Showing papers by "Chung Yuan Christian University published in 1992"

SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF MICELLAR DISSOCIATION CONCENTRATION AND CRITICAL MICELLAR CONCENTRATION OF BILE SALTS BY pH MEASUREMENTS

Abstract: This paper demonstrates a method of using a pH meter to determine the micellar dissociation concentration (mdc) and the. critical micellar concentration (cmc) of eight bile salt samples: sodium cholate (NaC), sodium deoxycholate (NaDC), sodium glycocholate (NaGC), sodium glycodeoxycholate (NaGDC), sodium glyco-chenodeoxycholate (NaGCDC), sodium taurocholate (NaTC), sodium taurodeoxycholate (NaTDC) and sodium taurochenodeoxycholate (NaTCDC). The experiments were performed by diluting the bile salt solutions with freshly distilled water and following the pH changes with a hydrogen ion electrode at 25°C. One break appears in most of the pH-concentration plots of the bile salt solutions, signifying mdc. However, two breaks appear for NaC and NaDC samples, signifying mdc and cmc. The mdc and cmc values are in good agreement with values determined by surface tension and turbidity methods and with data reported in the literature. The method described in this paper is quick, simple and requiring no sampl...

Studies on the preparation and properties of conductive polymers. V. Analysis of metallized polyamide complex metal chelate films and precipitates in metal chelate solution

Abstract: Metallized films were obtained by the reduction of polyamide metal chelate films with reducing agents. In the preparation of polyamide metal chelate solution, a small amount of precipitate forms when a certain stoichiometric ratio of formic acid, polyamide, and metal salts was mixed. The precipitate formation rate was affected by kinds and concentrations of metal salts, kinds and molecular weight of polyamide, and solution temperature. In addition, the precipitate formation rate affects the conducting surface metallic substance of reduced nylon/CuCl2/NiCl2 complex metal chelate film. The conducting surface is metallic Ni for low-molecular-weight nylon 4/CuCl2/NiCl2 film and metallic Cu for high-molecular-weight nylon 4/CuCl2/NiCl2 film reduced by NaBH4 aqueous solution. The precipitate consists of polyamide, metal salt, and formic acid. The interaction among the polyamide, metal salt, and formic acid appears to be by means of hydrogen bonds and ionic bonds. The proposed structure of precipitate was also studied. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

On existence and strong consistency of a class of fuzzy C -means clustering procedures

Abstract: In this paper the existence and strong consistency of a class of fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering procedures are established. Suppose that the data set is a simple random sample of observations from a probability distribution, assuming that the second moment of the distribution is finite. Then the solution to the FCM clustering procedures shall exist. The FCM cluster centers and the FCM membership functions will have the property of strong consistency. That is, the sample FCM cluster centers and the population FCM cluster centers will be close to each other with probability one, and also the sample FCM membership functions and the population FCM membership functions will be close to each other with probability one when the sample size increases to infinity.

Some Generating Functions for the Generalized Bessel Polynomials

Abstract: The authors begin by presenting a systematic (historical) account of some linear generating functions for the generalized Bessel polynomials. It is then shown how these linear generating functions can be applied with a view to obtaining various new families of bilinear, bilateral, or mixed multilateral generating functions for the generalized Bessel polynomials. Some interesting generalizations of these classes of generating functions, involving hypergeometric functions, are also considered.

APPLICATION OF pH MEASUREMENT TO DETERMINE THE MICELLAR PROPERTIES OF MIXED BILE SALT AND NONIONIC SURFACTANT SYSTEMS

Abstract: This paper applies pH measurement to determine the micellar dissociation concentration (mdc) and the critical micellar concentration (cmc) of mixed sodium cholate (or sodium deoxy-cholate) and octaethylene glycol mono n-decylether nonionic surfactant systems. The experiments were performed by diluting the mixed surfactant solutions with freshly distilled water and following the pH changes with a hydrogen ion electrode at 25°C. Two breaks appear in the pH-concentration plots of the mixed surfactant systems, signifying mdc and cmc. The cmc values for the mixed micelles are in good agreement with values reported in the literature. One may also estimate the cmc of the pure component from data obtained for the mixture without going through the trouble of sample purification. The method of using pH measurement to determine mdc and cmc is quick and simple. It requires little training.

