International Paper

About: International Paper is a company organization based out in Memphis, Tennessee, United States. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Paperboard & Pulp (paper). The organization has 1449 authors who have published 1436 publications receiving 25040 citations. The organization is also known as: International Paper Company.

Diester crosslinked polyglucan hydrogels and reticulated sponges thereof

Abstract: Novel hydrogel compositions of diester crosslinked polyglucans and a process for their preparation are provided. Amylose, dextran, and pullulan succinates and glutarates when crosslinked as described were found to not only have use as general fluid sorbants but also to have exceptional hemostatic activity, adherence to a wound, and bioabsorption without causing undue irritation of the tissue or toxic effects. Reticulated hydrogel sponges made of the crosslinked diesters which are particularly useful as general fluid sorbants, and those of amylose succinate and amylose glutarate are most excellent bioabsorbable hemostatic agents. The sponges are made by lyophilizing water-soluble salts of the mono- or half-esters, such as water-soluble salts of amylose succinate or amylose glutarate, under process conditions of the invention in the presence of a reticulating agent which causes a controlled melting of the salt solution as it nears the dry state during the lyophilizing step. The resulting reticulated, porous, open-celled sponge is then crosslinked by heating the sponge under dehydrating conditions to form diester-crosslinks. The sponge is highly porous, is moderately strong, and has the ability to retain up to 40 times its weight of isotonic saline. When neutralized with physiologically acceptable salts, the sponge has exceptional hemostatic activity, adherence to bleeding tissue, and bioabsorption without causing substantial irritation of the tissue or toxic effects. The invention also comprises a process of providing hemostasis at the site of a wound, employing the diester cross-linked polyglucan hydrogels or reticulated sponges thereof.

Ecological Forest Site Classification

Abstract: An ecological method of multi-factor site classi­ fication, operational in southwestern Germany for aver 30 years, was applied on the Cyrus H. McCormick Experimental Forest in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Strong interrela­ tionship was found among physiography, soils, and vegetation, and these factors were used simultaneously in the field to distinguish and map ecosystems that l'ecur in the landscape . . Such ecosystem units form the basis for intensive multiple-use management. The method illustrates an alternative to single­ factor and component methods and indicates the trend toward integration of the important factors in classifying and mapping ecosystems. The 'classification of land and .forest sites is a major challenge of the 1980s. Not only is more intensive multiple-use resource management anticipated but enacted legislation (such as the National Environmental Policy Act of 1970, the Federal Land Policy and Man- . agement Act of 1976, and the National Forest Manage­ ment Act of 1976) mandates a structured ecological data base to help in decision-making. Hirsch et al. (978) stress the need for continuing research. testing of new approaches, and scrutinizing of the classifications used in other countries. We describe here a method of eco­ logical site classification that has been used in West Germany for over 30 years but has not been applied in the United States. This method is the basis for the intensive multiple-use resource management of the Ger­ man state of Baden-Wiirttemberg. Like similar methods in Canada .(Hills and Pierpoint 1960, Jurdant et al.