Showing papers by "Government of India published in 2000"

Design of Wide-Band Microstrip Antenna Array at Millimeter Wave Frequencies

Abstract: This paper describes the Design of Broadside 8-Elements Microstrip Antenna Array at Ka-Band using corporate feed. Array is designed for the Broadband applications for 32 GHz to 36 GHz (4 GHz Bandwidth). The Gain of the Antenna Array is 18 dBi and the 3-dB Beamwidth in E - & H - Plane is 18 degree and 27 degree respectively with minimum sidelobe level of 15 dBc. Antenna test results show a close agreement between the designed and measured values. The Antenna Array has been printed on 10 mil RT-Duriod (er = 2.22) substrate.

Detecting soil information in a predominantly black soil region using Indian remote sensing satellite (IRS-1B) linear imaging self-scanning sensor (LISS-II) data.

Abstract: Spaceborne multispectral data have been operationally used for deriving information on soil resources since the early 1970s. In this study an attempt has been made to evaluate the potential of the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS-1B) Linear Imaging Self-scanning Sensor (LISS-II) data for mapping soil resources in part of northern India through a systematic monoscopic visual interpretation approach. Soils were classified up to series level. A strong correlation between the image elements and different categories of black soils has been observed, indicating thereby the potential of such data for providing reliable information on soils in the black soil region.

Additionality, fungibility, convergence and income and substitution effects of micro-credit: findings of an empirical study in Andhra Pradesh, India.

Abstract: Additionality of credit, especially from formal agencies (priority sector lending programmes, as they are called in India), tends to reduce the credit gap depressing the prevailing rates of interest in the informal segment of the credit market. This process leads to a reduction in the segmentation of the credit market often leading to extensity and purity. Fungibility buttresses this tendency. This phenomenon is described as convergence culminating in substitution and income effects, the benefits of which are harvested by borrowers. These effects are analysed by the method of comparative statics based on an inductive investigation of 166 sample households from Ne/lore district of Andhra Pradesh in India. The indifference curve technique innovated by JR Hicks is also used to demonstrate these effects. Though the income and substitution effects are considered positionand size-neutral, their magnitudes show a marginal variation across groups. Our analysis showed that the substitution effect has a built-in bias towards the richer strata, whereas the income effect shows a stronger effect in the non-delta village and among the weaker strata of society. There is a need for future research on these areas. 1.0 Introduction The literature on microfinance is burgeoning1 • There are a variety of models that explain the fragmentation and segmentation of the rural financial market. Inadequate access to formal credit by the small and marginal farmers, agricultural labourers and rural artisans Chairman, Tobacco Board {Guntur), Department of Commerce, Ministry of Finance, Government of India; Director, Pilot Projects Division, CIRDAP, Dhaka, Bangladesh; and Director, Rural Development Academy, Tirupati, Chittor District, Andhra Pradesh, India. 1 There were some microcredit organisations working in the 19th century Europe. Hollis and Sweetman {1998) analysed the . institutional designs of six niicrocredit organisations. They are: a) English lending charities; b) The Irish Reproductive Loan Fund Institution; c) The Irish loan funds; d) German Raiffeisen credit cooperatives; e) Irish credit cooperatives; and f) Italian Cassa Rurali. But Prof. Mohammad Yunus of Bangladesh started small experiments in the late 1970s in Jobra village which later became the world famous Grameen Bank, currently serving 2.4 million clients. Now there are several initiatives in many countries. The microcredit summit of 1997 made microcredit a global issue and plans to reach 100 million poor households by 2005. In common parlance the microcredit is widely analysed, accepted and recorded . Often they are voiceless and powerless to alter the rules of the development game. Therefore, their access to credit and other public services is highly limited. The potency of microfinance as an effective means to break the bonds of the vicious circle of poverty and lift the poor from the pit of indigence is not in doubt. The costs and benefits of microfinance are often discussed and debated at different levels with or without causes on the outcomes. This paper aims at presenting the findings of a field study on microfinance in two villages of South India. It has four sections. Section-I discusses the methodological issues and description of sample villages. Section-II analyses the additionality, fungibility and structural changes in the credit compositions in the sample villages. Section-III presents the income and substitution effects and the effect of microcredit on employment generation. Section-IV examines the convergence and the rates of interest, and Section-V outlines the conclusions.

Urban poverty alleviation and shelter issue

Abstract: The migration of people from rural as well as urban settlements assumed unmanageable proportions resulting in urban chaos, sub-standard and dehumanising envionment which has further resulted into distinctive hange in the living style of urban people thus ruralising the urban way of life. There is also a noticeable change of urban population living in slums due to wide spread poverty and neglect of urban basic servcices. Housing being one of the most important sector of urban development present itself a critical situation in urban India and for decades it remained as a neglected sector in the development programmes. Urban management tasks call for improvement in the institutional capacity for organising, undertaking, planning, programming and implementing the whole range of urban services which requires structural improvement of the local bodies including improving internal working system. The involvement of community at each stage of planning and development is necessary to enhance the success of the pro...

International trade and internal organization

Abstract: Informal discussions on international trade attribute much importance to organizational differences Nevertheless, economic theories of international trade have not been extended to incorporate this important element This paper integrates theories of internal organization with a model of international trade by adding another dimension — how decisions regarding which ideas or projects to accept are made — to the standard trade framework It is shown that asymmetry in the organization of economies per se can be a source of comparative advantage and two-way trade Implications for the pattern of trade are derived

Technology Absorption: An Overview

Abstract: Absorption of imported technology is at the centre of developing countries' tryst with (technological) 'catching-up'. The astounding success of the Japanese in converting imported technology into a decisive advantage with adaptation and improvements has apparently fuelled this ambition. India invested heavily in technology absorption, with several policies/programmes in the lead. This article compiles the activities reported under technology absorption from companies' annual reports and published data of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research on in-house R&D achievements. These were grouped under several heads in separate categories: technology absorption, adaptation and improvement. The various initiatives taken by Government of India to facilitate absorption are summarized. Finally, reasons and causes for the difference in performance of Indian industry from that of the Japanese are analyzed, based on Japanese writers' perceptions of their own showing. The article suggests that the time ha...

Integrated Front-End Radar Receivers at Ka-Band

Abstract: This paper describes the Integrated Finline Front-end Radar Receivers at Ka-Band. The Front-receivers developed for Radar applications include combining of finline components on a single MIC substrate with various planar transmission lines. The integrated systems so developed have better noise figure and control over phase and gain imbalances as compared to discrete component systems. Two types of Integrated Front-ends Radar receivers are described here. The developed systems are highly compact and reliable.