Preface to the Princeton Landmarks in Biology Edition vii Preface xi Symbols Used xiii 1. The Importance of Islands 3 2. Area and Number of Speicies 8 3. Further Explanations of the Area-Diversity Pattern 19 4. The Strategy of Colonization 68 5. Invasibility and the Variable Niche 94 6. Stepping Stones and Biotic Exchange 123 7. Evolutionary Changes Following Colonization 145 8. Prospect 181 Glossary 185 References 193 Index 201

The Theory of Island Biogeography

Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism.

Statistics for Spatial Data.

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Modern Applied Statistics With S

2 1 The innovative transport systems and the CityMobil project 10 1.1 The research questions 10 2 The state of art in the field of automatic transport systems 12 2.1 Case studies and demand studies for innovative transport systems 12 3 The design and implementation of surveys 14 3.1 Definition of experimental design 14 3.2 Questionnaire design and delivery 16 3.3 First analyses on the collected sample 18 4 Calibration of Logit Multionomial demand models 21 4.1 Methodology 21 4.2 Calibration of the “full” model. 22 4.3 Calibration of the “final” model 24 4.4 The demand analysis through the final Multinomial Logit model 25 5 The analysis of interaction between the demand and socioeconomic attributes 31 5.1 Methodology 31 5.2 Application of Mixed Logit models to the demand 31 5.3 Analysis of the interactions between demand and socioeconomic attributes through Mixed Logit models 32 5.4 Mixed Logit model and interaction between age and the demand for the CTS 38 5.5 Demand analysis with Mixed Logit model 39 6 Final analyses and conclusions 45 6.1 Comparison between the results of the analyses 45 6.2 Conclusions 48 6.3 Answers to the research questions and future developments 52

The European commission

Conspecific nest parasitism (CNP) is widespread among birds and is particularly common in colonial species. Nevertheless, this reproductive tactic is remarkably little described in terns. In this study we use egg morphology as indirect evidence of CNP in the whiskered tern (Chlidonias hybrida) in 17 colonies from two French populations. We study CNP with respect to the duration of egg laying (i.e. clutch size), and also present some behavioural aspects that could facilitate CNP. From the inspection of 121 two-egg, 279 three-egg and 11 more egg-clutches, we detected a minimum %CNP of 9.2% for the two study populations, combined with large differences between the two populations (4.0% vs. 14.5% in three-egg clutches) and between colonies (0 up to 30%). %CNP was significantly higher in three-egg (9.0%) than in two-egg clutches (1.7%), suggesting that duration of egg laying is a determining factor of parasitism. The rather high %CNP detected in this species might be facilitated by (1) the observed long unattendance of nest by any of the pair members, mainly during the pre-incubation period, and (2) high synchrony in laying dates within colonies. A possible link between nest density and CNP rate was suggested. Finally, we encourage new investigations of CNP in other tern species. To cite this article: J.-M. Paillisson et al., C. R. Biologies 331 (2008).

Ecology / Écologie Indirect evidence of conspecific nest parasitism in the colonial whiskered tern (Chlidonias hybrida)

The last century has seen a steep decline in biodiversity, and anthropization is considered one of the major drivers of this decline. Anthropogenic disturbances, due to human presence and/or activities, may be perceived as chronic stressors by wildlife and potentially lead to deleterious effects on traits related to fitness. The main objective of the present study was to highlight the effects of these anthropogenic elements on wild birds on sparsely urbanized farmland, far less studied than in urbanized areas. We investigated during four successive breeding seasons whether the anthropization level, assessed by infrastructure density around nests, and the harvesting conditions around nests may impact physiological, behavioural and life‐history traits of Montagu's harrier Circus pygargus chicks. Higher anthropization levels were associated with higher basal corticosterone levels in nestlings during only one breeding season and a lower body condition at fledging for females, probably because they suffered from higher starvation than males. Nestlings reared in more anthropized areas or in harvested crops before their fledging harboured more fault bars on rectrices than those reared in less anthropized areas or in unharvested crops regardless of year and sex, which is suggestive of higher stress during development. Nestling behaviours were also impacted by anthropization level and harvesting conditions: chicks in harvested crops were more aggressive and in areas with higher anthropization levels more prone to escape than others. Because Montagu's harrier is a protected species, the impacts highlighted in the present study are a matter of concern, especially regarding farmland landscape modifications, and we advise limiting perturbations in areas where Montagu's harriers usually nest.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/acv.12810

Does anthropization affect physiology, behaviour and life‐history traits of Montagu's harrier chicks?

