抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

This paper deals with the fractional Sobolev spaces W s;p . We analyze the relations among some of their possible denitions and their role in the trace theory. We prove continuous and compact embeddings, investigating the problem of the extension domains and other regularity results. Most of the results we present here are probably well known to the experts, but we believe that our proofs are original and we do not make use of any interpolation techniques nor pass through the theory of Besov spaces. We also present some counterexamples in non-Lipschitz domains.

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Hitchhiker's guide to the fractional Sobolev spaces

Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) has been observed in a dilute gas of sodium atoms. A Bose-Einstein condensate consists of a macroscopic population of the ground state of the system, and is a coherent state of matter. In an ideal gas, this phase transition is purely quantum-statistical. The study of BEC in weakly interacting systems which can be controlled and observed with precision holds the promise of revealing new macroscopic quantum phenomena that can be understood from first principles.

Bose-Einstein condensation in a gas of sodium atoms

A topical review of numerical and experimental studies of supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber is presented over the full range of experimentally reported parameters, from the femtosecond to the continuous-wave regime. Results from numerical simulations are used to discuss the temporal and spectral characteristics of the supercontinuum, and to interpret the physics of the underlying spectral broadening processes. Particular attention is given to the case of supercontinuum generation seeded by femtosecond pulses in the anomalous group velocity dispersion regime of photonic crystal fiber, where the processes of soliton fission, stimulated Raman scattering, and dispersive wave generation are reviewed in detail. The corresponding intensity and phase stability properties of the supercontinuum spectra generated under different conditions are also discussed.

Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber

On the complete integrability of a nonlinear Schrödinger equation

The Inverse Scattering Transform on the Line.- C-Integrable Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations.- Integrable Lattice Equations.- The Inverse Spectral Method on the Plane.- Dispersion Relations for Nonlinear Waves and the Schottky Problem.- The Isomonodromy Method and the Painleve Equations.- The Cauchy Problem for Doubly Periodic Solutions of KP-H Equation.- Integrable Singular Integral Evolution Equations.- Long-Time Asymptotics for Integrable Nonlinear Wave Equations.- The Generation and Propagation of Oscillations in Dispersive Initial Value Problems and Their Limiting Behavior.- Differential Geometry Hydrodynamics of Soliton Lattices.- Bi-Hamiltonian Structures and Integrability.- On the Symmetries of Integrable Systems.- The n-Component KP Hierarchy and Representation Theory.- Compatible Brackets in Hamiltonian Mechanics.- Symmetries - Test of Integrability.- Conservation and Scattering in Nonlinear Wave Systems.- The Quantum Correlation Function as the ? Function of Classical Differential Equations.- Lattice Models in Statistical Mechanics and Soliton Equations.- Elementary Introduction to Quantum Groups.- Knot Theory and Integrable Systems.- Solitons and Computation.- Symplectic Aspects of Some Eigenvalue Algorithms.- Whiskered Tori for NLS Equations.- Index of Contributors.

Important developments in soliton theory

Theory of weakly damped free-surface flows: A new formulation based on potential flow solutions

The classical problem of description of n-Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinate System in flat Euclidean space is solved by the Inverse Scattering Method. The developed method allows to describe Hamiltonian and semi-Hamiltonian Integrable systems of Hydrodynamic type.

Description of the $n$-orthogonal curvilinear coordinate systems and Hamiltonian integrable systems of hydrodynamic type, I: Integration of the Lamé equations

A general scheme for construction of dispersionless limits of 2 + 1 dimensional integrable systems was described first in the article [1]. Now we give its description in more details. Let us consider the following overdetermined system of two first—order nonlinear partial differential equations on a function x = x(x, y, t): 

$$\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} {{{x}_{y}} = A({{x}_{x}}),} \hfill \\ {{{x}_{t}} = B({{x}_{x}}).} \hfill \\ \end{array}$$

(1)

Vladimir E. Zakharov

Papers

On the complete integrability of a nonlinear Schrödinger equation

Important developments in soliton theory

Theory of weakly damped free-surface flows: A new formulation based on potential flow solutions

Description of the $n$-orthogonal curvilinear coordinate systems and Hamiltonian integrable systems of hydrodynamic type, I: Integration of the Lamé equations

Dispersionless Limit of Integrable Systems in 2 + 1 Dimensions