Showing papers by "College of Engineering, Pune published in 2008"

Quantification of retinex in enhancement of weather degraded images

Abstract: The Images of outdoor scenes captured in bad weather suffer from poor contrast and color of images are drastically altered or degraded. It is imperative to remove weather effects from images in order to make vision systems more reliable. Also, there are often serious discrepancy existing between the images and the direct observation of the real scenes. Even with wide dynamic range imaging systems, the recorded images will not be seen same as real observation is because of its weaker dynamic range compression. The retinex is aimed to obtain the balance between the human vision and machine vision system along with color constancy. In this paper, MSRCR synthesizes dynamic range compression, color constancy, and color rendition and, thereby, approaches fidelity to direct observation to enhance the weather-degraded images. The paper also quantifies quality of MSR enhancement algorithm.

Image based steganography using LSB insertion

Abstract: Steganography is the art and science of hiding the existence of communication. The techniques used in steganography make it difficult to detect that there is a hidden message inside an image file. This way we not only hide the message itself, but also the fact that we are sending the message. In this paper a steganography system is designed for encoding and decoding a secret file embedded into an image file using random LSB insertion method in which the secret data are spread out among the image data in a seemingly random manner. This can be achieved using a secret key. The key used to generate pseudorandom numbers, which will identify where, and in what order the hidden message is laid out. The advantage of this method is that it incorporates some cryptography in that diffusion is applied to the secret message.

Designing wireless sensor network with low cost and low power

Abstract: Sensor network is receiving considerable attention as one of the key technologies to keep track of the parameters in the industrial field. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) integrate sensor technology, embedded technology, distributed information processing and network communication. The nodes of WSN serve the functions of perceiving and routing. Power consumption is the key factor affecting the longevity of nodes in practice. In this paper, we propose a new WSN node using MSP430 and nRF24L01. This operates in license free 2.4 GHz ISM band.. The node senses the event for small amount of time 7 goes to sleep mode for long interval of time. This methods and ultra low power hardware reduces the WSN power consumption. A low power wireless sensor network node is designed and tested. Result shows that this method is adaptive, feasible prior to the other methods.

Distributed energy efficient routing in ad hoc networks

Abstract: Ad hoc networks are non-infrastructure networks consisting of mobile nodes. Since the mobile nodes have limited battery power, it is very important to use energy efficiently in ad hoc networks. In order to maximize the lifetime of an ad hoc network, traffic should be sent via a route that can avoid nodes with low energy while minimizing the total transmission power. In addition, considering that the nodes of ad hoc networks are mobile, on-demand routing protocols are preferred for ad hoc networks. Existing power-aware routing algorithm need to be modified to meet the requirement of energy efficient routing and also this on demand protocol should be addressing mobility issue. In this paper we propose a novel on-demand power aware routing algorithm, DEEAR (Distributed Energy-efficient AODV Routing) protocol. DEEAR prolongs the network lifetime by compromising between minimum energy consumption and fair energy consumption without additional control packets. DEEAR also improves network throughput as well as improvement in data packet delivery ratio.

Solving channel allocation problem in cellular radio networks using genetic algorithm

Abstract: With limited frequency spectrum and an increasing demand for cellular communication services, the problem of channel allocation becomes increasingly important. However, finding a conflict-free channel allocation with minimum interference and minimum channel span is NP hard. Genetic algorithm (GA) is one of the heuristic optimization tools that can be used to solve this problem efficiently. In this paper we investigate fixed and dynamic channel allocation problem for cellular networks and its optimum solution using GA.

Super Resolution Using Neural Network

Abstract: Super resolution imaging refers to inferring the missing high resolution image from low resolution image(s). Super resolution methods are generally classified into reconstruction based and learning based methods. The learning based methods fully learn the intensity prior between all bands of images. For most of these, some fake information can be inevitably introduced into synthesized high resolution image though the image may offer visually good effects. For medical image analysis, it might deteriorate the image analysis and diagnosis performance. In this paper we propose a better learning using real image training set that enhances the high frequency information. The method exploits richness of real-world images. The training set is preprocessed images so as to extract the structural correlation. The technique learns the fine details that correspond to different image structures seen at a low-resolution and then uses those learned relationships to predict fine details in other images.

Palm Leaf Manuscript/Color Document image Enhancement by Using Improved Adaptive Binarization Method

Abstract: This paper presents a new color document image binarization that is suitable for palm leaf manuscripts and color document images. The proposed method consists of two steps: a pre-processing procedure using low-pass Wiener filter, and contrast adaptive binarization for segmentation of text from the background. Firstly, in the pre-processing stage, low-pass Wiener filter is used to eliminate noisy areas, smoothing of background texture as well as contrast enhancement between background and text areas. Finally, binarization is performed by using contrast adaptive binarization method in order to extract useful text information from low quality document images.The techniques are tested on a set of palm leaf manuscript images/color document images. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated on by palm leaf manuscripts/color documents distorted with show-through effects, uneven background color and localized spot.

