Showing papers by "Kent State University published in 1987"

The Scope of Rape: Incidence and Prevalence of Sexual Aggression and Victimization in a National Sample of Higher Education Students.

Abstract: Because of inadequacies in the methods used to measure sexual assault, national crime statistics, criminal victimization studies, convictions, or incarceration rates fail to reflect the true scope of rape Studies that have avoided the limitations of these methods have revealed very high rates of overt rape and lesser degrees of sexual aggression The goal of the present study was to extend previous work to a national basis The Sexual Experiences Survey was administered to a national sample of 6,159 women and men enrolled in 32 institutions representative of the diversity of higher education settings across the United States Women's reports of experiencing and men's reports of perpetrating rape, attempted rape, sexual coercion, and sexual contact were obtained, including both the rates of prevalence since age 14 and of incidence during the previous year The findings support published assertions of high rates of rape and other forms of sexual aggression among large normal populations Although the results are limited in generalizabil ity to postsecondary students, this group represents 26% of all persons aged 18-24 in the United States The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) defines rape as "carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her consent" and reports that 87,340 such offenses occurred in 1985 (FBI, 1986) However, these figures greatly underestimate the true scope of rape because they are based only on instances reported to police Government estimates suggest that for every rape reported, 3-10 rapes are committed but not reported (Law Enforcement Assistance Administration [LEAA], 1975) Likewise, it is difficult to obtain realistic estimates of the number of men who perpetrate rape because only a fraction of reported rapes eventually result in conviction (Clark & Lewis, 1977) Victimization studies, such as the annual National Crime Survey (NCS), are the major avenue through which the full extent of the crime is estimated (eg, Bureau of Justice Statistics [BJS], 1984) In these studies, the residents of a standard sampling area are asked to indicate those crimes of which they or anyone else in their household have been victims during the previous 6 months These rates are then compared with official crime statistics for the area and the rate of unreported crime is esti

Development of parasocial interaction relationships

Abstract: The parasocial interaction relationship development process was explored by applying principles of uncertainty reduction theory. Results suggested that parasocial relationship development follows a path from (a) social and task attraction to (b) parasocial interaction to (c) a sense of relationship importance. Length of exposure to the television character was not related to parasocial interaction in the path model. The study affirmed the contribution of interpersonal communication theories to understanding relationships people have with television personalities. Implications for future research were explored.

Group Techniques for Idea Building

Abstract: Foreword - James Kunde Techniques of Choice Nominal Group Technique Ideawriting Delphi and the Mail Questionnaire Interpretive Structural Modeling Reviewing and ISM Product Coping with a Large Number of Elements in an ISM Using a Subordinate Relation in an ISM The Role of a Process Observer Linking Techniques Criteria Beyond Techniques

Shifting of the Kosi River, northern India

Abstract: The Kosi River shifts laterally over the Himalaya foreland plain by continual minor cutoffs and bank cutting and by episodic major shifts across watersheds, by moving into and then out of preexisting, adjacent, less actively aggrading streams. Migration is unidirectional because after a channel is filled to instability, floodwater will drain preferentially into a new adjacent low rather than across it to the next watershed or back to the last abandoned channel. Major shifts seem stochastic and autocyclic; they do not correlate with the many severe quakes and floods that undoubtedly helped prime the system for shifts.

Talocrural joint in african hominoids implications for australopithecus afarensis

Abstract: Talocrural joints of the African apes, modern humans, and A.L.288-1 are compared in order to investigate ankle function in the Hadar hominids. Comparisons between the hominids and African pongids clearly illustrate the anatomical and mechanical changes that occurred in this joint as a consequence of the evolutionary transition to habitual bipedality. Features which are considered include the obliquity of the distal tibial articular surface, the shape of the talar trochlea, and the location and functional implications of the talocrural axis. In every functionally significant feature examined the A.L.288-1 talocrural joint is fully bipedal. Moreover, the Hadar ankle complex also shows the functional constraints which are necessarily imposed by the adaptation to habitual bipedalism.

Angular discrimination of light transmission through polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal films

Abstract: The refractive index of the polymer np is adjusted relative to the ordinary refractive index of dispersed droplets of nematic liquid crystal no to regulate the angle of maximum transmission through a film in the presence of an applied field. Maximum transmission occurs at normal incidence when np≤no with the breadth of the angle of view being largest at np=no. When np>no, maximum transmission is peaked at an angle away from normal incidence, the value of the angle depending upon the ratio np/no. Angular discriminating filters are therefore possible with these films. The optical response of these materials as a function of applied field is also shown to be dependent on the ratio np/no as is the contrast exhibited by information displays. Methods for measuring the scattering cross section of a nematic droplet are also described.

Information resource planning: overcoming difficulties in identifying top management's objectives

Abstract: Twenty information resource managers employed by medium to large organizations in diverse industries were interviewed to discover their difficulties in learning top management's objectives and their techniques for overcoming these difficulties. The thirteen difficulties can be viewed as strategic formulation or strategy communication problems. The sixteen techniques can likewise be viewed as facilitating strategy formulation or strategy communication. The research revealed that participants in strategy formulation have no problem understanding top management's objectives while information resource managers who do not participate in strategy formulation do experience that problem.

