This paper provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols, and application issues. The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols. The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications. The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision making. This paper starts by providing a horizontal overview of the IoT. Then, we give an overview of some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. Compared to other survey papers in the field, our objective is to provide a more thorough summary of the most relevant protocols and application issues to enable researchers and application developers to get up to speed quickly on how the different protocols fit together to deliver desired functionalities without having to go through RFCs and the standards specifications. We also provide an overview of some of the key IoT challenges presented in the recent literature and provide a summary of related research work. Moreover, we explore the relation between the IoT and other emerging technologies including big data analytics and cloud and fog computing. We also present the need for better horizontal integration among IoT services. Finally, we present detailed service use-cases to illustrate how the different protocols presented in the paper fit together to deliver desired IoT services.

Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications

Networked sensors-those that coordinate amongst themselves to achieve a larger sensing task-will revolutionize information gathering and processing both in urban environments and in inhospitable terrain. The sheer numbers of these sensors and the expected dynamics in these environments present unique challenges in the design of unattended autonomous sensor networks. These challenges lead us to hypothesize that sensor network coordination applications may need to be structured differently from traditional network applications. In particular, we believe that localized algorithms (in which simple local node behavior achieves a desired global objective) may be necessary for sensor network coordination. In this paper, we describe localized algorithms, and then discuss directed diffusion, a simple communication model for describing localized algorithms.

https://www.cs.jhu.edu/~cs647/class-papers/Sensor%20Nets/estrin.pdf

Next century challenges: scalable coordination in sensor networks

Underwater sensor nodes will find applications in oceanographic data collection, pollution monitoring, offshore exploration, disaster prevention, assisted navigation and tactical surveillance applications. Moreover, unmanned or autonomous underwater vehicles (UUVs, AUVs), equipped with sensors, will enable the exploration of natural undersea resources and gathering of scientific data in collaborative monitoring missions. Underwater acoustic networking is the enabling technology for these applications. Underwater networks consist of a variable number of sensors and vehicles that are deployed to perform collaborative monitoring tasks over a given area. In this paper, several fundamental key aspects of underwater acoustic communications are investigated. Different architectures for two-dimensional and three-dimensional underwater sensor networks are discussed, and the characteristics of the underwater channel are detailed. The main challenges for the development of efficient networking solutions posed by the underwater environment are detailed and a cross-layer approach to the integration of all communication functionalities is suggested. Furthermore, open research issues are discussed and possible solution approaches are outlined. � 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V.

/pdf/underwater-acoustic-sensor-networks-research-challenges-15fjl1gvhc.pdf

Underwater acoustic sensor networks: research challenges

National Institute of Standards and Technology における超伝導研究及び生活

Ad hoc networks are a new wireless networking paradigm for mobile hosts. Unlike traditional mobile wireless networks, ad hoc networks do not rely on any fixed infrastructure. Instead, hosts rely on each other to keep the network connected. Military tactical and other security-sensitive operations are still the main applications of ad hoc networks, although there is a trend to adopt ad hoc networks for commercial uses due to their unique properties. One main challenge in the design of these networks is their vulnerability to security attacks. In this article, we study the threats on ad hoc network faces and the security goals to be achieved. We identify the new challenges and opportunities posed by this new networking environment and explore new approaches to secure its communication. In particular, we take advantage of the inherent redundancy in ad hoc networks-multiple routes between nodes-to defend routing against denial-of-service attacks. We also use replication and new cryptographic schemes, such as threshold cryptography, to build a highly secure and highly available key management service, which terms the core of our security framework.

/pdf/securing-ad-hoc-networks-3hudjv4io2.pdf

Securing ad hoc networks

The OSPF routing protocol is currently the predominant IGP in use on the fixed Internet of today. This routing protocol scales ''world wide", under the assumptions of links being relatively stable, network density being rather low (relatively few adjacencies per router) and mobility being present at the edges of the networks only. Recently, work has begun towards extending the domain of OSPF to also include ad-hoc networks -- i.e. dense networks, in which links are short-lived and most nodes are mobile. In this paper, we focus on the convergence of the Internet and ad-hoc networks, through extensions to the OSPF routing protocol. Based on WOSPF, a merger of the ad-hoc routing protocol OLSR and OSPF, we examine the feature of OSPF database exchange and reliable synchronisation in the context of ad-hoc networking. We find that the mechanisms, in the form present in OSPF, are not suitable for the ad-hoc domain. We propose an alternative mechanism for link-state database exchanges in wireless ad-hoc networks, aiming at furthering an adaptation of OSPF to be useful also on ad-hoc networks, and evaluate our alternative against the mechanism found in OSPF. Our proposed mechanism is specified with the following applications in mind: (i) Reliable diffusion of link-state information replacing OSPF acknowledgements with a mechanism suitable for mobile wireless networks; (ii) Reduced overhead for performing OSPF style database exchanges in a mobile wireless network; (iii) Reduced initialisation time when new nodes are emerging in the network; (iv) Reduced overhead and reduced convergence time when several wireless OSPF ad hoc network clouds merge.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00651457/document

