In this chapter, we will restrict our attention to the ferrites and a few other closely related materials. The great interest in ferrites stems from their unique combination of a spontaneous magnetization and a high electrical resistivity. The observed magnetization results from the difference in the magnetizations of two non-equivalent sub-lattices of the magnetic ions in the crystal structure. Materials of this type should strictly be designated as “ferrimagnetic” and in some respects are more closely related to anti-ferromagnetic substances than they are to ferromagnetics in which the magnetization results from the parallel alignment of all the magnetic moments present. We shall not adhere to this special nomenclature except to emphasize effects, which are due to the existence of the sub-lattices.

Ferromagnetic materials

Light-Emitting Diodes. (Monographs in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.) By A. A. Bergh and P. J. Dean. Pp. viii+591. (Clarendon: Oxford; Oxford University: London, 1976.) £22.

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Light-emitting diodes

International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors 2003の要求清浄度について － シリコンウエハ表面と雰囲気環境に要求される清浄度, 分析方法の現状について －

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Design Of Analog Cmos Integrated Circuits

In recent years, free space optical (FSO) communication has gained significant importance owing to its unique features: large bandwidth, license free spectrum, high data rate, easy and quick deployability, less power, and low mass requirements. FSO communication uses optical carrier in the near infrared band to establish either terrestrial links within the Earth’s atmosphere or inter-satellite/deep space links or ground-to-satellite/satellite-to-ground links. It also finds its applications in remote sensing, radio astronomy, military, disaster recovery, last mile access, backhaul for wireless cellular networks, and many more. However, despite of great potential of FSO communication, its performance is limited by the adverse effects (viz., absorption, scattering, and turbulence) of the atmospheric channel. Out of these three effects, the atmospheric turbulence is a major challenge that may lead to serious degradation in the bit error rate performance of the system and make the communication link infeasible. This paper presents a comprehensive survey on various challenges faced by FSO communication system for ground-to-satellite/satellite-to-ground and inter-satellite links. It also provides details of various performance mitigation techniques in order to have high link availability and reliability. The first part of this paper will focus on various types of impairments that pose a serious challenge to the performance of optical communication system for ground-to-satellite/satellite-to-ground and inter-satellite links. The latter part of this paper will provide the reader with an exhaustive review of various techniques both at physical layer as well as at the other layers (link, network, or transport layer) to combat the adverse effects of the atmosphere. It also uniquely presents a recently developed technique using orbital angular momentum for utilizing the high capacity advantage of optical carrier in case of space-based and near-Earth optical communication links. This survey provides the reader with comprehensive details on the use of space-based optical backhaul links in order to provide high capacity and low cost backhaul solutions.

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Optical Communication in Space: Challenges and Mitigation Techniques

Network-on-chip (NoC) has become one of the most common interconnection architectures to integrate multicore system. However, the performance, hardware costs, and power consumption of NoC are sensitive to many parameters, such as topology, the number and depth of virtual channels (VCs), routing algorithms, and flow control mechanisms. In order to find the best NoC solution for different applications, a fast and flexible NoC simulator is necessary. In this article, we present an ultrafast field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based NoC simulator called SRNoC, which is able to be configured via host on PC. In SRNoC, we proposed switch–router architecture and virtual boundary technology. Switch–router is an architecture which makes SRNoC support irregular or custom NoC topology by configuring the NoC topology in hardware. Virtual boundary is a novel configurable virtualization mechanism which can store boundary traffic and use the stored boundary traffic to simulate large NoC in virtualized mode. By employing the switch–router architecture and virtual boundary, SRNoC demonstrates $45\times -3077\times $ speed-up against Booksim and maintains the same level of simulation accuracy. This simulator has three main advantages: 1) configured switch–router can support irregular and custom topologies in a nonvirtualized mode; 2) virtual boundary can improve the simulation speed in virtualized mode, effectively; and 3) embedded models can provide evaluation of packet latency, power consumption, and temperature distribution. Due to the switch–router architecture and virtual boundary, SRNoC can simulate a 30-node ( $5\times 6$ ) NoC in nonvirtualized mode and 3072-node ( $64\times 48$ ) in virtualized mode on a Xilinx Virtex-7 FPGA.