Direct Torque Control of Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Single Phase Induction Motor

Abstract: Direct torque and flux control of ac machines is well established technique getting increasingly adapted in industry This technique like other high performance control methods such as vector control is rarely applied to single phase machines However, development of high performance low power drives is receiving some attention This paper investigates the performance of single phase direct torque controlled induction motor drive Unified modeling approach is used to adapt direct torque control (DTC) of both symmetrical as well as asymmetrical single phase induction motor It is also demonstrated that it is possible to take winding and angle asymmetry into accounts The drive is simulated using Simulink platform and the results are presented

Fingerprint matching using transform features

Abstract: In the fingerprint recognition application utilizing more information other than minutiae is much helpful. We present here a fingerprint matching scheme based on transform features and their comparison. The technique described here obviates the need for extracting minutiae points to match fingerprint images. The proposed scheme uses Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT), Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) to create feature vector for fingerprints. After finding out the core point, fingerprint image of size 64times64 is cropped around the core point. The transform is applied on the cropped image without any pre-processing. The transform coefficients are arranged in specific manner and are used to obtain the feature vector in terms of standard deviation. The fingerprint matching is based on the minimum Euclidean distance between two feature vectors. Here database is formed by capturing 8 images per person using 500 dpi optical scanner. Training images used to form feature vector are 2, 4 or 6 per person. In the matching phase either all or remaining images are checked in identification mode to find out the percentage recognition rate. Comparison for all the three transform is presented here and it is observed that DCT and DFT gives better result as compared DWT.

Fuzzy stroke analysis of Devnagari handwritten characters

Abstract: Devnagari script is a major script of India widely used for various languages. In this work, we propose a fuzzy stroke-based technique for analyzing handwritten Devnagari characters. After preprocessing, the character is segmented in strokes using our thinning and segmentation algorithm. We propose Average Compressed Direction Codes (ACDC) for shape description of segmented strokes. The strokes are classified as left curve, right curve, horizontal stroke, vertical stroke and slanted lines etc. We assign fuzzy weight to the strokes according to their circularity to find similarity between over segmented strokes and model strokes. The character is divided into nine zones and the occurrences of strokes in each zone and combinations of zones are found to contribute to Zonal Stroke Frequency (ZSF) and Regional Stroke Frequency (RSF) respectively. The classification space is partitioned on the basis of number of strokes, Zonal Stroke Frequency and Regional Stroke Frequency. The knowledge of script grammar is applied to classify characters using features like ACDC based stroke shape, relative strength, circularity and relative area. Euclidean distance classifier is applied for unordered stroke matching. The system tolerates slant of about 10° left and right and a skew of 5° up and down. The system proves to be fast and efficient with regard to space and time and gives high discrimination between similar characters and gives a recognition accuracy of 92.8%.

Effects of short power interruptions and voltage sags on the performance of line start permanent magnet synchronous motor

Abstract: Line Start Permanent Magnet Synchronous motors are attracting growing attention for high duty factor industrial applications. Investigation of the performance of these motors under practical supply conditions facing power quality problems is the need of time. Voltage sags and short time interruptions contribute to 80% power quality related problems. In this paper, the behavior of this motor is studied under short power interruptions and voltage sag using dynamic model of the machine developed in Simulink platform.

SDI: New metric for quantification of speckle noise in ultrasound imaging

Abstract: In ultrasound images a special type of acoustic noise, technically known as speckle noise, is the major factor of image quality degradation. In order to improve the image quality by means of speckle suppression and thus to increase the diagnostic potential of medical ultrasound, it is important to quantify the speckle. This paper describes, quality metrics for speckle in coherent imaging and their limitations. It also describes a new metric-SDI, its uniqueness in quantifying the speckle and comparison of performance with existing metrics. Empirical verification of SDI with a set of Test Images proves its speckle quantification in ultrasound. A subjective criterion is also taken into account to support the results.

Devanagari handwritten numeral identification based on Zernike moments

Abstract: The preprocessing of numerals includes bounding them for translation invariance followed by normalization for scale invariance. We achieve translation and scale invariance using simple geometric moments. Higher order Zernike moments are used as shape descriptors. Due to rotation invariance and orthogonal properties of Zernike moments, they are found to perform better in terms of computational complexity and classification achieved. The algorithm has been tested on different handwritten samples taken from different people. In this paper, an attempt is made to develop off-line recognition system for isolated Devanagari numerals.