Summary Adult sex ratios (ASRs) have proved to correlate with population trends, which make them potential useful indicators of a species’ population trajectory and conservation status. We analysed ASRs and proportion of juveniles in flocks of an endangered steppe bird, the Little Bustard Tetrax tetrax, using surveys made during the non-breeding period in seven areas within its Western European range (one in Portugal, four in Spain, and two in France). We found overall male-biased ASRs, as all the seven surveyed areas showed a male-biased ASR mean value. Five areas were below the threshold median value (female sex ratio = 0.4) considered to be consistent with an increased probability of extinction, according to earlier population viability analyses for the species. We also found a significant positive correlation between female ratio and the proportion of young individuals in the non-breeding flocks surveyed. Our results (strongly male-biased ASRs) support the hypothesis that the viability of Little Bustard populations in Western Europe is threatened by an excess of female mortality, something that should be quantified in the future, and emphasise the value of monitoring sex ratio as a population viability indicator in species where monitoring survival is difficult to achieve.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/FDFF8B803C360F4C954B954212067797/S0959270922000430a.pdf/div-class-title-biased-adult-sex-ratios-in-western-europe-populations-of-little-bustard-span-class-italic-tetrax-tetrax-span-as-a-potential-warning-signal-of-unbalanced-mortalities-div.pdf

Biased adult sex ratios in Western Europe populations of Little Bustard Tetrax tetrax as a potential warning signal of unbalanced mortalities

Reconciling agriculture and the environment in cereal landscapes

. The Brenne, a wetland of international importance (Centre region, Indre departement), is made of meadows, woodlands, scrubs and over 2000 lakes holding a remarkable flora and fauna including Whiskered Tern (Chlidonias hybridus). Each year, between and third and half of the French population of this species breeds in the area. This colonial species with high conservation stakes has only been partially studied. Over the past 20 years the Ligue pour la Protection de Oiseaux and the Cherine nature reserve monitor Whiskered Tern colonies. In 2000, both organisations decided to commission a study into the ecology of the species to the Chize CNRS. An analysis of censuses since 1982 highlights the high between year mobility of colonies. Local habitat management actors do not know the ecological needs of the species for its reproduction. The same lake is rarely used more than four years, and even if breeding is successful they it is used the next year in 50% of cases. Moreover, nature reserves only play an anecdotic role, as most colonies are found on private lakes, therefore heightening the awareness of private owner plays a central role in the conservation of the species. In order to study the species mobility a ringing program started in 2001. Part of this program involved colour-ringing 154 individual. In the mean time adults were radio tracked in order to evaluate their foraging range. Monitoring 25 adults during a full breeding season enabled us to identify the life domain of the species. Finally, close monitoring on the species behaviour on the colonies and at foraging sites provided information on its diet, activity budgets and breeding success. The species habitat was characterised by a typology of breeding sites and their surroundings. This heritage species is inked to a specific type of pond with floating vegetation (Nymphea and Polygonum) surrounded by a mosaic including natural meadows and fish ponds. The conservation of this anthropised habitat could also benefit many other species of animals (Dragonflies and Damselflies) or plants (Caldesia parnassifolia).

Vincent Bretagnolle

Papers

Ecology / Écologie Indirect evidence of conspecific nest parasitism in the colonial whiskered tern (Chlidonias hybrida)

Does anthropization affect physiology, behaviour and life‐history traits of Montagu's harrier chicks?

Biased adult sex ratios in Western Europe populations of Little Bustard Tetrax tetrax as a potential warning signal of unbalanced mortalities

Reconciling agriculture and the environment in cereal landscapes

Biologie de la reproduction de la guifette moustac Chlidonias hybridus en Brenne (France)