Showing papers by "ITM University, Gurgaon, Haryana published in 2012"

Design of controller and communication for frequency regulation of a smart microgrid

Abstract: In this study an isolated microgrid comprising both controllable and uncontrollable sources, like solar, wind, diesel generator, fuel cell, aqua-electrolyser, hydrogen storage and battery is considered. To establish an efficient resource management strategy, a central controller takes the decisions based on the status of the loads and sources. The status is obtained with the help of multi-agent concept (treating each load and source as an agent) through internet using User Datagram Protocol/Internet Protocol (UDP/IP). The decisions are transmitted to the controllable sources to regulate their power output for damping of frequency excursion following a disturbance. A control strategy is adopted to regulate the power output from the battery only during transient, resulting in a floating battery scheme in steady state. This will reduce the ampere hour rating of the battery and can improve the damping of frequency excursion following each load disturbance. In a microgrid with generation rate constraint (GRC), tuning of controller parameters and frequency bias is a nonlinear optimisation problem. Hence, this study attempts to tune the controller parameters using an evolutionary technique named bacterial foraging optimisation (BFO). The tuned gains obtained utilising BFO method give satisfactory frequency excursion following a disturbance in the microgrid.

Wireless Sensor Network application for water quality monitoring in India

Abstract: Polluted water became a very serious issue for civilization from last few decades Scarce access to potable water due to acceleration in urbanization, industrialization along-with crowded population, untreated sewage disposal and industrial effluents leads to various life threatening diseases especially in case of infants and women To control level of contamination water surveillance becomes important Manual water quality surveillance methods in India dramatically exacerbate water quality deterioration Considering monitoring essence, we need a continuous, real-time, in-situ monitoring system for water quality management Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) fascinated us for pro-active water quality management due to their real-time, continuous and dynamic nature, to act as early warning system so that WSN can trigger appropriate alarm in hazardous situations Despite years of research and their extreme capabilities, application of WSN in environmental monitoring remains limited In this paper, our aim is to discuss requirement and suitability of WSN for water quality surveillance

Hiding Sensitive Association Rules without Altering the Support of Sensitive Item(s)

Abstract: Association rule mining is an important data-mining technique that finds interesting association among a large set of data items. Since it may disclose patterns and various kinds of sensitive knowledge that are difficult to find otherwise, it may pose a threat to the privacy of discovered confidential information. Such information is to be protected against unauthorized access. Many strategies had been proposed to hide the information. Some use distributed databases over several sites, data perturbation, clustering, and data distortion techniques. Hiding sensitive rules problem, and still not sufficiently investigated, is the requirement to balance the confidentiality of the disclosed data with the legitimate needs of the user. The proposed approach uses the data distortion technique where the position of the sensitive items is altered but its support is never changed. The size of the database remains the same. It uses the idea of representative rules to prune the rules first and then hides the sensitive rules. Advantage of this approach is that it hides maximum number of rules however, the existing approaches fail to hide all the desired rules, which are supposed to be hidden in minimum number of passes. The paper also compares of the proposed approach with existing ones.

Automatic generation control of microgrid using artificial intelligence techniques

Abstract: Microgrid is a small scale independent power system consisting of renewable energy sources: solar and wind power generation and backup by controllable sources: diesel generator, fuel cell, aqua electrolyzer and battery. In the microgrid, the ramp rate limit in power change in controllable sources has been implemented by means of generation rate constraint (GRC) and power frequency (P-f) droop characteristics (R) is also included for the parallel operation of generating sources participating in automatic generation control (AGC). These GRC and P-f droop make the system non linear and we have used artificial intelligence techniques (AI) like bacterial foraging optimization (BFO), particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA) to tune the important parameters simultaneously in AGC of microgrid. Simulation results show the superiority of BFO for optimal calculation of multiple parameters in microgrid over PSO, GA and classical methods.

Simulations of normal and inverse laminar diffusion flames under oxygen enhancement and gravity variation

Abstract: Steady-state global chemistry calculations for 20 different flames were carried out using an axisymmetric Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code. Computational results for 16 flames were compared with flame images obtained at the NASA Glenn Research Center. The experimental flame data for these 16 flames were taken from Sunderland et al. [4] which included normal and inverse diffusion flames of ethane with varying oxidiser compositions (21, 30, 50, 100% O2 mole fraction in N2) stabilised on a 5.5 mm diameter burner. The test conditions of this reference resulted in highly convective inverse diffusion flames (Froude numbers of the order of 10) and buoyant normal diffusion flames (Froude numbers ∼0.1). Additionally, six flames were simulated to study the effect of oxygen enhancement on normal diffusion flames. The enhancement in oxygen resulted in increased flame temperatures and the presence of gravity led to increased gas velocities. The effect of gravity-variation and oxygen enhancement on flame shape a...