Dynamic Motion Detection technique for fast and efficient video coding

Abstract: Motion estimation and compensation is the most computationally complex module of video coder. In this paper, an innovative algorithm is proposed for a further complexity reduction of the motion estimation (ME) module of video coder by employing motion detection prior to motion compensation. A dynamic motion detection (DMD) module can be added to the video coder in order to decide whether the current block contains motion or is with zero motion. This work propounds a DMD module which depends on motion activity. Generally, the variance of the difference of two consecutive frames is a good criterion to measure motion activity. We have applied the dynamic calculation of local variance of the difference frame as a threshold to detect the motion activity. The result shows that this proposed scheme can simplify the encoder complexity, maintaining high compression rate and good video quality. Moreover this method is valid for every kind of video sequences having a static and moving background.

Geometric transform Invariant Texture Analysis based on Modified Zernike Moments

Abstract: In this paper, geometric invariant texture analysis, which comprises of rotation, scale and translation (RST) invariance, is presented. Many types of moments and functions of moments have been utilized in RST invariant pattern recognition applications. However, use of moments for texture content-based image analysis is limited. Here, application of Zernike moment for geometric invariant texture analysis is studied. An algorithm is proposed to design fast and modified Zernike moments to extract a particular texture from image irrespective of its rotation scale change and translation. The algorithm is tested for its robustness in the presences of various noises like salt and paper, Gaussian and speckle noise. The operator is evaluated for computation of moments on different data sets of textures like Brodatz and Vistex. Comparison is done with traditional Zernike moments based techniques, Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)-Zernike moments based technique and proposed modified Zernike moment based technique.

Performance evaluation of VHDL coding techniques for optimized implementation of IEEE 802.3 transmitter

Abstract: This paper is focus on to implement IEEE 802.3 MAC transmitter using different VHDL coding techniques. We propose consequences of VHDL coding styles on area utilization and speed. Optimization for maximum speed can be achieved by FSM based approach. While targeting higher speed device area utilization is severely affected. To have a balance among area and speed optimization, we have explored synthesis options along with VHDL coding styles. With this approach FPGA area utilization for MAC implementation is reduced. Recognizing the importance of hardware architecture in relation to optimization of area and speed of operation, our implementation results shows that the performance depends on area constraint, speed constraint , vhdl coding style, FSM encoding styles, multiplexer , priority encoder extraction, fan out and register balancing.

Cost based Reactive Power Pricing Structure in Restructured Environment

Abstract: In the new deregulated and restructured electric utility industry, generation, transmission and distribution have become different entities It is therefore necessary to separate costs of active and reactive powers for sustained development of industry In this paper, a cost based reactive power pricing structure for a generator under deregulated conditions is presented Various factors affecting valuation or costing of reactive power support from generators are analyzed A mathematical model for reactive power pricing structure based on various cost components is developed for typical turbo generators Effect of different price bids for active power is analyzed on reactive power pricing Comparison of old and new generators as well as different capability generators is done with respect reactive power pricing Simulation is carried out on 5 bus system considering these typical generators as part of the system

Behavior of Line Start Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor under Short Interruptions

Abstract: Line start permanent magnet synchronous motors are attracting growing attention for high duty factor industrial applications Power quality has become a major concern in today's electric utility industry More than 80 % power quality related problems are concerned with voltage sags and power interruptions Investigation of the performance of these motors under practical supply conditions facing power quality problems is the need of time In this paper the 5 hp LSPMSM performance under short interruptions is investigated through simulation studies The effect of parameter variation on motor performance is also studied using dynamic Simulink model

Novel Sensitive Current Differential Protection of Transmission Line

Abstract: This paper proposes a novel approach for sensitive current differential protection of transmission line The improvement in sensitivity is a result of adaptive control of the restraining region in a current differential plane The discriminant function used in differential protection corresponds to the ratio of series branch current in the pi- equivalent model of the transmission line It requires time synchronous measurements which can be obtained from Global positioning system (GPS) Electromagnetic transient program (EMTP) simulations on a four machine ten bus system are used to substantiate the claims The results brings out the superiority of the proposed approach

Effect of short power interruptions on performance of AC motors

Abstract: The induction motor is the universal workhorse of modern industry. However, in past 2-3 decades attempts have been made to find alternative to this machine in various applications. It is demonstrated that permanent magnet synchronous motors and synchronous reluctance motors could be better choice in variable speed applications. From energy conservation point of view, suitability of these machines in general purpose high duty factor applications is also tested. It is demonstrated in literature that permanent magnet synchronous motors with line starting capability results in energy saving. Though, several aspects of these machines are well studied in literature, effect of power quality on the performance of these machines received no attention. This paper investigates the performance of these machines under short power interruptions which is one of the common power quality problems.

