf

Underwater acoustic sensor networks: research challenges

National Institute of Standards and Technology における超伝導研究及び生活

Ad hoc networks are a new wireless networking paradigm for mobile hosts. Unlike traditional mobile wireless networks, ad hoc networks do not rely on any fixed infrastructure. Instead, hosts rely on each other to keep the network connected. Military tactical and other security-sensitive operations are still the main applications of ad hoc networks, although there is a trend to adopt ad hoc networks for commercial uses due to their unique properties. One main challenge in the design of these networks is their vulnerability to security attacks. In this article, we study the threats on ad hoc network faces and the security goals to be achieved. We identify the new challenges and opportunities posed by this new networking environment and explore new approaches to secure its communication. In particular, we take advantage of the inherent redundancy in ad hoc networks-multiple routes between nodes-to defend routing against denial-of-service attacks. We also use replication and new cryptographic schemes, such as threshold cryptography, to build a highly secure and highly available key management service, which terms the core of our security framework.

/pdf/securing-ad-hoc-networks-3hudjv4io2.pdf

Securing ad hoc networks

This document specifies a packet format capable of carrying multiple
messages that may be used by mobile ad hoc network routing protocols.
[STANDARDS-TRACK]

/pdf/generalized-mobile-ad-hoc-network-manet-packet-message-2463qa7ef5.pdf

Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format

The European Hydrological System (or Systeme Hydrologique Europeen , SHE) was initiated as a collaborative venture in 1976 between the Danish Hydraulic Institute (Denmark), Institute of Hydrology (UK) and SOGREAH (France). The present paper reviews the development history of the SHE and discusses the practical and scientific difficulties encountered during the different stages of the development. Comparison is made with eight other well-known model codes with respect to development stage and code dissemination among researchers and practitioners. Finally, the scientific developments and disputes on physically-based distributed modelling are discussed and the future perspectives outlined. The SHE venture has resulted in significant contributions to hydrological science, both in terms of model codes and new scientific insight. The fundamental scientific problems related to the inability to incorporate local scale spatial heterogeneity, scaling and uncertainty that were formulated are fundamentally still unresolved. Thus, in spite of the original visions, the hydrological community has not yet witnessed a model that in a universal sense (i.e. at all scales and for all internal variables) simulates accurate results for the right reasons. Instead, much of the scientific progress achieved during the recent years has dealt with how to live with these recognized problems.

Système Hydrologique Europeén (SHE): review and perspectives after 30 years development in distributed physically-based hydrological modelling

In this paper we investigate security issues related to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol -- one example of a proactive routing protocol for MANETs. We inventory the possible attacks against the integrity of the OLSR network routing infrastructure, and present a technique for securing the network. In particular, assuming that a mechanism for routing message authentication (digital signatures) has been deployed, we concentrate on the problem where otherwise "trusted" nodes have been compromised by attackers, which could then inject false (however correctly signed) routing messages. Our main approach is based on authentication checks of information injected into the network, and reuse of this information by a node to prove its link state at a later time. We finally synthetize the overhead and the remaining vulnerabilities of the proposed solution.

An advanced signature system for OLSR

This paper proposes a general, parameterized model for analyzing protocol control overhead in mobile ad-hoc networks. A probabilistic model for the network topology and the data traffic is proposed in order to estimate overhead due to control packets of routing protocols. Our analytical model is validated by comparisons with simulations, both taken from literature and made specifically for this paper. For example, our model predicts linearity of control overhead with regard to mobility as observed in existing simulations results. We identify the model parameters for protocols like AODV, DSR and OLSR. Our model then allows accurate predictions of which protocol will yield the lowest overhead depending on the node mobility and traffic activity pattern.

/pdf/analyzing-control-traffic-overhead-versus-mobility-and-data-26fz86o1f3.pdf

Analyzing control traffic overhead versus mobility and data traffic activity in mobile Ad-Hoc network protocols

This document describes the Multicast extension for the Optimized Link State Routing protocol (MOLSR). MOLSR is in charge of building a multicast structure in order to route multicast traffic in an ad-hoc network. MOLSR is designed for mobile multicast routers, and works in a heterogenous network composed of simple unicast OLSR routers, MOLSR routers and hosts. In the last part of this document we introduce also a Wireless Internet Group Management Protocol (WIGMP). It offers the possibility for OLSR nodes (without multicast capabilities) to join multicast groups and receive multicast data.

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00071865/document

Thomas Clausen

Papers

Generalized Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) Packet/Message Format

Système Hydrologique Europeén (SHE): review and perspectives after 30 years development in distributed physically-based hydrological modelling

An advanced signature system for OLSR

Analyzing control traffic overhead versus mobility and data traffic activity in mobile Ad-Hoc network protocols

Multicast Optimized Link State Routing