Government of Pakistan

About: Government of Pakistan is a government organization based out in Islamabad, Pakistan. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Blood transfusion. The organization has 143 authors who have published 172 publications receiving 1606 citations.

Electricity consumption and economic growth: evidence from Pakistan

Abstract: The objective of this study is to examine the long run relationship between real GDP per capita and electricity consumption for Pakistan over the period 1971 to 2010. The results reveal that there is unidirectional causality from electricity consumption to real GDP per capita. The findings of the study also show that there is long run relationship between real GDP per capita and electricity consumption. The results indicate a unidirectional causal relationship from real economic activity to electricity consumption at aggregate level indicating that economic development stimulates greater demand for electricity in the long-run.

The horizontal pipeline flow of air‐water mixtures

Abstract: A review and comparison of the various methods which have been proposed for the correlation of the pressure drop attending the flow of gas-liquid mixtures is made. The friction factor and other terms employed in the correlations are related mathematically. The horizontal flow of air-water mixtures has been investigated in a 41 ft. length of cellulose acetate butyrate tubing of 1.026 in. i. d. The average system pressure was held constant at 36 p.s.i.a. maintaining a constant air density of 0.18 lb./cu. ft. Flow pattern, holdup and pressure drop data were obtained at air-water volume ratios from 0.1 to 200 (700 in some cases) for 10 superficial water velocities from 0.01 to 5.03 ft./sec. These data overlap and extend the range covered by previous investigators. The flow patterns observed at constant superficial water velocity with increasing air-water ratio were: bubble, plug, stratified, wave or ripple, slug and film. Bubble, plug and slug flow were encountered only at superficial water velocities above about 0.1 ft./sec. while stratified flow was encountered only at superficial water velocities below about 1 ft./sec. and superficial air velocities below about 5 ft./sec. The holdup ratio, a measure of the relative accumulation of the water in the flow section, increased with air velocity for all superficial water velocities reaching a maximum value of over 50. At constant superficial air velocity the holdup ratio increased rapidly with decrease in superficial water velocity. The pressure drop data were converted to a friction factor based upon the density and the superficial velocity of the water. The friction factors were correlated with the superficial Reynolds number for the water, and the air-water volume ratio. The data are compared in this form with previous data of Schneider, Thomsen, and Johnson and Abou-Sabe.

Lysine Fortification of Wheat Flour Improves Selected Indices of the Nutritional Status of Predominantly Cereal-Eating Families in Pakistan:

Abstract: Wheat provides more than 50% of the protein and calorie intake of the population of Pakistan. Legumes and animal protein that could complement the amino acid pattern of wheat, in which lysine is the first limiting amino acid for utilization of protein, are not affordable by members of lower socioeconomic groups in developing countries. The purpose of the study was to determine whether lysine fortification of wheat flour would have a positive impact on populations consuming a predominantly wheat-based diet. A double-blind study was carried out for three months on the outskirts of Peshawar, Pakistan. Forty families received wheat flour fortified with lysine, and 40 families received wheat flour without lysine. Wheat provided 59% of the protein for men, 65% for women, and 58% for children. The weight and height of the children in both groups increased during the study, but the increase was significantly greater in the lysine group. Hemoglobin increased significantly in the women receiving lysine-fortified flour. Transferrin levels increased significantly in men, women, and children in the lysine group as compared with those in the control group. Prealbumin increased significantly in adults receiving additional lysine but decreased in children. Men, women, and children in the lysine-supplemented families had significant increases in CD4, CD8, and complement C3 as compared with controls. These results indicate that lysine fortification of wheat flour can significantly improve sensitive indicators of nutritional status in a population consuming a diet in which 58% to 65% of the protein, depending on age and sex, is supplied by wheat.