Studies on the preparation and properties of conductive polymers. VI: Two-stage method to prepare metallized polymer films

Abstract: Metallized poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films were prepared by a two-stage method. In the first stage, PVA-AgNO 3 chelate films were treated with doping agents, such as an ethanol solution of I 2 , an aqueous solution of K 2 CO 3 or K 2 CrO 4 . Silver salts were formed on the films surfaces. In the second stage, these treated films were further reduced by a NaBH 4 aqueous solution. After this treatment, good electrical conductivity and films with long-term stability can be obtained. Similarly, polyacrylonitrile-AgNO 3 complex films were studied

Hilbert transform and Fourier descriptors to ECG signal analysis

Abstract: This study proposes a technique to classify normal beats and abnormal beats on an electrocardiogram (BOS). This approach is based not only on the use of the B03 signal and its Hilbert transform to obtain an artifidial vectcaxardiogram but on the application of Fourier descriptors(FDs) to get the respective Fourier coefficients. Two variables are obtained to do the arrhythmia detection based on MIT/BIH arrhythmia database. A linear equation to classify normal beats and abnormal beats of the ECG signal is obtained by using the SPSS/PC+. Our studies indicate that this method of arrhythmia detection has at least 95.17 % sensitivity for the MET/BIH arrhythmia database.

Syntheses and thermal properties of (sulfonylbisphenoxy)-containing cyclotriphosphazene polymers

Abstract: A (sulfonylbisphenoxy)-containing cyclotriphosphazene polymer system has been prepared by polycondensation of (phenoxy)chlorocyclotriphosphazene and 4,4′-sulfonylbisphenol. The syntheses by polycondensation using sodium salt of 4,4′-sulfonylbisphenol and by interfacial polycondensation were carried out for comparison. The characterization, thermal stability, and fire resistance of the synthesized polymers were studied. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the polymers prepared were stable to above 400°C in nitrogen and exhibited high char contents at elevated temperature. The result indicated that the presence of a sulfonyl group was helpful for enhancing thermal stability and the presence of a phosphphazene ring was the cause of the high char residue at elevated temperature.

High-performance liquid chromatography of carbohydrates in enzymic hydrolysate of waste paper

Abstract: Waste paper was pretreated with 5M sulfuric acid at 28°C to give a gel-like solution which was then hydrolyzed with cellulase, purified fromTrichoderma viride, to form carbohydrates. The determination of the carbohydrates was accomplished using an aminopropylbonded silica HPLC column and an RI detector. The detection limits were 20 ppm; xylose, glucose, and cellobiose were the major components. Salts from the buffer solution may affect the activity of cellulase. The analysis of carbohydrates can be performed under acid conditions. HPLC analysis of carbohydrates from enzymatic hydrolysis is reliable and successful.

Arithmetic Definability by Formulas with Two Quantifiers

Abstract: We give necessary conditions for a set to be definable by a formula with a universal quantifier and an existential quantifier over algebraic integer rings or algebraic number fields. From these necessary conditions we obtain some undefinability results. For example, N is not definable by such a formula over Z. This extends a previous result of R. M. Robinson. Introduction. We know very little about arithmetic definability even for formulas with a single quantifer. For instance, let f (x, y) be a polynomial over Z and let Af c Z be defined as follows: x Af Z ly Jf(x, y) = 0. For an arbitrary polynomial f we cannot tell whether Af is nonempty or not, because Af is nonempty if and only if f (x, y) = 0 is solvable in Z, but there is no known algorithm to decide the solvability of Diophantine equations in two unknowns. In his paper [2], R. M. Robinson is concerned with the following question: What is the simplest possible arithmetical definition of the set of natural numbers N in the ring of integers Z? In particular, what is the smallest number of quantifiers which can occur in such a definition? He showed that x e N < iyiz[x =y2 V (y2 1 +XZ2 A y3 0 y)]. He also showed that it is impossible to define N using a formula with a single quantifier. If we consider this problem just by counting the number of quantifiers, then these certainly are the best possible results. However, we can ask further: What kind of quantifiers are necessary in the defining formula? Then it is possible to obtain better results. Let Q denote the quantifier V or ]. We say p(x) is a Q1 Q2 formula if and only if (p(x) is logically equivalent to a formula of the form Q1yQ2z0(x, y, z), where +(x, y, z) is a formula containing no quantifiers and no free variables except x, y and z. The set Received April 19, 1990; revised December 17, 1990. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification. Primary 03C40.

