抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

This paper deals with the fractional Sobolev spaces W s;p . We analyze the relations among some of their possible denitions and their role in the trace theory. We prove continuous and compact embeddings, investigating the problem of the extension domains and other regularity results. Most of the results we present here are probably well known to the experts, but we believe that our proofs are original and we do not make use of any interpolation techniques nor pass through the theory of Besov spaces. We also present some counterexamples in non-Lipschitz domains.

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Hitchhiker's guide to the fractional Sobolev spaces

Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) has been observed in a dilute gas of sodium atoms. A Bose-Einstein condensate consists of a macroscopic population of the ground state of the system, and is a coherent state of matter. In an ideal gas, this phase transition is purely quantum-statistical. The study of BEC in weakly interacting systems which can be controlled and observed with precision holds the promise of revealing new macroscopic quantum phenomena that can be understood from first principles.

Bose-Einstein condensation in a gas of sodium atoms

A topical review of numerical and experimental studies of supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber is presented over the full range of experimentally reported parameters, from the femtosecond to the continuous-wave regime. Results from numerical simulations are used to discuss the temporal and spectral characteristics of the supercontinuum, and to interpret the physics of the underlying spectral broadening processes. Particular attention is given to the case of supercontinuum generation seeded by femtosecond pulses in the anomalous group velocity dispersion regime of photonic crystal fiber, where the processes of soliton fission, stimulated Raman scattering, and dispersive wave generation are reviewed in detail. The corresponding intensity and phase stability properties of the supercontinuum spectra generated under different conditions are also discussed.

Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber

The theory of so-called integrable Hamiltonian wave systems arose as a result of the inverse scattering method discovery by Gardner, Green, Kruskal and Miura [1] for the Korteveg-de Vries equation. This discovery was initiated by the pioneering numerical experiment by Kruskal and Zabusky [2]. After a pragmatic phase, which was devoted to finding new soliton equations, the theory became rather complicated. One of its branches may be called the “qualitative theory of infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian systems”, to which the results reviewed in this paper belong. We consider only Hamiltonian systems possessing Hamiltonians with a quadratic part which may be transformed in normal variables to the form 

$$H_0 = \sum\limits_{\alpha = 1}^N {\omega _k ^{\left( \alpha \right)} a_k ^{\left( \alpha \right)} a_k ^{*\left( \alpha \right)} dk} $$

(1.1.1)

.

Integrability of Nonlinear Systems and Perturbation Theory

A simple theory is developed for rough seas in which the energy cascade towards small scales is too much for a surface tension dominated wrinkling of the surface to handle. We suggest that a new phase, consisting of an air-water foam, is created and becomes the principal medium for energy dissipation. The foam depth and droplet size are calculated and we suggest how the predicted dependence on energy flux and surface tension could be verified experimentally.

Rough sea foam.

On the nonlocal turbulence of drift type waves

Invariants of wave systems and web geometry by A. M. Balk and E. V. Ferapontov Stability of weak-turbulence Kolmogorov spectra by A. M. Balk and V. E. Zakharov Energy transfer in the spectrum of surface gravity waves by resonance five wave-wave interactions by V. A. Kalmykov Wave resonances in systems with discrete spectra by E. Kartashova Hamiltonian formalism for Rossby waves by L. I. Piterbarg Weakly nonlinear waves on the surface of an ideal finite depth fluid by V. E. Zakharov.

Nonlinear Waves and Weak Turbulence

The purpose of this lecture is to present the development of the so-called “dressing method” in the theory of integrable systems. This method, allowing to find both new integrable systems and their exact solutions, is one of the most powefful tools in the nonlinear mathematical physics. It is clear now that a natural field for its applications is the theory of integrable nonlinear equations in 2+1 dimentions, in other words, the theory of integrable evolutional equations on (x,y) plane. We use here and further the words “integrable system” in a colloquial meaning — most of this systems are not integrable in a strict Louville’s sense. Nevertheless they have infinite sets of motion integrals and exact solutions and they could be studied effectively. There are two different versions of the dressing method in 2+1 dimensions. The first one, based on Volterra-type linear integral equations, was introduced in 1974 in the article of A.B.Shabat and the author [1]. The second version, using $ \overline \partial$-problem on the complex plane was developed by S.V.Manakov and the author in 1985 [2]. One of the purposes of my lecture is to show that both mentioned approaches are equivalent in some sense. This fact plays a key role in the further progress of the theory.

Vladimir E. Zakharov

Papers

Integrability of Nonlinear Systems and Perturbation Theory

Rough sea foam.

On the nonlocal turbulence of drift type waves

Nonlinear Waves and Weak Turbulence

On the Dressing Method