抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

This paper deals with the fractional Sobolev spaces W s;p . We analyze the relations among some of their possible denitions and their role in the trace theory. We prove continuous and compact embeddings, investigating the problem of the extension domains and other regularity results. Most of the results we present here are probably well known to the experts, but we believe that our proofs are original and we do not make use of any interpolation techniques nor pass through the theory of Besov spaces. We also present some counterexamples in non-Lipschitz domains.

/pdf/hitchhiker-s-guide-to-the-fractional-sobolev-spaces-irm2sao95g.pdf

Hitchhiker's guide to the fractional Sobolev spaces

Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) has been observed in a dilute gas of sodium atoms. A Bose-Einstein condensate consists of a macroscopic population of the ground state of the system, and is a coherent state of matter. In an ideal gas, this phase transition is purely quantum-statistical. The study of BEC in weakly interacting systems which can be controlled and observed with precision holds the promise of revealing new macroscopic quantum phenomena that can be understood from first principles.

Bose-Einstein condensation in a gas of sodium atoms

A topical review of numerical and experimental studies of supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber is presented over the full range of experimentally reported parameters, from the femtosecond to the continuous-wave regime. Results from numerical simulations are used to discuss the temporal and spectral characteristics of the supercontinuum, and to interpret the physics of the underlying spectral broadening processes. Particular attention is given to the case of supercontinuum generation seeded by femtosecond pulses in the anomalous group velocity dispersion regime of photonic crystal fiber, where the processes of soliton fission, stimulated Raman scattering, and dispersive wave generation are reviewed in detail. The corresponding intensity and phase stability properties of the supercontinuum spectra generated under different conditions are also discussed.

Supercontinuum generation in photonic crystal fiber

Integration of nonlinear equations of mathematical physics by the method of inverse scattering. II

Modulation instability: The beginning

Korteweg-de Vries equation: A completely integrable Hamiltonian system

https://math.arizona.edu/~zakharov/papers/pdf/1977_PLA_MZBIM.pdf

Two-dimensional solitons of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation and their interaction

is encountered in various physical problems. Gross [1J and Pitaevskil' [2J, and later on Tsuzuki [3J, used this equation to describe the oscillations of a Bose gas at zero temperature. The problem of the evolution of the complex envelope of a monochromatic wave in a nonlinear medium [4,5J also leads to Eq. (1). Finally, interpreting t as a longitudinal coordinate, Eq. (1) can be treated as a two-dimensional variant of the well known \"parabolic\" equation[6J that describes stationary wave beams in a nonlinear medium.

Vladimir E. Zakharov

Papers

Integration of nonlinear equations of mathematical physics by the method of inverse scattering. II

Modulation instability: The beginning

Korteweg-de Vries equation: A completely integrable Hamiltonian system

Two-dimensional solitons of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation and their interaction

Interaction between solitons in a stable medium