抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

As a fascinating conjugated polymer, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has become a new research hotspot and drawn broad interdisciplinary attention as a metal-free and visible-light-responsive photocatalyst in the arena of solar energy conversion and environmental remediation. This is due to its appealing electronic band structure, high physicochemical stability, and “earth-abundant” nature. This critical review summarizes a panorama of the latest progress related to the design and construction of pristine g-C3N4 and g-C3N4-based nanocomposites, including (1) nanoarchitecture design of bare g-C3N4, such as hard and soft templating approaches, supramolecular preorganization assembly, exfoliation, and template-free synthesis routes, (2) functionalization of g-C3N4 at an atomic level (elemental doping) and molecular level (copolymerization), and (3) modification of g-C3N4 with well-matched energy levels of another semiconductor or a metal as a cocatalyst to form heterojunction nanostructures. The constructi...

Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)-Based Photocatalysts for Artificial Photosynthesis and Environmental Remediation: Are We a Step Closer To Achieving Sustainability?

Graphene and related two-dimensional crystals and hybrid systems showcase several key properties that can address emerging energy needs, in particular for the ever growing market of portable and wearable energy conversion and storage devices. Graphene's flexibility, large surface area, and chemical stability, combined with its excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, make it promising as a catalyst in fuel and dye-sensitized solar cells. Chemically functionalized graphene can also improve storage and diffusion of ionic species and electric charge in batteries and supercapacitors. Two-dimensional crystals provide optoelectronic and photocatalytic properties complementing those of graphene, enabling the realization of ultrathin-film photovoltaic devices or systems for hydrogen production. Here, we review the use of graphene and related materials for energy conversion and storage, outlining the roadmap for future applications.

Graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems for energy conversion and storage

http://staff.ulsu.ru/moliver/ref/polymers/pott11.pdf

Graphene-based polymer nanocomposites

We present the science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems, targeting an evolution in technology, that might lead to impacts and benefits reaching into most areas of society. This roadmap was developed within the framework of the European Graphene Flagship and outlines the main targets and research areas as best understood at the start of this ambitious project. We provide an overview of the key aspects of graphene and related materials (GRMs), ranging from fundamental research challenges to a variety of applications in a large number of sectors, highlighting the steps necessary to take GRMs from a state of raw potential to a point where they might revolutionize multiple industries. We also define an extensive list of acronyms in an effort to standardize the nomenclature in this emerging field.

/pdf/science-and-technology-roadmap-for-graphene-related-two-4q9m7czlkc.pdf

Science and technology roadmap for graphene, related two-dimensional crystals, and hybrid systems

Optogenetics combined with electrical recording has emerged as a powerful tool for investigating causal relationships between neural circuit activity and function. However, the size of optogenetically manipulated tissue is typically 1-2 orders of magnitude larger than that can be electrically recorded, rendering difficulty for assigning functional roles of recorded neurons. Here we report a viral vector-delivery optrode (VVD-optrode) system for precise integration of optogenetics and electrophysiology in the brain. Our system consists of flexible microelectrode filaments and fiber optics that are simultaneously self-assembled in a nanoliter-scale, viral vector-delivery polymer carrier. The highly localized delivery and neuronal expression of opsin genes at microelectrode-tissue interfaces ensure high spatial congruence between optogenetically manipulated and electrically recorded neuronal populations. We demonstrate that this multifunctional system is capable of optogenetic manipulation and electrical recording of spatially defined neuronal populations for three months, allowing precise and long-term studies of neural circuit functions.