Characteristics of the event mean concentration (EMCs) from rainfall runoff on mixed agricultural land use in the shoreline zone of the Yamuna River in Delhi, India

Abstract: This paper is focused on the monitoring of the diffuse pollution characteristics from the agricultural land confining the River Yamuna in Delhi (capital of India). Agricultural fields surrounding the Yamuna river are direct nonpoint source of pollution impacting the river quality. The study includes watershed delineation for the River Yamuna using SWAT (2005) and land use classification for the city using GIS and remote sensing. Thereafter, the rainfall-runoff pollutant concentrations from the mixed agricultural land use were assessed for the 2006 and 2007 monsoon period (July–September). Runoff was measured using SCS method and grab samples of rainfall runoff were collected at three stations namely Old Delhi Railway Bridge (ODRB), Nizamuddin and Okhla bridge in Delhi. The samples were analysed for physico-chemical and biological parameters. Rainfall runoff and event mean concentrations (EMCs) for different water quality parameters were characterized and the effect of land use was analyzed. The average EMCs for BOD, COD, ammonia, nitrate, TKN, hardness, TDS, TSS, chlorides, sulfates, phosphate, fluorides and TC were 21.82 mg/L, 73.48 mg/L, 72.68 μg/L, 229.87 μg/L, 15.32 μg/L, 11.36 mg/L, 117.44 mg/L, 77.60 mg/L, 117.64 mg/L, 135.82 mg/L, 0.08 mg/L, 0.85 mg/L and 2,827.47 MPN/100 mL, respectively. The EMCs of TSS, nitrogen and its compounds, phosphate and BOD were high.

Design and development of 6-DOF robotic arm controlled by Man Machine Interface

Abstract: This paper presents the design and development of a low cost and user friendly interface for the control of a 6-DOF slave tele-operated anthropomorphic robotic arm Articulation of the robotic arm is achieved about six single-axis revolute joints: one for each shoulder abduction-adduction (abd-add), shoulder flexion-extension (flx-ext), elbow flx-ext, wrist flx-ext, wrist radial-ulnar (rad-uln), and gripper open-close Tele-operator, master, uses the Man Machine Interface (MMI) to operate in real-time the robotic arm The MMI has simple motion capture devices that translate motion into analog voltages which bring about the corresponding actuating signals in the robotic arm

Online acquisition and wireless transmission of carotid pulse waveforms to analyse posture related changes

Abstract: The physiological parameters of the fighter plane pilot undergo drastic changes leading to G stress accumulation. Heart rate is considered primary mechanism which plays a great role in acceleration protection research especially for G-LOC (G-induced loss of consciousness). Various methods based on various principles have been developed to study heart rate so far. Carotid pulse waveforms obtained from the human subject with the help of piezoelectric transducer may be used to analyse the cardiac activity. Change in heart rate due to change in the posture may be used to explain G stress effect on humans. Carotid signal is acquired by placing piezoelectric sensor based system on the subject’s carotid artery. The piezoelectric sensor has a transducing element which is efficient and effective to sense movement due to carotid pulse and produce piezoelectric signal data in response thereto. The real time data of carotid pulse waveforms of 12 human subjects are acquired and filtered using MATLAB software in various body postures. RR period and pulse amplitudes are quantified from real time recorded carotid signal by visual inspection. Further Statistical analysis is done to calculate the heart rate. The filtered stored data is transmitted wirelessly from one PC to another PC using Teamviewer software.

Functionalized Nanoparticles and Chitosan-Based Functional Nanomaterials

Abstract: Newly developed nanomaterials offer unique opportunities in the fields of industry and medical sciences that are complementary to current technology. Nanomaterials can be obtained through physicochemical processes from various inorganic and organic substances. The properties and functions of materials can be tuned through controlling the composition, structure, and morphology of the nanoparticles. Chitosan is the principle derivative of chitin, which is the second-most naturally occurring polysaccharide after cellulose. Chitosan has an amino group in the C-2 position and OH groups in the C-3 and C-5 positions of each repeat unit and can react with functional nanomaterials through various kinds of reaction mechanisms. There have been several reports on the preparation of nanoparticles and functional nanomaterials and their uses. This chapter summarizes the main advancements in the design and preparation of nanomaterials over the last 10 years, with an emphasis on functionalized metal nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerene, liposomes, quantum dots, and nanocomposites, and outlines the current developing interest in functionalization of chitosan derivatives in the form of nanomaterials to provide new strategies for a wide range of applications.

