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Principles Of Fluorescence Spectroscopy

A review on g-C3N4-based photocatalysts

Because of the high catalytic activities and substrate specificity, natural enzymes have been widely used in industrial, medical, and biological fields, etc. Although promising, they often suffer from intrinsic shortcomings such as high cost, low operational stability, and difficulties of recycling. To overcome these shortcomings, researchers have been devoted to the exploration of artificial enzyme mimics for a long time. Since the discovery of ferromagnetic nanoparticles with intrinsic horseradish peroxidase-like activity in 2007, a large amount of studies on nanozymes have been constantly emerging in the next decade. Nanozymes are one kind of nanomaterials with enzymatic catalytic properties. Compared with natural enzymes, nanozymes have the advantages such as low cost, high stability and durability, which have been widely used in industrial, medical, and biological fields. A thorough understanding of the possible catalytic mechanisms will contribute to the development of novel and high-efficient nanozymes, and the rational regulations of the activities of nanozymes are of great significance. In this review, we systematically introduce the classification, catalytic mechanism, activity regulation as well as recent research progress of nanozymes in the field of biosensing, environmental protection, and disease treatments, etc. in the past years. We also propose the current challenges of nanozymes as well as their future research focus. We anticipate this review may be of significance for the field to understand the properties of nanozymes and the development of novel nanomaterials with enzyme mimicking activities.

Nanozymes: Classification, Catalytic Mechanisms, Activity Regulation, and Applications

PROMETHEE: A comprehensive literature review on methodologies and applications

The present paper review the drug-DNA interactions, their types and applications of experimental techniques used to study interactions between DNA and small ligand molecules that are potentially of pharmaceutical interest. DNA has been known to be the cellular target for many cytotoxic anticancer agents for several decades. Understanding how drug molecules interact with DNA has become an active research area at the interface between chemistry, molecular biology and medicine. In this review article, we attempt to bring together topics that cover the breadth of this large area of research. The interaction of drugs with DNA is a significant feature in pharmacology and plays a vital role in the determination of the mechanisms of drug action and designing of more efficient and specifically targeted drugs with lesser side effects. Several instrumental techniques are used to study such interactions. In the present review, we will discuss UV-Visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The applications of spectroscopic techniques are reviewed and we have discussed the type of information (qualitative or quantitative) that can be obtained from the use of each technique. Not only have novel techniques been applied to study drug-DNA interactions but such interactions may also be the basis for the development of new assays. The interaction between DNA and drugs can cause chemical and conformational modifications and, thus, variation of the electrochemical properties of nucleobases.

Drug-DNA interactions and their study by UV-Visible, fluorescence spectroscopies and cyclic voltametry.

When trace elements present in complex matrices are analysed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) correction must be made for the background if it overlaps with the desired trace analyte spectrum. However, often this is difficult to achieve because the required pure materials for the complex background matrix cannot be obtained, and hence the standard spectra are unavailable. A chemometrics solution to resolve the overlapping ICP-OES spectra of some such systems (gray systems) is proposed in this paper so as to obviate the need for the background standards. The case considered involves trace calcium in the presence of a large rare-earths background: Pr–Ca, Nd–Ca, Tb–Ca, Ho–Ca and Er–Ca. The application of iterative target transformation factor analysis (ITTFA) is explored to resolve the spectral interferences produced by the ultra-high-purity rare-earth matrices so as to facilitate the
determination of the trace calcium. Once the ITTFA method has extracted the required background spectrum, a Kalman filter (KF) procedure is then used for the quantitative determination of the trace element. The calcium results are compared with those estimated by the conventional standard addition method, and improved results are observed. In addition, while in the absence of suitable standards such an approach is essential for the problem of the determination of the trace calcium in the rare-earth matrix described, this method should also be applicable to white systems, thereby often reducing costs of analysis as well as labour associated with the preparation of background material standards.

Improved ICP-OES analysis of trace calcium in rare-earth matrices with the use of iterative target transformation factor analysis and Kalman filter

In this work, the binary nanocomposite of crosslinked polyaniline nanorods (CPANINRs) and molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) is first synthesized by in situ polymerization, and CPANINRs/MoS2 on functionalized carbon cloth (CPANINRs/MoS2/FCC) is facilely constructed by a drop-casting method. The composition, morphology, and structure of the CPANINRs, MoS2, and CPANINRs/MoS2 binary nanocomposite are characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The electrochemical properties of the MoS2/FCC, CPANINRs/FCC, and CPANINRs/MoS2/FCC are tested by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic charge–discharge (GCD). The experiment results show that the CPANINRs/MoS2/FCC exhibits excellent stability and high specific capacitance, and its specific capacitance reaches 618.75 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1. The CPANINRs/MoS2/FCC has a long cycling life and the capacity retention of 91.46% is obtained after 2000 cycles at a large current density of 10 A g−1. Moreover, the CPANINRs/MoS2/FCC-based symmetric supercapacitor also exhibits excellent rate performance and good cycling stability. The specific capacitance based on the total mass of the two electrodes is 106.4 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1 and the capacitance retention of 93.6% is obtained after 2000 cycles.