A novel application of pyrolysis-gas chromatography to the differentiation of photocopiers

Abstract: A Curie point pyrolyser, a dual wide-bore capillary column gas chromatograph equipped with dual FIDs, and a personal computer were connected online. The differentiation of photocopier toners was based both on the comparison of retention indices and on conventional pattern recognition. A data library is also being compiled with most of the standard samples available in Taiwan. The results demonstrated that the technique was useful for the differentiation of photocopying toners and that the computer-assisted library search based on the comparison of retention indices was a powerful approach to locating suspect photocopying machines. >

A new approach for determining the reaction ratio between calcium and surfactant having low calcium tolerance: application to bile salt

Abstract: Calcium-bile salt interaction plays an important role in gallstone formation and lipid solubilization in human digestive system. This paper presents a method of studying the calcium-bile salt interaction for several bile salts having low electrolyte tolerance. Sodium cholate, sodium glycodeoxycholate, sodium glyco-chenodeoxycholate and sodium deoxycholate were used in this study. Potentiometric titration was performed with calcium ion electrode to determine the calcium-bile salt reaction ratio and the equilibrium constant. Flocculation values by calcium or sodium ions were measured as a function of the bile salt concentration. The flocculation-concentration curves appear to be quite complicated. Precipitation of the bile salt was carefully avoided by adjusting the concentration of the reactants and taking the flocculation-concentration curve as a guidance. For sodium deoxycholate which has extremely low calcium tolerance, the precipitation was postponed by adding nonionic surfactant. Complete tit...

Scheduling and Control of Flexible Manufacturing Systems - Some Experiences and Observations

Abstract: The scheduling and control of flexible manufacturing systems (FMSs) has received significant attention, because of the potential efficiency and economic gains that can be had from significant improvements in these areas. Most solutions to FMS scheduling and control problems lack consideration of overall system implications. As a result, several practical problems that arise in the control of unmanned FMS have not been well studied. In this paper, we address the nature of the control problem so that a resolvable framework for control can be achieved. Given this framework a specific control problem, namely system deadlock, is defined and discussed. Deadlock is a common problem in unmanned random route FMSs. The intent of this paper is to describe the FMS control problem and detail the system deadlock problem as it applies to FMS control.

Polynomial time algorithms for sentences over number fields

Abstract: We call ϕ a ∀∃ sentence if and only if ρ is logically equivalent to a sentence of the form ∀x∃yψ(x, y), where ψ(x, y) is a quantifier free formula constructed with logical and arithmetical symbols. Now let ϕ be a ∀∃ sentence in conjunctive or disjunctive normal form. We show that given an arbitrary algebraic number field K there is a polynomial time algorithm to decide whether ϕ is true in K or not. We also show that ther are polynomial time algorithms to decide whether or not ϕ is true in every algebraic number field or every radical extension field of Q.

Automatic analysis and three-dimensional presentation of optic disc

Abstract: The optic disc is one of the most important structures to diagnose many ocular diseases. From confocal Scanning Laser Opthalmoscope, serial optical sections of optic disc are attained and digital image process techniques are applied. Edges of disc and cap srgin could be detected is each optical section automatically. Computer graphic technique is used to interpolate and to fit the contours into a three-dimensional topography. The parameters include cup to disc ratios, neural ria areas, cup depth, and cup volume could be identified quantitatively. These informations could be used to detect and document the progressive changes in optic disc.