Kinematic Analysis of 3-DOF Planer Robot Using Artificial Neural Network

Abstract: Automatic control of the robotic manipulator involves study of kinematics and dynamics as a major issue. This paper involves the forward and inverse kinematics of 3-DOF robotic manipulator with revolute joints. In this study the Denavit- Hartenberg (D-H) model is used to model robot links and joints. Also forward and inverse kinematics solution has been achieved using Artificial Neural Networks for 3-DOF robotic manipulator. It shows that by using artificial neural network the solution we get is faster, acceptable and has zero error. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijra.v1i3.511 Full Text: PDF

Estimation of component reusability by identifying quality attributes of component: a fuzzy approach

Abstract: Research in past has shown that object oriented concept by itself is not that powerful solution with the rapidly changing requirements of ongoing applications. Component --based systems achieve flexibility by clearly separating the stable parts of systems from the specification of their composition. This is fact that many software systems contain many similar or even identical components and these components are developed from scratch over and over again which require extra effort. So to minimize the extra effort in developing these components, it is more beneficial to reuse the existing components. In order to realize the reuse of components effectively in Component Based Software Development, it is required to measure the reusability of components. However it is difficult to use conventional metrics in Component based Development due to black box nature (where the source code of these components is not available) because conventional metrics require analysis of source code. This paper discusses some quality attributes of components. After analyzing quality attributes some criteria has been found based on which reusability is estimated by applying Fuzzy and several factors of reusability are considered in developing the Fuzzy logic based approach for estimation. At the end we summarized the result with the help of a table.

3d modelling and designing of dexto:eka:

Abstract: The presented paper is concerned with designing of a low-cost, easy to use, intuitive interface for the control of a slave anthropomorphic teleo- operated robot. Tele-operator "masters", that operate in real-time with the robot, have ranged from simple motion capture devices, to more complex force reflective exoskeletal masters. Our general design approach has been to begin with the definition of desired objective behaviours, rather than the use of available components with their predefined technical specifications. With the technical specifications of the components necessary to achieve the desired behaviours defined, the components are either acquired, or in most cases, developed and built. The control system, which includes the operation of feedback approaches, acting in collaboration with physical machinery, is then defined and implemented.

PSS & TCSC coordinated design using particle swarm optimization for power system stability analysis

Abstract: This paper provides a linearized model of single machine infinite bus power system with a Thyristor controlled series compensator (TCSC) controller for small signal stability studies. Further, this paper gives individual & coordinated design for performance comparison of TCSC & Power system stabilizer (PSS). Using the linearized system model & Particle swarm optimization algorithm the parameters of TCSC & PSS controllers are optimized & interactions among them are minimized. The proposed control scheme on analysis reveals that the coordinated control of TCSC & PSS with lead -lag controller gives better dynamic performances as compared to with only PSS.

Bio-monitoring of Persistent Organochlorines in Human Milk and Blood Samples from Sub-Himalayan Region of India

Abstract: In the present study, concentrations of organochlorine pesticide residues viz. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs) and Hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (HCHs) in human breast milk and human blood samples, collected from several high altitude regions of Garhwal Himalaya in Uttarakhand, India viz. Devprayag, Chamoli, Uttarkashi, Joshimath, Bhatwari and Gangnani (altitude ranging from 472 to 1,982 m above sea level) were determined. Mean concentrations of HCH and DDT in human milk samples ranged from 4.53 to 34.32 mg/kg and 6.09 to 12.98 mg/kg, respectively. While the human blood showed mean values ranging from 6.64 to 281.7 μg/L and 12.37 to 104.10 μg/L for HCH and DDT, respectively. The study showed much higher concentrations of organochlorine residue contamination in the Garhwal region as compared to other parts of India. Risk assessments for infants were also calculated and were found within WHO limits.

