There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

In this review, we highlight the use of organic photoredox catalysts in a myriad of synthetic transformations with a range of applications. This overview is arranged by catalyst class where the photophysics and electrochemical characteristics of each is discussed to underscore the differences and advantages to each type of single electron redox agent. We highlight both net reductive and oxidative as well as redox neutral transformations that can be accomplished using purely organic photoredox-active catalysts. An overview of the basic photophysics and electron transfer theory is presented in order to provide a comprehensive guide for employing this class of catalysts in photoredox manifolds.

Organic Photoredox Catalysis

介绍了Kirk—Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology（化工技术百科全书）（第五版）电子图书网络版数据库，并对该数据库使用方法和检索途径作出了说明，且结合实例简单地介绍了该数据库的检索方法。

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology数据库介绍及实例

A flow-focusing geometry is integrated into a microfluidic device and used to study drop formation in liquid–liquid systems. A phase diagram illustrating the drop size as a function of flow rates and flow rate ratios of the two liquids includes one regime where drop size is comparable to orifice width and a second regime where drop size is dictated by the diameter of a thin “focused” thread, so drops much smaller than the orifice are formed. Both monodisperse and polydisperse emulsions can be produced.

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Formation of dispersions using “flow focusing” in microchannels

A modular process device comprises a row of modular connecting points arranged behind each other for fluidic, electrical, sensor and/or digital material streams and having a uniform pattern in each space direction forming a bus system, reactor modules branching horizontally or vertically from the row of modular connecting points representing the nodes or line elements, material feeds from the nodes to the modules, and optionally material removal feeds from the modules only in the direction of the nodes. Preferred Features: The connecting points are cubic. Each node comprises at least three segments with openings. The segments have standardized or reaction-specific connecting sides directed outward and standardized connecting sides directed downward. The middle segment of one of the nodes has a further standardized connecting side across the main flow direction of the material streams.

Modular microreactor process plant having connection modules

A simple reactor model for predicting conversions in a micro-bubble column is described. It assumes fast reactions so that the gaseous component is readily consumed at the gas−liquid interface. Then, gas−liquid mass transfer becomes determining. As input parameters for the model, the hydrodynamics, specific interfacial area, and mass transport need to be described. Two fast model reactions, the catalytic oxidation of butyraldehyde and the absorption of CO2 in aqueous NaOH, show the applicability of the model but also its limits. The model was used for predicting reaction performance in dependence of operating conditions, in particular to get maximum conversion with the antagonistic parameters interfacial area and residence time. The latter cannot be controlled independently when using the reactor engineering principle reported here, but both are triggered by changing the flow rate. The model was then applied to predict reaction performance of the direct fluorination of toluene.

Reactor Model for Fast Reactions in the Micro-Bubble Column and Validation

Process (I) for producing an emulsion of water in diesel oil for use as a fuel, comprises splitting a liquid water stream into separate fluid lamellae with a thickness of less than 100 mu m and introducing the lamellae into a diesel oil stream so that the lamellae fragment into droplets. Independent claims are also included for the following: (1) use of process (I) to produce a fuel emulsion using a liquid other than water, the liquid being immiscible with diesel oil; (2) use of process (I) to produce a fuel emulsion using a liquid fuel other than diesel oil.

Production of water-in-oil fuel emulsions, especially for use in internal combustion engines, comprises splitting a water stream into separate lamellae and introducing the lamellae into a diesel oil stream

Volker Hessel

Papers

Modular microreactor process plant having connection modules

Reactor Model for Fast Reactions in the Micro-Bubble Column and Validation

Production of water-in-oil fuel emulsions, especially for use in internal combustion engines, comprises splitting a water stream into separate lamellae and introducing the lamellae into a diesel oil stream

Chapter 4. Organic Chemistry in Microreactors

Catalysis today : preface