/pdf/self-assembled-multifunctional-neural-probes-for-precise-18xcokwqju.pdf

Self-assembled multifunctional neural probes for precise integration of optogenetics and electrophysiology

The present invention generally relates to nanotechnology and sub-microelectronic circuitry, as well as associated methods and devices, for example, nanoscale wire devices and methods for use in determining nucleic acids or other analytes suspected to be present in a sample (for example, their presence and/or dynamical information), e.g., at the single molecule level. For example, a nanoscale wire device can be used in some cases to detect single base mismatches within a nucleic acid (e.g., by determining association and/or dissociation rates). In one aspect, dynamical information such as a binding constant, an association rate, and/or a dissociation rate, can be determined between a nucleic acid or other analyte, and a binding partner immobilized relative to a nanoscale wire. In some cases, the nanoscale wire includes a first portion comprising a metal-semiconductor compound, and a second portion that does not include a metal-semiconductor compound. The binding partner, in some embodiments, is immobilized relative to at least the second portion of the nanoscale wire, and the size of the second portion of the nanoscale wire may be minimized and/or controlled in some instances. Articles and devices of size greater than the nanoscale are also included in certain embodiments. Still other aspects of the invention include assays, sensors, kits, and/or other devices that include such nanoscale wires, methods of making and/or using such nanoscale wires, or the like.

Nanosensors and related technologies

Advances in neural electrode technologies can have a significant impact on both fundamental and applied neuroscience Here, we report the development of flexible and biocompatible neural electrode arrays based on a nanopaper substrate Nanopaper has important advantages with respect to polymers such as hydrophilicity and water wettability, which result in significantly enhanced biocompatibility, as confirmed by both in vitro viability assays and in vivo histological analysis In addition, nanopaper exhibits high flexibility and good shape stability Hence, nanopaper-based neural electrode arrays can conform to the convoluted cortical surface of a rat brain and allow stable multisite recording of epileptiform activity in vivo Our results show that nanopaper-based electrode arrays represent promising candidates for the flexible and biocompatible recording of the neural activity

Flexible and biocompatible nanopaper-based electrode arrays for neural activity recording

Reduced graphene oxide (RGO)/Si Schottky diode has been reported nowadays to show excellent performances in photodetection and other photoelectrical devices. Different from pure graphene, there are large amounts of function groups and structural defects left on the base plane of RGO, which may influence the interfacial properties of RGO/Si Schottky diode. Herein, the barrier inhomogeneity and junction characteristics were systematically investigated to help to describe the interface of RGO/Si diode. From the perspective of its applications, the influences of gas molecule and noiseproperties are considered to be important. Thus, the photovoltaic performance of RGO/Si devices in air and vacuum is investigated to analyze their effects. Meanwhile, 1/fnoise of RGO/Si diodes is investigated under air/vacuum conditions and varied temperatures. It is found that the devices in vacuum and under higher power incident light show much lower 1/fnoise. These results are meaningful to the noise control and performance improvement in the development of Schottky diode based devices.

Schottky diode characteristics and 1/f noise of high sensitivity reduced graphene oxide/Si heterojunction photodetector

The P–X (X = H, F, and Cl) bond dissociation energies (BDEs) for a number of para- and meta-substituted aromatic phosphines were calculated using R(O)MP2/6-311++g(d, 2p)//(U)B3LYP/6-31g(d) method. The results showed the importance of the radical effect as well as the ground effect on the BDEs. For X = H case, because the substituent affected the neutral phosphine to the same extent as it affected the radical, substituent effects on the P–H BDE were small (ρ+ = 0.28 kJ/mol). In comparison, for X = F or Cl case, because the substituent affected the neutral phosphine much more strongly than it affected the radical, substituent effects on the P–F (ρ+ = −3.25 kJ/mol) or P–Cl (ρ+ = −1.31 kJ/mol) BDEs were significant. Therefore, the substituent effects on BDEs of the Z–X bonds in compounds of the general formula 4-YC6H4Z–X varied when X changed, which meant that a recent proposal (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 123, 5518 (2001)) was unfortunately not supported.

Ying Fang

Papers

Self-assembled multifunctional neural probes for precise integration of optogenetics and electrophysiology

Nanosensors and related technologies

Flexible and biocompatible nanopaper-based electrode arrays for neural activity recording

Schottky diode characteristics and 1/f noise of high sensitivity reduced graphene oxide/Si heterojunction photodetector

A Theoretical Study of the Substituent Effects on the P–X (X = H, F, Cl) Bond Dissociation Energies in para- and meta-Substituted Aromatic Phosphines