Trust Management Model for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks

Abstract: Wireless ad hoc networks consist of a set of nodes equipped with wireless interfaces. The mobile / static nodes dynamically create a wireless network without using any infrastructure. In the absence of infrastructure authentication and trust management is an issue for nodes in wireless ad hoc networks. The proposed trust management model allows nodes to evaluate the trust by taking into account certificate of other node(s) to overcome vulnerabilities. In this paper, we have addressed the trust management using certificate based approach. Simulation results show that the time taken by the scheme is significantly less and transmission over the shared wireless channel is in the order of milliseconds for different traffic conditions in wireless ad hoc networks. This proves the efficacy of the scheme and makes it attractive for MANET and VANET.

Throughput analysis for opportunistic spectrum access among unlicensed devices

Abstract: Low spectrum utilization and lack of spectrum for new wireless services led to think of unlicensed devices that may operate on spectrum holes as and when required with a constraint of preserving the rights of licensed users. Cognitive radios have been proposed as one of such promising solutions for increasing spectrum utilization and in turn helping to resolve spectrum scarcity problem. As the spectrum availability will differ in both time and space for such scenarios, dynamic spectrum allocation is considered as key enabling technique for the success of cognitive radios. This paper assumes a centralised architecture where the central controller maintains the record of all vacant spectrums and decides the spectrum to be allocated to particular users based on spectrum overlay strategy. We model the functionalities of media access based on distributed semi Markovian network of queues where the first queue is equivalent of sorting overlapped detections received from all SU in the network, updating its database, contention and conflict management. We call this queue as spectrum analysis queue. The requests once sorted will be considered for channel allocation which is modeled as channel allocation queue. This paper presents throughput analysis of unlicensed users for opportunistic spectrum access based bandwidth allocation where the paper first presents the formulation of access latency which is then used for evaluating the throughput of unlicensed users.

Gate leakage current reduction in IP3 SRAM cells at 45 nm CMOS technology for multimedia applications

Abstract: We have presented an analysis of the gate leakage current of the IP3 static random access memory (SRAM) cell structure when the cell is in idle mode (performs no data read/write operations) and active mode (performs data read/write operations), along with the requirements for the overall standby leakage power, active write and read powers. A comparison has been drawn with existing SRAM cell structures, the conventional 6T, PP, P4 and P3 cells. At the supply voltage, VDD = 0.8 V, a reduction of 98%, 99%, 92% and 94% is observed in the gate leakage current in comparison with the 6T, PP, P4 and P3 SRAM cells, respectively, while at VDD = 0.7 V, it is 97%, 98%, 87% and 84%. A significant reduction is also observed in the overall standby leakage power by 56%, the active write power by 44% and the active read power by 99%, compared with the conventional 6T SRAM cell at VDD = 0.8 V, with no loss in cell stability and performance with a small area penalty. The simulation environment used for this work is 45 nm deep sub-micron complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology, tox = 2.4 nm, Vthn = 0.22 V, Vthp = 0.224 V, VDD = 0.7 V and 0.8 V, at T = 300 K.

Analysis of a New Random Key Pre-distribution Scheme Based on Random Graph Theory and Kryptograph

Abstract: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) vast myriad of futuristic applications makes it a matter of incessant research interest. Random key pre-distribution (RKP) seems to be best suited for WSN due to high security requirements and resource constrained nature. In this paper we present and implement a new RKP scheme on TinyOS. Later on, we perform a rigorous mathematical analysis of our scheme under ER (Erdos-Renyi) and kryptograph model. However, most of the previously presented schemes are based on ER model, our results prove that kryptograph model is more vital for secure WSNs.

Reducing conflict misses using fraction associative mapping

Abstract: Choice of Degree of Associativity influences many performance parameters such as Silicon Area, Cache Access Time and Miss Rate. Direct Mapping has higher Miss Rate than Set Associative however it has smaller access time. Direct-mapped caches suffer from conflict misses because they lack the associativity to store more than one memory block in each set. Some blocks that have no temporal locality actually may cause program execution degradation by replacing blocks that do manifest temporal behavior. There are various variations of different mapping schemes, which take care of either temporal or spatial locality but not both. This work attempts to design new Cache Mapping Scheme which has cost and performance advantage of Direct Mapping; however its Hit Access Ratio is comparable to Set Associative. This paper describes the design of Fraction Associative Cache, which minimizes the conflicts that arise in direct-mapped accesses by reserving fractional space for conflicting locations; however, it does not affect primary mapped address. Thus this scheme exploits temporal locality without disturbing the spatial locality, at the same time it does not result in under-utilization of memory reserved for resolving conflict misses.

