In this chapter, we will restrict our attention to the ferrites and a few other closely related materials. The great interest in ferrites stems from their unique combination of a spontaneous magnetization and a high electrical resistivity. The observed magnetization results from the difference in the magnetizations of two non-equivalent sub-lattices of the magnetic ions in the crystal structure. Materials of this type should strictly be designated as “ferrimagnetic” and in some respects are more closely related to anti-ferromagnetic substances than they are to ferromagnetics in which the magnetization results from the parallel alignment of all the magnetic moments present. We shall not adhere to this special nomenclature except to emphasize effects, which are due to the existence of the sub-lattices.

Ferromagnetic materials

Light-Emitting Diodes. (Monographs in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.) By A. A. Bergh and P. J. Dean. Pp. viii+591. (Clarendon: Oxford; Oxford University: London, 1976.) £22.

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Light-emitting diodes

International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors 2003の要求清浄度について － シリコンウエハ表面と雰囲気環境に要求される清浄度, 分析方法の現状について －

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Design Of Analog Cmos Integrated Circuits

In recent years, free space optical (FSO) communication has gained significant importance owing to its unique features: large bandwidth, license free spectrum, high data rate, easy and quick deployability, less power, and low mass requirements. FSO communication uses optical carrier in the near infrared band to establish either terrestrial links within the Earth’s atmosphere or inter-satellite/deep space links or ground-to-satellite/satellite-to-ground links. It also finds its applications in remote sensing, radio astronomy, military, disaster recovery, last mile access, backhaul for wireless cellular networks, and many more. However, despite of great potential of FSO communication, its performance is limited by the adverse effects (viz., absorption, scattering, and turbulence) of the atmospheric channel. Out of these three effects, the atmospheric turbulence is a major challenge that may lead to serious degradation in the bit error rate performance of the system and make the communication link infeasible. This paper presents a comprehensive survey on various challenges faced by FSO communication system for ground-to-satellite/satellite-to-ground and inter-satellite links. It also provides details of various performance mitigation techniques in order to have high link availability and reliability. The first part of this paper will focus on various types of impairments that pose a serious challenge to the performance of optical communication system for ground-to-satellite/satellite-to-ground and inter-satellite links. The latter part of this paper will provide the reader with an exhaustive review of various techniques both at physical layer as well as at the other layers (link, network, or transport layer) to combat the adverse effects of the atmosphere. It also uniquely presents a recently developed technique using orbital angular momentum for utilizing the high capacity advantage of optical carrier in case of space-based and near-Earth optical communication links. This survey provides the reader with comprehensive details on the use of space-based optical backhaul links in order to provide high capacity and low cost backhaul solutions.

/pdf/optical-communication-in-space-challenges-and-mitigation-41d8by09lh.pdf

Optical Communication in Space: Challenges and Mitigation Techniques

As one of the core techniques in 5G, the Internet of Things (IoT) is more interested than ever. Furthermore, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) plays a crucial role in IoT development. With the extensive use of RFID, the fact that a single RFID tag integrates multiple applications has become a mainstream. To facilitate users to use the multi-application RFID tag and revoke some applications in the tag securely and efficiently, an RFID secure application revocation scheme is proposed in this paper. Users are anonymous completely in the scheme. The proposed scheme cannot only be used in multi-application RFID tag but also be used in one-application RFID tag. Furthermore, compared with other existing schemes, the scheme provides a higher level of security and has an advantage of performance.