Crosslinked polyaniline nanorods coupled with molybdenum disulfide on functionalized carbon cloth for excellent electrochemical performance

A novel, uncomplicated method for the analysis of lead (Pb2+) and mercury (Hg2+) ions has been developed with the use of gold nano-rods (AuNRs), which were combined with ssDNA. The AuNR–ssDNA assembly was stabilized by electrostatic interactions. The ssDNA has a random coil structure, which was changed to G-quartet and hairpin-like structures after binding with Pb2+ and Hg2+ ions, respectively. The bonding with lead and mercury caused the ssDNA assembled AuNRs (ssDNA–AuNRs) to disperse, and this increased the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption of the AuNRs. Changes in the UV-vis spectral intensities allowed the selective detection of Pb2+ and Hg2+ ions at concentrations as low as 19.8 nM and 3.2 nM, respectively. Linear correlations were observed between the UV-vis spectra and the Pb2+ and Hg2+ analytes in the concentration ranges of 25–250 nM (R2 = 0.9971) for Pb2+ and 4–40 nM (R2 = 0.9956) for Hg2+, respectively. The literature suggests that the novel method is another example in which the ssDNA–AuNR assembly has been used for trace analysis of Pb2+ and Hg2+.

The use of DNA self-assembled gold nano-rods for novel analysis of lead and/or mercury in drinking water

Standard chemical methods of analysis for marker alkaloids and flavonoids such as rutin, apigenin, quercetin, kaempferol, and leonurine were insufficient to discriminate the geographical origins of the complex Herba leonuri (HL) samples. This led to the research and development of a novel, quantitative HPLC fingerprint method for the simultaneous analysis of the content of important markers present in the HL samples. Seven HPLC peaks were selected and a structure was assigned to five. Fifty-six HL samples collected from three provinces, Anhui, Hubei, and Jiangxi, were analyzed by the above HPLC method and the resulting 56 × 7 matrix of the HPLC fingerprints and the seven marker compounds was submitted to principal component analysis (PCA) with consequent discrimination of the HL samples according to their geographical origins; interestingly, it was found that the highly correlated L6 (kaempferol) and L7 (apigenin) loadings were independent of the other five marker compound loadings (L1–L5). In addition, the L6 and L7 variables were related only to the Jiangxi group, while the L1–L5 loadings were associated with Jiangxi and Anhui; the Hubei cluster was not directly related to any loading. For quantitative analysis, the least squares-support vector machine (LS-SVM) calibration model was able to predict 94.4% of the samples correctly.

A high-performance liquid chromatography method for quality control of complex substances: analysis of marker alkaloids and flavonoids of the herb Herba leonuri (Yimucao)

A rapid kinetic method for the simultaneous determination of levodopa, dopamine, and dobutamine was examined and developed. It was based on a consecutive reaction of a reduction of Cu(II) to Cu(I) by catecholamines, followed by the complexation of Cu(I) with neocuproine to form a yellow product in an acetic acid-acetate buffer. Spectrophotometric data were recorded at 453 nm (wavelength at the yellow complex absorption maximum) for 300 s. Linear calibrations were obtained in the concentration ranges of (0.08–1.44) × 10−5 mol L−1, (0.08–1.44) × 10−5 mol L−1, and (0.16–1.44) × 10−5 mol L−1 for levodopa, dopamine, and dobutamine, respectively. A variety of multivariate calibration models was developed for simultaneous analysis of the three analytes; while most models produced satisfactory prediction results for synthetic samples, the hybrid linear analysis method was arguably the best-performing (relative prediction error, RPET = 6.6 %). The proposed method was applied to an analysis of spiked rabbit serum samples and the results showed good agreement with the high performance liquid chromatography measurements.

Simultaneous analysis of three catecholamines by a kinetic procedure: comparison of prediction performance of several different multivariate calibrations

Yongnian Ni

Papers

Improved ICP-OES analysis of trace calcium in rare-earth matrices with the use of iterative target transformation factor analysis and Kalman filter

Crosslinked polyaniline nanorods coupled with molybdenum disulfide on functionalized carbon cloth for excellent electrochemical performance

The use of DNA self-assembled gold nano-rods for novel analysis of lead and/or mercury in drinking water

A high-performance liquid chromatography method for quality control of complex substances: analysis of marker alkaloids and flavonoids of the herb Herba leonuri (Yimucao)

Simultaneous analysis of three catecholamines by a kinetic procedure: comparison of prediction performance of several different multivariate calibrations