Modeling of an expert system for an electric muffle furnace for simple heat treatment processes

Abstract: This article describes the modeling of an expert system for an electric muffle furnace for controlling the simple heat treatment processes like annealing and normalizing in case of plain carbon steels The heat treatment process consists of three stages viz heating, soaking and cooling This paper deals with the heating stage ie, it gives a method to design an expert system that sets up the required heating temperature for a given plain carbon steel For this purpose, an expert system was created having a knowledge base containing information regarding carbon percentage, hardness and austenitizing temperature (temperature at which the iron, iron-based metal, or steel changes crystal structure from ferrite to austenite) The expert system was given two inputs viz Carbon percentage and required Brinell Hardness Number on the basis of which temperature set point was set for the muffle furnace using fuzzy logic The simulation of this expert system was done on MATLAB/ SIMULINK The results obtained after simulation were compared with the standard results available in a standard design data book The two results were found to be in good agreement with each other It was found that the expert system decided the correct values of temperature set point for different types of annealing processes for plain carbon steels

On the calculation of energy eigenstates of electrons in a spherical quantum dot

Abstract: The fundamental problem in the investigation of the properties of a quantum dot is the calculation of the energy eigen values of its confined charge carriers and evaluation of their corresponding wave functions. The quantum dots may be approximated as spheres whose surfaces constitute infinite potential barriers for carriers. Consequently, the motion of electrons and holes (which are confined inside the dot) can be analyzed by effective mass approximation applied to noninteracting particles. An attempt has been made here to solve the Schrodinger’s equation for particles inside the infinite spherical potential well to determine their allowed energy eigen values and eigen functions.

Design and simulation of an RCN Controller to improve steady state behavior of a self-excited induction generator

Abstract: Self-excited induction generators (SEIG) are gaining importance as compared to conventional generators due to their capability toconvert wind energy into electrical energy for a wide range of variation in operating speed. The performance of such a generator depends upon the load, rotor speed and excitation capacitance. Therefore, depending upon the operating conditions, the output voltage and frequency of this machine goes on changing and this imposes a restriction on its usage. In order to maintain constant voltage and frequency, it need controllers, which make the circuit complicated and also increases the overall cost of power generation. This paper presents a simple controller to regulate the output voltage and frequency of SEIG for variation in its operating conditions due to any change in load, rotor speed and excitation capacitance (R, N, C) and their combination. The controller presented is simple in design, user friendly and is also less expensive, as the elements used in the controller are only resistors, inductors and capacitors. A block of SEIG for steady state operation is also modeled and presented in this paper. SEIG, Controller and other components are modeled and simulated using Matlab/Simulink.

Si, SiC homo junctions and n-SiC/p-Si hetero junction: MM-wave performance characteristics

Abstract: A recent report on realization/studies of Si-SiC hetero junction has given impetus to explore them for generation of rf power in double drift impact ionization avalanche transit time (IMPATT) mode. MM-wave properties of this hetero junction are compared with corresponding Si and SiC homo .junction. Interesting feature of ionization free n-SiC zone localizes the avalanche zone to less than 10% of depletion zone resulting in diode efficiency around 27% (against only 10-15% for both homo junctions Si and SiC) and three fold high rf negative resistance, which can be therefore termed as promising high rf power source.

Effect of Temperature on Gate Leakage Current in P4 and P3 SRAM Cells at Deep Sub-micron CMOS Technology

Abstract: The explosive growth of battery operated semiconductor devices has made low-power design a priority in recent years. The effect of temperature on the leakage currents is coming as a future challenge in the high density CMOS based portable mobile multimedia rich applications. In this paper the standby leakage power analysis at different operating temperature for the Conventional 6T SRAM, P3 SRAM and P4 SRAM cell has been carried out. It has been observed that for 6T SRAM there is an increase in standby leakage power with increase in temperature and the gate leakage current is found to be reduced with temperature variations, but this effect of temperature variation is found to be significantly lowered in P3 and P4 SRAM cells due to p-MOS stacking. The design simulation has been performed on CMOS deep sub-micron technology node, 45nm, at VDD=0.7V and 0.8V, for n-MOS and p-MOS threshold voltages as 0.24V and 0.224V, respectively on temperature range from -250C to +1250C.