Fungal diseases represent an important paradigm in immunology, as they can result from either a lack of recognition by the immune system or overactivation of the inflammatory response. Research in this field is entering an exciting period of transition from studying the molecular and cellular bases of fungal virulence to determining the cellular and molecular mechanisms that maintain immune homeostasis with fungi. The fine line between these two research areas is central to our understanding of tissue homeostasis and its possible breakdown in fungal infections and diseases. Recent insights into immune responses to fungi suggest that functionally distinct mechanisms have evolved to achieve optimal host-fungus interactions in mammals.

Immunity to Fungal Infections

Dendrimer toxicity: Let's meet the challenge.

Quinolines and structurally related heterocycles as antimalarials

In the year 2003 there was a 17% increase in the number of publications citing work performed using optical biosensor technology compared with the previous year. We collated the 962 total papers for 2003, identified the geographical regions where the work was performed, highlighted the instrument types on which it was carried out, and segregated the papers by biological system. In this overview, we spotlight 13 papers that should be on everyone's 'must read' list for 2003 and provide examples of how to identify and interpret high-quality biosensor data. Although we still find that the literature is replete with poorly performed experiments, over-interpreted results and a general lack of understanding of data analysis, we are optimistic that these shortcomings will be addressed as biosensor technology continues to mature.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jmr.753

Survey of the year 2003 commercial optical biosensor literature

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a class of small peptides that widely exist in nature and they are an important part of the innate immune system of different organisms. AMPs have a wide range of inhibitory effects against bacteria, fungi, parasites and viruses. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms and the increasing of concerns about the use of antibiotics resulted in the development of AMPs, which have a good application prospect in medicine, food, animal husbandry, agriculture and aquaculture. This review introduces the progress of research on AMPs comprehensively and systematically, including their classification, mechanism of action, design methods, environmental factors affecting their activity, application status, prospects in various fields and problems to be solved. The research progress on antivirus peptides, especially anti-coronavirus (COVID-19) peptides, has been introduced given the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide in 2020.

/pdf/antimicrobial-peptides-classification-design-application-and-583uqkcpz5.pdf

Antimicrobial Peptides: Classification, Design, Application and Research Progress in Multiple Fields

Carbodiimide mediated synthesis of 4-thiazolidinones by one-pot three-component condensation

A new series of side-chain modified 4-aminoquinolines have been synthesized and found active against P. falciparum in vitro and P. yoelli in vivo. Compounds 6, 11, 12, and 19 exhibited superior in vitro activity compared to chloroquine. Selected compounds 6, 12, and 19 exhibited significant suppression in the in vivo assay. These analogs form a complex with hematin and inhibit the β-hematin formation, suggesting that this class of compounds act on a heme polymerization target.

Synthesis and Antimalarial Activity of Side Chain Modified 4-Aminoquinoline Derivatives

Thiazolidin-4-one and thiazinan-4-one derivatives analogous to rosiglitazone as potential antihyperglycemic and antidyslipidemic agents

Splenopentin (SP-5, Arg-Lys-Glu-Val-Tyr) and thymopentin (TP-5, Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr) are synthetic immunomodulating peptides corresponding to the region 32-34 of a splenic product called splenin (SP) and the thymic hormone thymopoietin (TP), respectively. TP was originally isolated as a 5-kDa (49-amino acids) protein from bovine thymus while studying effects of the thymic extracts on neuromuscular transmission and was subsequently observed to affect T cell differentiation and function. TP I and II are two closely related polypeptides isolated from bovine thymus. A radioimmunoassay for TP revealed a crossreaction with a product found in spleen and lymph node. This product, named splenin, differs from TP only in position 34, aspartic acid for bovine TP and glutamic acid for bovine splenin and it was called TP III as well. Synthetic pentapeptides (TP-5) and (SP-5), reproduce the biological activities of TP and SP, respectively. It is now evident that various forms of TPs were created by proteolytic cleavage of larger proteins during isolation. cDNA clones have been isolated for three alternatively spliced mRNAs that encodes three distinct human T cell TPs. The immunomodulatory properties of TP, SP, TP-5, SP-5 and some of their synthetic analogs reported in the literature have been briefly reviewed.

Thymopentin and splenopentin as immunomodulators. Current status.

In a one pot procedure, amines 1a-c, cyclic ketones 3a-f and mercapto acids 2a-c were converted into 1-thia-4-azaspiro(4.n)alkan-3-ones (n = 4-7) 4a-e, 8a-e, 9a and 1-thia-4,8-diaza- spiro(4.5)decan-3-one 9b. The 4-thiazolidinone moiety of 4b and the piperidine ring of 9b were subsequently derivatized furnishing products 5-7 and 10, 12a-d, respectively. The products were evaluated as potential antimycobacterial agents, ten compounds were found active at 25 µg/mL concentration; with the most active compound 12a showing more than 90% inhibition.

https://www.arkat-usa.org/get-file/18808/

Wahajul Haq

Papers

Carbodiimide mediated synthesis of 4-thiazolidinones by one-pot three-component condensation

Synthesis and Antimalarial Activity of Side Chain Modified 4-Aminoquinoline Derivatives

Thiazolidin-4-one and thiazinan-4-one derivatives analogous to rosiglitazone as potential antihyperglycemic and antidyslipidemic agents

Thymopentin and splenopentin as immunomodulators. Current status.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-thiazolidinone derivatives as potential antimycobacterial agents