Ferroelectrics are essential components in a wide range of applications, including ultrasonic transducers, sensors, and actuators. In the single crystal form, relaxor-PbTiO3 (PT) piezoelectric materials have been extensively studied due to their ultrahigh piezoelectric and electromechanical properties. In this article, a perspective and future development of relaxor-PT crystals are given. Initially, various techniques for the growth of relaxor-PT crystals are reviewed, with crystals up to 100 mm in diameter and 200 mm in length being readily achievable using the Bridgman technique. Second, the characterizations of dielectric and electromechanical properties are surveyed. Boundary conditions, including temperature, electric field, and stress, are discussed in relation to device limitations. Third, the physical origins of the high piezoelectric properties and unique loss characteristics in relaxor-PT crystals are discussed with respect to their crystal structure, phase, engineered domain configuration, macr...

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High performance ferroelectric relaxor-PbTiO3 single crystals: Status and perspective

Recent development in lead-free perovskite piezoelectric bulk materials

Advantages and Challenges of Relaxor-PbTiO3 Ferroelectric Crystals for Electroacoustic Transducers- A Review.

Relaxor-based ferroelectric single crystals: growth, domain engineering, characterization and applications.

Probing the Optical Property and Electronic Structure of TiO2 Nanomaterials for Renewable Energy Applications

Using combined resonance and ultrasonic methods, a full set of material constants has been measured for morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) composition xPb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–(1−x−y)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–yPbTiO3 (PIN-PMN-PT) single crystals poled along [001]c. Compared with the MPB composition (1−x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–xPbTiO3 (PMN-PT) single crystals, the PIN-PMN-PT single crystals have smaller anisotropy, higher Curie temperature (Tc≈197 °C), and higher rhombohedral to tetragonal phase transition temperature (TR-T≈96 °C). The electromechanical properties obtained here are the best found so far for this ternary system with d33≈2742 pC/N, d31≈−1337 pC/N, k33≈95%, and k31≈65%.

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Complete set of material constants of Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 single crystal with morphotropic phase boundary composition

Pb(In(12)Nb(12))O(3)-Pb(Mg(13)Nb(23))O(3)-PbTiO(3) (PIN-PMN-PT) single crystals have been developed recently, which can increase the operating temperature by at least 20 degrees C compared to PMN-PT crystals. We have measured a complete set of material properties of single domain PIN-PMN-PT crystal, which is urgently needed in theoretical studies and electromechanical device designs using this crystal. Because the rotated values of d33*=1122 pCN and k33*=89% along [001](c) calculated using the single domain data obtained here are in good agreement with the [001](c) poled multidomain PIN-PMN-PT crystals, one may conclude that the physical origin of the ultrahigh piezoelectric properties mainly come from orientation effect.

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A complete set of material properties of single domain 0.26Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–0.46Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.28PbTiO3 single crystals

We designed a gradient acoustic metasurface to manipulate acoustic wavefront freely. The broad bandwidth and high efficiency transmission are achieved by the acoustic metasurface which is constructed with a series of unit cells to provide desired discrete acoustic velocity distribution. Each unit cell is composed of a decorated metal plate with four periodically arrayed Helmholtz resonators (HRs) and a single slit. The design employs a gradient velocity to redirect refracted wave and the impedance matching between the metasurface and the background medium can be realized by adjusting the slit width of unit cell. The theoretical and numerical results show that some excellent wavefront manipulations are demonstrated by anomalous refraction, non-diffracting Bessel beam, sub-wavelength flat focusing, and effective tunable acoustic negative refraction. Our designed structure may offer potential applications for the imaging system, beam steering and acoustic lens.

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Manipulation of acoustic wavefront by gradient metasurface based on Helmholtz Resonators.

http://eportfolio.lib.ksu.edu.tw/user/T/0/T093000093/repository/Nonlinear%20absorption%20in%20biological%20tissue%20for%20high%20intensity.pdf

Nonlinear absorption in biological tissue for high intensity focused ultrasound.

This article theoretically and experimentally studies the influence of ribs on the nonlinear sound field in ultrasound thermal therapy. A three-dimensional (3-D) numerical algorithm is developed to solve the Khokhlov-Zabolotaskaya-Kuznetsov equation in the frequency domain for description of the asymmetrical nonlinear ultrasound field. Two kinds of rib configurations are used to simulate the typical situations in the therapeutic treatment of liver tissues. Both numerical simulations and experimental measurements are made to evaluate the effect of the rib cage on the nonlinear ultrasound field. Results indicate that (1) when the ultrasound propagates through the space between the ribs, the position of the maximum amplitude of the fundamental component is shifted toward the transmitter surface up to 20 mm in some configuration; the maximum sound intensity can be either enhanced to 106% or decreased to about 20% compared with the value in the free field and the beam width in situ is affected by the sound diffraction; and (2) in the case of a rib positioned in the way of ultrasound propagation, the sound energy is significantly decreased and severe interference is observed. Satisfactory agreement between the theoretical prediction and measured results demonstrates the validity of the theoretical model and its solution.

Xiaozhou Liu

Papers

Complete set of material constants of Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 single crystal with morphotropic phase boundary composition

A complete set of material properties of single domain 0.26Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–0.46Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.28PbTiO3 single crystals

Manipulation of acoustic wavefront by gradient metasurface based on Helmholtz Resonators.

Nonlinear absorption in biological tissue for high intensity focused ultrasound.

Influence of ribs on the nonlinear sound field of therapeutic ultrasound.