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Principles Of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

A review on g-C3N4-based photocatalysts

Because of the high catalytic activities and substrate specificity, natural enzymes have been widely used in industrial, medical, and biological fields, etc. Although promising, they often suffer from intrinsic shortcomings such as high cost, low operational stability, and difficulties of recycling. To overcome these shortcomings, researchers have been devoted to the exploration of artificial enzyme mimics for a long time. Since the discovery of ferromagnetic nanoparticles with intrinsic horseradish peroxidase-like activity in 2007, a large amount of studies on nanozymes have been constantly emerging in the next decade. Nanozymes are one kind of nanomaterials with enzymatic catalytic properties. Compared with natural enzymes, nanozymes have the advantages such as low cost, high stability and durability, which have been widely used in industrial, medical, and biological fields. A thorough understanding of the possible catalytic mechanisms will contribute to the development of novel and high-efficient nanozymes, and the rational regulations of the activities of nanozymes are of great significance. In this review, we systematically introduce the classification, catalytic mechanism, activity regulation as well as recent research progress of nanozymes in the field of biosensing, environmental protection, and disease treatments, etc. in the past years. We also propose the current challenges of nanozymes as well as their future research focus. We anticipate this review may be of significance for the field to understand the properties of nanozymes and the development of novel nanomaterials with enzyme mimicking activities.

Nanozymes: Classification, Catalytic Mechanisms, Activity Regulation, and Applications

PROMETHEE: A comprehensive literature review on methodologies and applications

The present paper review the drug-DNA interactions, their types and applications of experimental techniques used to study interactions between DNA and small ligand molecules that are potentially of pharmaceutical interest. DNA has been known to be the cellular target for many cytotoxic anticancer agents for several decades. Understanding how drug molecules interact with DNA has become an active research area at the interface between chemistry, molecular biology and medicine. In this review article, we attempt to bring together topics that cover the breadth of this large area of research. The interaction of drugs with DNA is a significant feature in pharmacology and plays a vital role in the determination of the mechanisms of drug action and designing of more efficient and specifically targeted drugs with lesser side effects. Several instrumental techniques are used to study such interactions. In the present review, we will discuss UV-Visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The applications of spectroscopic techniques are reviewed and we have discussed the type of information (qualitative or quantitative) that can be obtained from the use of each technique. Not only have novel techniques been applied to study drug-DNA interactions but such interactions may also be the basis for the development of new assays. The interaction between DNA and drugs can cause chemical and conformational modifications and, thus, variation of the electrochemical properties of nucleobases.

Drug-DNA interactions and their study by UV-Visible, fluorescence spectroscopies and cyclic voltametry.

Enantioselective binding interaction of the metolachlor pesticide enatiomers with bovine serum albumin – A spectroscopic analysis study

A method for the simultaneous enzymatic kinetic determination of the pesticides, oxamyl, aldicarb and aminocarb in fruit, vegetables and water samples, has been researched and developed. It was based on enzymatic reaction kinetics and spectrophotometric measurements, and results were interpreted with the aid of chemometrics. The analytical method relies on the inhibitory effect of the pesticides on acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and the use of 5,5′-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic) acid (DTNB) as a chromogenic reagent for the thiocholine iodide (TChI) released from the acetylthiocholine iodide (ATChI) substrate. The complex rate equation for the formation of the chromogenic product, P, was solved under certain experimental conditions, and this enabled the absorbance (A p, at λ max = 412 nm) from the mixtures of the three pesticide inhibitors to be directly related to their concentrations. The detection limits of the enzymatic kinetic spectrophotometric procedures for the determination of the oxamyl, aldicarb and a...

Simultaneous enzymatic kinetic determination of carbamate pesticides with the aid of chemometrics

Performance of a novel analytical method for complex samples, based on combined or fused high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) data, was compared with that based on measurements from either of the techniques. The analytes were different varieties of Radix Paeoniae (Shaoyao), traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), from various regions. When the HPLC and FT-IR datasets (L and R) were separately submitted to either PCA or several supervised classification and prediction methods, the recognition rates were unsatisfactory. Thus, the potential of combined data of these two techniques was investigated, and two statistical methods for reducing the dimensions of the fused data were developed based on: (i) four PCs from the L and R matrices, and (ii) selection of optimum variables by the genetic algorithm-partial least squares (GA-PLS). PCA of these two fused sets indicated improved discrimination of the different sample clusters. Subsequent application of the supervised classification and prediction methods—linear discriminant analysis (LDA), least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM), and radial basis function neural network (RBF-ANN)—indicated significantly higher recognition rates. Thus, the best discrimination of the complex Shaoyao TCM samples on the basis of their variety and geographical origin, was obtained with the use of non-linear RBF-ANN and LS-SVP models.

Discrimination of Radix Paeoniae varieties on the basis of their geographical origin by a novel method combining high-performance liquid chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements

Authentication of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) has become important because they can be adulterated with relatively cheap herbal medicines similar in appearance. Detection of such adulterated samples is needed because their presence is likely to reduce the pharmacological potency of the original TCM and, in the worst cases, the samples may be harmful. The aim of this study was to develop a rapid near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) analytical method which was supported by multi-variate calibration, e.g. partial least squares regression (PLSR) and radial basis function artificial neural networks (RBF-ANN), in order to quantify the TCM and the adulterants. In this work, Cynanchum stauntonii (CS), a commonly used TCM, in mixtures with one or two adulterants — two morphological types of TCM, Cynanchum atrati (CA) and Cynanchum paniculati (CP), were determined using NIR reflectance spectroscopy. The three sample sets, CS adulterated with CA or CP, and CS with both CA and CP, were measured in the range of 800–2500 nm. Both PLSR and RBF-ANN calibration models provided satisfactory results, even at an adulteration level of 5 mass %, but the RBF-ANN models with better root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) values for CS, CA, and CP arguably performed better. Consequently, this work demonstrates that the NIR method of sampling complex mixtures of similar substances such as CS adulterated by CA and/or CP is capable of producing data suitable for the quantitative analysis of mixtures consisting of the original TCM adulterated by one or two similar substances, provided the spectral data are interrogated by multi-variate methods of data analysis such as PLS or RBF-ANN.

Yongnian Ni

Papers

Enantioselective binding interaction of the metolachlor pesticide enatiomers with bovine serum albumin – A spectroscopic analysis study

Simultaneous enzymatic kinetic determination of carbamate pesticides with the aid of chemometrics

Discrimination of Radix Paeoniae varieties on the basis of their geographical origin by a novel method combining high-performance liquid chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy measurements

Quantitative analysis of two adulterants in Cynanchum stauntonii by near-infrared spectroscopy combined with multi-variate calibrations

Multi-wavelength high-performance liquid chromatography: An improved method for analysis of complex substances such as Radix Paeoniae herbs