Nanoparticles of barium and strontium Titanates/epoxy resin as microwave absorbers

Abstract: Microwave absorber materials play a major role in electromagnetic interference and compatibility measurements in anechoic chambers The authors have made efforts toward finding the reflection co-efficient of barium titanate (BaTiO3)/ epoxy resin composites and strontium Titanates (SrTiO3)/epoxy resin [1] were made as films with two different concentrations The measurement was carried out by a transmission/reflection method using a vector network analyzer R&S: ZVT8 in the frequency range of 8 GHz - 125 GHz (X-Band) The results are analyzed at the end for the suitability of the material in the X-band The basic material characteristics are also discussed briefly

Design Approach for FPGA Implementation of Flexray Controller Using VHDL for Intra Vehicular Communication Application

Abstract: This paper gives the information of Flexray protocol, Flexray is a new standard of communication between electronic modules installed in a vehicle. The protocol is based on mechanisms known from telecommunication networks coupled with real time requirements. Its architecture containing Series of FSMs, watchdogs, bus guardian block etc. This paper discusses FPGA implementation of Flexray controller in VHDL language using ALTERA MAX-PLUS II.

Reflection co-efficient of multilayer microwave absorbers in X-band

Abstract: Design of multilayer microwave absorbers has become essential for effective absorption of microwave energy in the given range of frequencies due to the limitation of amount of energy that could be absorbed by a single layer absorber. There are various methods to design multilayer microwave absorbing materials. In this, multiple layers of dielectric materials are usually placed on top of conducting or ground plane. They may be tested for different angles of incidence also. The paper initially discusses the multilayer microwave absorbers design techniques. Authors have synthesized different wt% of Barium Titanate, Strontium Titanate with epoxy resin composites as films and formed three layers. They were tested for their reflection co-efficient using the vector network analyzer R&S:ZVT8 in the frequency range of 8 GHz - 12.5 GHz (X-Band). From the measured reflection co-efficients, the results are deemed to be encouraging for the Strontium Titanate/epoxy resin with different wt%.

Application for a Secure Fax System

Abstract: Fax is an important means to transfer official documents even today because of its features like instant acknowledgement and legal recognition; giving it an edge over Internet facilities like e-mail. Some problems still persist today. One is that sending text only data by fax is expensive. This project document describes a system for compression and encryption of fax documents and error recovery over the channel. The document to be faxed, which may contain text, pictures, charts, and other graphic images, is first converted into a portable bitmap. Bitmap compression thus used reduces the size of the document. This portable bitmap is further compressed by applying JBIG compression technique which is highly suitable for fax documents. The compressed file is then encrypted using the fast Salsa20 routine using the private key. The encrypted file is then converted into portable grayscale format for printing. The file is now sent via the fax machine as any other normal document, but without disclosing its contents to anyone other than the intended recipient. The fax machine at the receiving end is able to recover the errors introduced during transmission, using an error correcting code (specifically LDPC), ensuring correct reception of file. The received data is decoded, producing the encrypted file which is unintelligible. This is then converted to portable grayscale format, printed and scanned and given to decryption device, which performs decryption using the private key. Finally, decompression is performed and the original document is recovered as a portable bitmap. This document is now displayed or converted to any suitable format for printing. This project solves the problem of achieving secure, loss less, and efficient transmission of data by facsimile (where a direct computer network is not available).

Mutual coupling in arrays and its effect on 435 MHz 4-element Yagi-Uda antennas in array configurations

Abstract: A very practical radiator in the HF (3-30 MHz), VHF (30-300 MHz) and UHF (300-3000 MHz) is Yagi-Uda antenna The radiation characteristics that are usually of interest in the Yagi -Uda antenna are the forward and backward gains, input impedance, bandwidth, front to back ratio, VSWR and magnitude of minor lobes In this paper the 4-element Yagi-Uda antenna is investigated for the frequency of 435 MHz frequency and has been simulated using windows based 4NEC2X antenna modeler The structure parameters are optimized such that to achieve the desired radiation pattern The effect of mutual coupling on antenna performance mainly on gain and input impedance has been evaluated and the necessary steps regarding system performance are suggested here

Real coded genetic algorithm for optimal parameters selection in circular Mellin feature extractors

Abstract: Texture is an important clue in region-based segmentation of images. Robust rotation and scale-invariant texture are important for digital image libraries and multimedia databases. Texture feature extraction operators, which comprise linear filtering followed by postprocessing, are considered. The CMF (Circular Mellin Feature) represents the spectral decomposition of the image scene in the polar-log coordinate system and is invariant to both scale and orientation of the target texture pattern. CMFs are used for rotation and scale-invariant texture classification. The image and CMFs are correlated, due to which the unique shift invariance property of the correlator architecture is also coupled. CMFs are based on log polar coordinate system. In this paper we present Real coded Genetic Algorithm (RcGA) for the parameter selection of CMFs. The simple genetic algorithm (GA) is search algorithms based on the mechanics of natural selection and genetics. It involves copying and swapping partial strings of data. A modified genetic algorithm is the RcGA, which basically employs real value vectors for representation of the chromosomes, and is widely applied to many optimization problems.