SRNoC: An Ultra-Fast Configurable FPGA-Based NoC Simulator Using Switch–Router Architecture

To improve two shortcomings of traditional arbiters, large arbitration latency and limited correctness, this paper proposes a low latency ordered arbiter. Through arranging input requests arbitrated at the same stage, correctness of the arbiter can be guaranteed, also the strict first come first service (FCFS) can be realized, so as to improve the quality of service (QoS) of the on chip router. The proposed ordered arbiter is implemented based on BPTM 65nm CMOS technology. Results demonstrate this ordered arbiter has significant improvement on arbitration delay, and the area overheads are nearly the same as traditional ones. The proposed ordered arbiter can apply to network on chips which have QoS demand and high speed applications.

An asynchronous low latency ordered arbiter for network on chips

A 3rd-order Butterworth active-RC complex band-pass filter was presented for ZigBee (IEEE802.15.4) transceiver applications. The filter adopted cascaded complex pole stages to realize the 3 MHz bandwidth with a centre frequency of 2 MHz which was required by the ZigBee transceiver applications. An automatic frequency tuning scheme was also designed to accommodate the performance deterioration due to the process, voltage and temperature (PVT) variations. The whole filter is implemented in a 0.18 μm standard process and occupies an area of 1.3 mm×0.6 mm. The current dissipation is 1.2 mA from a 1.8 V single power supply. Measurement results show that the image rejection ratio (IRR) of the filter is 24.1 dB with a pass-band ripple less than 0.3 dB. The adjacent channel rejection is 29.8 dB@7 MHz and alternate channel rejection 47.5 dB@12 MHz, respectively.

Third-order active-RC complex filter with automatic frequency tuning for ZigBee transceiver applications

In this paper, we interpret and, for the first time, model a frequency dependent high-power mi-crowave (HPM) upset susceptibility. We constructed the analytical models of the total amount of injected charges Ninj, the excess carrier density distribution in P-Substrate, and the frequency dependent HPM upset susceptibility level. The models are validated by simulated results and experimental data, respectively. Results reveal that Ninj is proportional to f α while the exponent α should be adjusted to-0.525. The excess carrier density distribution behaves the frequency dependence as well; the dependence is attributable to the fact that the AC field within the CMOS inverter varies too rapidly for the carriers to follow at high frequency. Meanwhile, the HPM upset susceptibility level is a decreasing function of f . The f dependent HPM upset susceptibility model is verified to be reliable and able to quickly estimate the susceptibility level of CMOS inverter considering IC technology, layout parameters, pulse properties, and operating environment simultaneously. Besides, the empirical formula P = A · f α is proposed to provide instant estimation to the HPM upset power threshold. In conclusion, by aid of the analytical model, we acquired the influence of the layout parameter L B on the HPM susceptibility and demonstrated that the CMOS inverter with minor L B is more susceptible to HPM.

Modeling and understanding of the frequency dependent HPM upset susceptibility of the CMOS inverter

As the number of people using social networks increases, users are often assigned to different domains for better digital right management However, they are no longer satisfied with accessing data just in one domain with the rapid expansion of information, so there is an urgent need for a way to access data among different domains while guarantee their privacy and security In this paper, we propose a cross-domain access control scheme based on multi-authority attribute-based encryption for big data from social networks In our construction, we use a hybrid encryption algorithm that based on symmetric encryption and CP-ABE not only to achieve cross-domain access control, but also to improve the efficiency of the system Besides, the trusted proxy users for proper storage of symmetric keys ensures the security of the system Meanwhile, the use of an inter-domain trusted proxy user, instead of an intra-domain data owner to formulate an access control policy, reduces the huge computational overhead associated with the ciphertext re-encryption technology and greatly improves the efficiency of the entire system Finally, security analysis and performance analysis show that the proposed scheme is a secure and trusted networking

Yintang Yang

Papers

SRNoC: An Ultra-Fast Configurable FPGA-Based NoC Simulator Using Switch–Router Architecture

An asynchronous low latency ordered arbiter for network on chips

Third-order active-RC complex filter with automatic frequency tuning for ZigBee transceiver applications

Modeling and understanding of the frequency dependent HPM upset susceptibility of the CMOS inverter

A Secure Cross-Domain Access Control Scheme in Social Networks