There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

In this review, we highlight the use of organic photoredox catalysts in a myriad of synthetic transformations with a range of applications. This overview is arranged by catalyst class where the photophysics and electrochemical characteristics of each is discussed to underscore the differences and advantages to each type of single electron redox agent. We highlight both net reductive and oxidative as well as redox neutral transformations that can be accomplished using purely organic photoredox-active catalysts. An overview of the basic photophysics and electron transfer theory is presented in order to provide a comprehensive guide for employing this class of catalysts in photoredox manifolds.

Organic Photoredox Catalysis

介绍了Kirk—Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology（化工技术百科全书）（第五版）电子图书网络版数据库，并对该数据库使用方法和检索途径作出了说明，且结合实例简单地介绍了该数据库的检索方法。

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology数据库介绍及实例

A flow-focusing geometry is integrated into a microfluidic device and used to study drop formation in liquid–liquid systems. A phase diagram illustrating the drop size as a function of flow rates and flow rate ratios of the two liquids includes one regime where drop size is comparable to orifice width and a second regime where drop size is dictated by the diameter of a thin “focused” thread, so drops much smaller than the orifice are formed. Both monodisperse and polydisperse emulsions can be produced.

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Formation of dispersions using “flow focusing” in microchannels

In this work, we developed a biphasic designer solvent system for enzymatic biotransformation, to demonstrate automatic purification and enzyme reuse, in the frame of a new process concept reported...

Ionic Liquid/Water Continuous-Flow System with Compartmentalized Spaces for Automatic Product Purification of Biotransformation with Enzyme Recycling

The preferences for localized chemicals production and changing scenarios of renewable electricity cost gives a renewed boost to plasma-assisted valuable chemicals production. Especially, plasma-assisted nitrogen fixation for fertilizer production has the potential to largely change the energy structure in bulk chemicals production. Nitrogen is the most fundamental element for sustaining life on earth and responsible for production of a wide range of synthetic products. The chemical nitrogen fixation process, i.e. the Haber–Bosch ammonia production process, is one of the most important chemical processes, which supports ∼40% of the global population by producing more than 130 million tons of ammonia per year and requires ∼1–2% of the world’s total energy consumption. Thermal plasma nitric oxide synthesis was already commercialized in 1903, however it had lower energy efficiency. It is theoretically possible to fix nitrogen with lower energy input by non-thermal plasmas. Therefore, much effort has been expended to develop and improve plasma NO, NH3 and HCN syntheses—this includes investigation of the different types of plasma reactors, the synergy between plasma and catalysts as well as improvement of the heat exchange. All these reported literature efforts have been summarized and critically analyzed in this book chapter. An outlook on further possible developments in plasma-assisted chemical synthesis processes is also given.

Plasma catalysis for nitrogen fixation reactions

Supported Liquid Phase Catalyst coating in micro flow Mizoroki–Heck reaction

Educt and product streams are fed spirally or radially to and from a central reaction region of a micro-reactor. Thermal losses from the reaction region to the surroundings are minimized by feeding the educt and product streams in a spiral or radial manner in one or more planes to and from the reaction region which is located at the center of the micro-reactor. Chemical reactions are carried out in a micro-reactor by feeding one or more educt streams to a reaction region and feeding one or more product streams from the reaction region in countercurrent and in thermal contact with the educt stream(s). An Independent claim is also included for a micro-reactor for carrying out the above process, the micro-reactor (20) having feed channels (22) and return channels (23) arranged in a spiral or radial manner in one or more planes about a reaction region (21) at the center (30) of the micro-reactor.

Micro-reactor for carrying out chemical reactions e.g. in fuel cell and/or automobile technology

The true potential of microprocess technology for process intensification is not yet fully clear and needs to be actively explored, although more and more industrial case stories provide information. This paper uses a short-cut cost analysis to show the major cost portions for processes conducted by microstructured reactors. This leads to predicting novel chemical protocol conditions, which are tailored for microprocess technology and which are expected to highly intensify chemical processes. Some generic rules to approach this are termed new process windows, because they constitute a new approach to enabling chemistry. Using such process intensification together with scaled-out microstructured reactors, which is demonstrated by the example of gas–liquid microprocessing, paves the road to viable industrial microflow processes. Several such commercially oriented case studies are given. Without the use of new process windows conditions, microprocess technology will probably stick to niche applications.

Volker Hessel

Papers

Ionic Liquid/Water Continuous-Flow System with Compartmentalized Spaces for Automatic Product Purification of Biotransformation with Enzyme Recycling

Plasma catalysis for nitrogen fixation reactions

Supported Liquid Phase Catalyst coating in micro flow Mizoroki–Heck reaction

Micro-reactor for carrying out chemical reactions e.g. in fuel cell and/or automobile technology

Microstructured reactors for development and production in pharmaceutical and fine chemistry.