William T. Ellison

TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the MARINE MAMMAL NOISE-EXPOSURE CRITERIA: INITIAL SCIENTIFIC RECOMMENDATIONS.

TL;DR: An analytical paradigm to quantify changes in an animal's acoustic communication space as a result of spatial, spectral, and temporal changes in background noise is presented, providing a functional defini- tion of communication masking for free-ranging animals and a metric to quantify the potential for communicationmasking.

TL;DR: All three aspects of sound exposure (context, relative sound level, and chronic noise) mediate behavioral response are suggested to be integrated into ecosystem-level management and the spatial planning of human offshore activities.

TL;DR: In this article, an expert panel reviewed the expanding literature on marine mammal (cetacean and pinniped) auditory and behavioral responses to sound exposure to develop comprehensive, scientifically based noise exposure criteria.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors evaluated Southall et al. (2007) in light units relative to 1 μPa-s or (20 μPa)-s for water of subsequent scientific findings and proposed dual exposure metrics to predict the onset provided for impulsive noise criteria, including of auditory effects in marine mammals.