Review on thermal energy storage with phase change: materials, heat transfer analysis and applications

The talk with present the key results of the IPCC Working Group III 5th assessment report. Concluding four years of intense scientific collaboration by hundreds of authors from around the world, the report responds to the request of the world's governments for a comprehensive, objective and policy neutral assessment of the current scientific knowledge on mitigating climate change. The report has been extensively reviewed by experts and governments to ensure quality and comprehensiveness.

Climate change 2014 - Mitigation of climate change

The health-care facility environment is rarely implicated in disease transmission, except among patients who are immunocompromised. Nonetheless, inadvertent exposures to environmental pathogens (e.g., Aspergillus spp. and Legionella spp.) or airborne pathogens (e.g., Mycobacterium tuberculosis and varicella-zoster virus) can result in adverse patient outcomes and cause illness among health-care workers. Environmental infection-control strategies and engineering controls can effectively prevent these infections. The incidence of health-care--associated infections and pseudo-outbreaks can be minimized by 1) appropriate use of cleaners and disinfectants; 2) appropriate maintenance of medical equipment (e.g., automated endoscope reprocessors or hydrotherapy equipment); 3) adherence to water-quality standards for hemodialysis, and to ventilation standards for specialized care environments (e.g., airborne infection isolation rooms, protective environments, or operating rooms); and 4) prompt management of water intrusion into the facility. Routine environmental sampling is not usually advised, except for water quality determinations in hemodialysis settings and other situations where sampling is directed by epidemiologic principles, and results can be applied directly to infection-control decisions. This report reviews previous guidelines and strategies for preventing environment-associated infections in health-care facilities and offers recommendations. These include 1) evidence-based recommendations supported by studies; 2) requirements of federal agencies (e.g., Food and Drug Administration, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and U.S. Department of Justice); 3) guidelines and standards from building and equipment professional organizations (e.g., American Institute of Architects, Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation, and American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air-Conditioning Engineers); 4) recommendations derived from scientific theory or rationale; and 5) experienced opinions based upon infection-control and engineering practices. The report also suggests a series of performance measurements as a means to evaluate infection-control efforts.

Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC)

Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities. Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC).

A time-derivative preconditioning of the Navier-Stokes equations, suitable for both variable and constant density fluids, is developed. The ideas of low-Mach-number preconditioning and artificial compressibility are combined into a unified approach designed to enhance convergence rates of density-based, time-marching schemes for solving flows of incompressible and variable density fluids at all speeds. The preconditioning is coupled with a dual time-stepping scheme implemented within an explicit, multistage algorithm for solving time-accurate flows. The resultant time integration scheme is used in conjunction with a finite volume discretization designed for unstructured, solution-adaptive mesh topologies. This method is shown to provide accurate steady-state solutions for transonic and low-speed flow of variable density fluids. The time-accurate solution of unsteady, incompressible flow is also demonstrated.

Preconditioning Applied to Variable and Constant Density Flows

An experimental and theoretical-numerical investigation has been carried out to extend existing knowledge of velocity and temperature distributions and local heat-transfer coefficients for naturel convection within a horizontal annulus. A Mach—Zehnder interferometer was used to determine temperature distributions and local heat-transfer coefficients experimentally. Results were obtained using water and air at atmospheric pressure with a ratio of gap width to inner-cylinder diameter of 0·8. The Rayleigh number based on the gap width varied from 2·11 × 104to 9·76 × 105. A finite-difference method was used to solve the governing constant-property equations numerically. The Rayleigh number was changed from 102 to 105 with the influence of Prandtl number and diameter ratio obtained near a Rayleigh number of 104. Comparisons between the present experimental and numerical results under similar conditions show good agreement.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0022112076002012

Thomas H. Kuehn

Papers

An experimental and theoretical study of natural convection in the annulus between horizontal concentric cylinders

An Experimental Study of Natural Convection Heat Transfer in Concentric and Eccentric Horizontal Cylindrical Annuli

Numerical solution to the Navier-Stokes equations for laminar natural convection about a horizontal isothermal circular cylinder

Correlating equations for natural convection heat transfer between horizontal circular cylinders

A comparison of electric power output of CO2 Plume Geothermal (CPG) and brine geothermal systems for varying reservoir conditions