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Supported metal nanostructures are the most widely used type of heterogeneous catalyst in industrial processes. The size of metal particles is a key factor in determining the performance of such catalysts. In particular, because low-coordinated metal atoms often function as the catalytically active sites, the specific activity per metal atom usually increases with decreasing size of the metal particles. However, the surface free energy of metals increases significantly with decreasing particle size, promoting aggregation of small clusters. Using an appropriate support material that strongly interacts with the metal species prevents this aggregation, creating stable, finely dispersed metal clusters with a high catalytic activity, an approach industry has used for a long time. Nevertheless, practical supported metal catalysts are inhomogeneous and usually consist of a mixture of sizes from nanoparticles to subnanometer clusters. Such heterogeneity not only reduces the metal atom efficiency but also frequent...

Single-atom catalysts: a new frontier in heterogeneous catalysis.

The detection methods and generation mechanisms of the intrinsic reactive oxygen species (ROS), i.e., superoxide anion radical (•O2–), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), singlet oxygen (1O2), and hydroxyl radical (•OH) in photocatalysis, were surveyed comprehensively. Consequently, the major photocatalyst used in heterogeneous photocatalytic systems was found to be TiO2. However, besides TiO2 some representative photocatalysts were also involved in the discussion. Among the various issues we focused on the detection methods and generation reactions of ROS in the aqueous suspensions of photocatalysts. On the careful account of the experimental results presented so far, we proposed the following apprehension: adsorbed •OH could be regarded as trapped holes, which are involved in a rapid adsorption–desorption equilibrium at the TiO2–solution interface. Because the equilibrium shifts to the adsorption side, trapped holes must be actually the dominant oxidation species whereas •OH in solution would exert the reactivity...

Generation and Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species in Photocatalysis

: The unpolarized absorption and circular dichroism spectra of the fundamental vibrational transitions of the chiral molecule, 4-methyl-2-oxetanone, are calculated ab initio. Harmonic force fields are obtained using Density Functional Theory (DFT), MP2, and SCF methodologies and a 5S4P2D/3S2P (TZ2P) basis set. DFT calculations use the Local Spin Density Approximation (LSDA), BLYP, and Becke3LYP (B3LYP) density functionals. Mid-IR spectra predicted using LSDA, BLYP, and B3LYP force fields are of significantly different quality, the B3LYP force field yielding spectra in clearly superior, and overall excellent, agreement with experiment. The MP2 force field yields spectra in slightly worse agreement with experiment than the B3LYP force field. The SCF force field yields spectra in poor agreement with experiment.The basis set dependence of B3LYP force fields is also explored: the 6-31G* and TZ2P basis sets give very similar results while the 3-21G basis set yields spectra in substantially worse agreements with experiment. jg

Ab initio calculation of vibrational absorption and circular dichroism spectra using density functional force fields

We introduce density functional theory and review recent progress in its application to transition metal chemistry. Topics covered include local, meta, hybrid, hybrid meta, and range-separated functionals, band theory, software, validation tests, and applications to spin states, magnetic exchange coupling, spectra, structure, reactivity, and catalysis, including molecules, clusters, nanoparticles, surfaces, and solids.

Density functional theory for transition metals and transition metal chemistry

3.1. Sc Group 6772 3.2. Ti Group 6773 3.3. V Group 6775 3.4. Cr Group 6776 3.5. Mn Group 6777 3.6. Fe Group 6779 3.7. Co Group 6780 3.8. Ni Group 6782 3.9. Cu Group 6782 3.10. Zn Group 6784 3.11. Lanthanide Group 6784 3.12. Actinide Group 6785 3.13. Periodic Trends on Bonding and Reactivity 6785 4. Ionic Mononuclear Transition Metal Oxide Species 6787 4.1. Cations 6788 4.2. Anions 6790 4.2.1. Monoxide Anions 6790 4.2.2. Dioxide Anions 6791 4.2.3. Oxygen-Rich Anions 6792 5. Multinuclear Transition Metal Oxide Clusters 6792 5.1. Sc Group 6793 5.2. Ti Group 6793 5.3. V Group 6793 5.4. Cr Group 6797 5.5. Mn Group 6798 5.6. Fe Group 6798 5.7. Co Group 6798 5.8. Ni Group 6798 5.9. Cu Group 6799 6. Summary 6800 7. Acknowledgments 6800 8. References 6800

Spectroscopic and theoretical studies of transition metal oxides and dioxygen complexes.

Formation and characterization of the iridium tetroxide molecule with iridium in the oxidation state +VIII.

Reactions of titanium monoxides with methane have been investigated using matrix isolation infrared spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. Titanium derivatives of several simple oxyhydrocarbons have been prepared and identified. The titanium monoxide molecules prepared by laser evaporation of bulk TiO2 target reacted with methane to form the TiO(CH4) complex in solid argon, which was predicted to have C3v symmetry with the oxygen atom coordinated to one hydrogen atom of the methane molecule. The complex rearranged to the CH3Ti(O)H titano−acetaldehyde molecule upon visible (λ > 500 nm) irradiation. The titano−acetaldehyde molecule sustained further photochemical rearrangement to the CH2Ti(H)OH titano−vinyl alcohol molecule, which was characterized to be a simple carbene complex involving agostic bonding. The CH2Ti(H)OH molecule reacted with a second methane to form the (CH3)2Ti(H)OH titano−isopropyl alcohol molecule spontaneously on annealing. The (CH3)2Ti(H)OH molecule also can be produced via UV phot...

Methane activation by titanium monoxide molecules: a matrix isolation infrared spectroscopic and theoretical study.

Remarkable dinitrogen activation and cleavage by the Gd dimer: from dinitrogen complexes to ring and cage nitrides.

The matrix isolation infrared spectroscopic and quantum chemical calculation results indicate that vanadium oxides, VO2 and VO4, coordinate noble gas atoms in forming noble gas complexes. The results showed that VO2 coordinates two Ar or Xe atoms and that VO4 coordinates one Ar or Xe atom in solid noble gas matrixes. Hence, the VO2 and VO4 molecules trapped in solid noble gas matrixes should be regarded as the VO2(Ng)2 and VO4(Ng) (Ng = Ar or Xe) complexes. The total V−Ng binding energies were predicted to be 12.8, 18.2, 5.0, and 7.3 kcal/mol, respectively, for the VO2(Ar)2, VO2(Xe)2, VO4(Ar), and VO4(Xe) complexes at the CCSD(T)//B3LYP level of theory.

Yu Gong

Papers

Spectroscopic and theoretical studies of transition metal oxides and dioxygen complexes.

Formation and characterization of the iridium tetroxide molecule with iridium in the oxidation state +VIII.

Methane activation by titanium monoxide molecules: a matrix isolation infrared spectroscopic and theoretical study.

Remarkable dinitrogen activation and cleavage by the Gd dimer: from dinitrogen complexes to ring and cage nitrides.

Noble Gas−Transition-Metal Complexes: Coordination of VO2 and VO4 by Ar and Xe Atoms in Solid Noble Gas Matrixes