Database Exchanges for Ad-hoc Networks Using Proactive Link State Protocols

This document describes how Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are
typically managed, in terms of pre-deployment management, as well as
rationale and means of monitoring and management of MANET routers
running the Optimized Link State Routing protocol version 2 (OLSRv2)
and its constituent MANET Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP).
Apart from pre-deployment management for setting up IP addresses and
security related credentials, OLSRv2 only needs routers to agree one
single configuration parameter (called "C"). Other parameters for
tweaking network performance may be determined during operation of the
network, and need not be the same in all routers. This, using MIB
modules and related management protocols such as SNMP (or possibly
other, less "chatty", protocols). In addition, for debugging purposes,
monitoring data and performance related counters, as well as
notifications ("traps") can be sent to the Network Management System
(NMS) via standardized management protocols.

Snapshot of OLSRv2-Routed MANET Management

In this paper, we specify a mechanism for link-state database exchanges in wireless ad-hoc networks. The mechanism is taylored for ad-hoc networks employing the wireless OSPF interface extension specification , however is suitable for any proactive link-state routing protocol.The database exchange mechanism is specified with the following applications in mind: \begin{itemize} reliable diffusion of link-state information, replacing OSPF acknowledgements with a mechanism, suitable for mobile wireless networks; reduced overhead for performing OSPF style database exchanges in a mobile wireless network; reduced initialization time when new node(s) are emerging in the network; reduced overhead and reduced convergence time when two (or more) WOSPF adhoc network clouds merge. \end{itemize}

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00071487/document

Signature and Database Exchange for Wireless OSPF Interfaces

If deployments of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) are to become common outside of purely experimental settings, protocols operating such MANETs must be able to preserve network integrity, even when faced with careless or malicious participants. A first step towards protecting a MANET is to analyze the vulnerabilities of the routing protocol(s), managing the connectivity. Understanding how these routing protocols can be exploited by those with ill intent, countermeasures can be developed, readying MANETs for wider deployment and use. One routing protocol for MANETs, developed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) as a multicast routing protocol for efficient data dissemination, is denoted ``Simplified Multicast Forwarding'' (SMF). This protocol is analyzed, and its vulnerabilities described, in this paper. SMF consists of two independent components: (i) duplicate packet detection and (ii) relay set selection, each of which presents its own set of vulnerabilities that an attacker may exploit to compromise network integrity. This paper explores vulnerabilities in each of these, with the aim of identifying attack vectors and thus enabling development of countermeasures.

/pdf/vulnerability-analysis-of-the-simple-multicast-forwarding-270osr8653.pdf

Vulnerability Analysis of the Simple Multicast Forwarding (SMF) Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Typical routing protocols maintain, in their RIB (Routing Information Base) entries permitting destination-based forwarding: for a given data packet, the choice of next hop is a function of the destination address only. However, in deployments where a given network is multi-homed, and where ingress filtering is commonly applied, a routing protocol is required to be able to provide routes so as to forward a data packet (i) to the destination address of the data packet, while (ii) routing through the gateway for which the source address of the data packet is topologically correct. This is called source-destination routing. This paper presents an extension to the Optimized Link State Routing Protocol version 2 (OLSRv2), providing support for such source-destination routing. In a multi- homed network, this OLSRv2 extension provides routes for data packets based also on the source prefix announced by the gateways. The extension is interoperable with unextended OLSRv2. The performance of this extension is quantified by way of simulation studies.

Thomas Clausen

Papers

Database Exchanges for Ad-hoc Networks Using Proactive Link State Protocols

Snapshot of OLSRv2-Routed MANET Management

Signature and Database Exchange for Wireless OSPF Interfaces

Vulnerability Analysis of the Simple Multicast Forwarding (SMF) Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Source-Destination Routing for Optimised Link State Routing Protocol