RFID Secure Application Revocation for IoT in 5G

A novel unsymmetrical bistable mechanism with a parallel beam and three magnets arranged in the three-dimensional space is proposed, and the combined effect of the magnetic force and the mechanical force on the bistability of such a structure is analyzed based on the magnetic-charge model and the material mechanics theory. By employing the nonlinear combined force during the snap-through procedure to enhance the contact force, a novel fast response threshold acceleration switch with low contact resistance is designed and fabricated, which consists mainly of an inertial mass supported by two parallel elastic beams, one metal contact point, and three permanent magnets with one imbedded in the inertial mass and the other two fixed in the case along the vertical direction. The dynamic design model subjected to different shock pulses is proposed to optimize the design process, and the effect of the pulse shapes on the switch's sensing threshold and response time is investigated, and the simulation results show that the acceleration switch is closed in less than 9.0 ms after being triggered by the rectangular shock pulse of amplitude of 50.0 g, and also, the contact force is greater than 0.5 N, which can reduce the contact resistance to an acceptable value and guarantee the contact reliability. According to the working principle of the acceleration switch, a series of test benches are established to test the static and dynamic performance of the switch. The contact resistance is less than 1.9 ? with a minimum resistance only 0.5 ?. The average threshold acceleration of the switch sample is 51.4 g with only 2.8% deviation from the design value of 50.0 g. Both the dynamic simulation results and experiments validate the feasibility of introducing permanent magnetic actuated bistable structures in designing the threshold acceleration switch.

A Novel Magnetic Actuated Bistable Acceleration Switch With Low Contact Resistance

Optical interconnect is a promising alternative to substitute the electrical interconnect for intra-chip communications. The topology of optical Network-on-Chip (ONoC) has a great impact on the network performance. However, the size of ONoC is limited by the power consumption and crosstalk noise, which are mainly resulted from the waveguide crossings in the topology. In this paper, a diagonal Mesh topology (DMesh) is proposed to relieve the limitation of scalability by reducing the number of waveguide crossing, which is only 20% that of Mesh. In addition, the number of optical routers in DMesh is less than half of that in Mesh-based ONoC. Due to its compact architecture and favorable scalability, DMesh topology is suitable for large-scale ONoC design.

A Power Efficient and Compact Optical Interconnect for Network-on-Chip

Radio frequency identification RFID has been regarded as one of the 10 important technologies in the 21st century. Because of its capability to rapidly and accurately collect and process data in real-time, RFID has been widely applied in many areas, such as Internet of Things and Smart Grid. However, the existing security threats become more severe toward RFID authentication scheme. The traditional security mechanisms cannot be used in RFID directly because of the limitations of processing capability, storage space, and power supply of RFID tags. In this paper, we propose a revocable secure efficient lightweight RFID authentication scheme RSEL. To achieve authentication efficiency, the key of the tag is chosen to reduce the number of hash computing in the database. Furthermore, the key is stored in the database and updated constantly with the tag to prevent the tracking and synchronization attacks. The valid period of each tag is stored in the database so that RSEL can revoke the expired tag. The correctness of RSEL has been proved using GNY logic. The performance of RSEL in terms of security and efficiency is evaluated. Compared with other existing approaches, RSEL achieves stronger security and higher efficiency. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

RSEL: revocable secure efficient lightweight RFID authentication scheme

The 3-D multistrata integration puts forward high requirements for signal integrity. The shielded-pair through-silicon vias (SPTSVs) proposed in this paper feature superior transmission properties and high jamming immunity suitable for differential-mode and common-mode transmission. Based on the quasi-static field theory, a wideband impedance model of SPTSVs considering the proximity effect, the line-to-line crosstalk, and the eddy current effect is derived. The parasitic parameters calculated by the impedance model are further given. The finite-element analysis shows that the proposed model highly agrees with the 3-D full-wave simulation and the analytical calculation. In addition, the characteristics of the impedance and the transmission coefficient are deeply analyzed with different design parameters. Finally, the impacts of the substrate effect and the metal–oxide–semiconductor effect on electrical characteristics of SPTSVs are revealed.

Yintang Yang

Papers

RFID Secure Application Revocation for IoT in 5G

A Novel Magnetic Actuated Bistable Acceleration Switch With Low Contact Resistance

A Power Efficient and Compact Optical Interconnect for Network-on-Chip

RSEL: revocable secure efficient lightweight RFID authentication scheme

Wideband Electromagnetic Model and Analysis of Shielded-Pair Through-Silicon Vias