The Sexual Abuse of Boys Prevalence and Descriptive Characteristics of Childhood Victimizations

Abstract: Recent clinical reports reveal that a sizable proportion of referrals involve boys. But because child sexual abuse is a problem that is often concealed, studies of reported cases represent only a fraction of the total cases that actually occur. A small number of studies have examined the prevalence of unreported sexual abuse among nonclinical samples. The goal of the present study was to extend this previous work to a national basis. Self-reports of childhood sexual experiences were obtained from 2,972 men in an approximately representative national sample of students in higher education. Although the results are limited in generalizability to other students, this group represents 26% of all persons in the United States aged 18-24. In the present sample, 7.3% of the men reported a childhood experience that met at least one of the following three criteria for sexual abuse: (1) existence of age discrepancy between the child and perpetrator, (2) use of some form of coercion to obtain participation by the vic...

Social networks as assets and liabilities in recovery from stroke by geriatric patients.

Abstract: Interactions in the social networks of 48 elderly stroke patients were examined as factors influencing outcomes after hospital discharge. Structured interviews assessed the frequency of perceived positive and negative interactions, as well as patients' behavioral independence, time use, personal adjustment, and cognitive functioning. Negative interactions occurred less frequently than positive ones. After controlling for status at hospital discharge, negative and positive interactions differentially explained variance in morale, psychiatric symptoms, and cognitive functioning. Although negative interactions were associated with poorer morale and greater psychiatric symptoms, positive interactions were associated with less mental confusion. Patients' reporting and not reporting negative interactions did not differ significantly on a variety of social and demographic variables previously shown to predict social interactions and well-being. Findings indicate that social interactions may both impede and facilitate rehabilitation for older adults and have implications for both theories of social support and the design of therapeutic interventions.

Longitudinal Study of the Effects of LOGO Programming on Cognitive Abilities and Achievement

Abstract: The Logo computer language was developed to serve as a conceptual framework for teaching problem-solving skills and subject-matter content. As such, its effects may not be immediate and direct, but...

Superior and subordinate communication profiles: Implications for independent‐mindedness and upward effectiveness

Abstract: A framework is explained that maintains corporate productivity is enhanced when organizations nurture employee independent‐mindedness. An argumentative‐low verbally aggressive organizational communication climate is believed to create the freedom which nurtures independent‐mindedness. A study of 131 superior‐subordinate dyads in a large number of organizations investigated some of these assumptions.

Object relations ego deficits in bulimic college women.

Abstract: Two types of bulimic (purging and restricting) and two types of non-bulimic (binging or normal) eating patterns were reported by 547 undergraduate women who also were assessed for ego function deficits on the four subscales of the Bell Object Relations Inventory. As predicted by psychoanalytic theory, the two bulimic subgroups appeared significantly more pathological on the Insecure Attachment subscale, which identifies ambivalent interpersonal relations and fear of object loss. When the four groups were ranked according to severity of type of eating disorder, a linear increase in group means and in the proportion of high scoring subjects was found on Insecure Attachment and also on the Egocentricity subscale, which indicates suspicious and manipulative attitudes toward others. Results are interpreted to support theories that relate eating disorders to disturbances in object relations ego functioning.

Performance Expectancy, Success, Satisfaction and Attributions as Variables in Band Challenges.

Abstract: Motivation of band members was tested by asking them if they had ever challenged for I chair positions and how frequently, if they felt they were correctly placed, what their expected performance l...

Performance appraisal and terminations: a review of court decisions since brito v. zia with implications for personnel practices

Abstract: Court cases since the classic Brito v. Zia (1973) decision dealing with terminations based on subjective performance appraisals are reviewed. Professional interpretations of Brito v. Zia are also examined and criticized in light of professional practice and subsequent court decisions. Major themes and issues are distilled from the review of cases, and implications and recommendations for personnel practices were discussed.

Hypothesis: a selective advantage for cystic fibrosis heterozygotes.

Abstract: European populations have both a particularly long history of pulmonary tuberculosis and extremely high frequencies of cystic fibrosis (CF). While carriers of the recessive gene are asymptomatic for CF disease, their fibroblasts produce excessive amounts of hyaluronic acid, whose role in successful isolation of virulent pathogens appears to be especially adaptive in host resistance to the human strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. CF heterozygosity may have been an adaptation to a disease environment once dominated by this infection.

Cyclodextrin cavity polarity and chromatographic implications

Abstract: The Py values for aqueous cyclodextrins are reported and compared to those of organic solvents. The data indicates that the cavities of the cyclodextrins have about the same polarity as n-octanol for Pyrene, and fluorescence intensity data confirms that pyrene does not completely fit into the cavity of the smaller cyclodextrins. The combined fluorescence and Py data indicates that marked sensitivity improvements in fluorescence chromatographic detection may result from using cyclodextrin aqueous mobile phase modifiers which allow moderate inclusion of the analytes (presumably other polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc.).

Protein and exercise: update 1987.

Abstract: Currently, the recommended dietary allowance for protein determined for sedentary individuals is assumed to be adequate for athletes. However, several types of evidence (in vitro, in situ, and in vivo) indicate that exercise causes substantial changes in protein metabolism. In fact, recent data suggest the protein recommended dietary allowance may actually be 50 to 100% higher for individuals who exercise on a regular basis. Optimal intakes, although unknown, may even be higher, especially for individuals attempting to increase muscle mass and strength. The reasons why the recent experimental results contradict older studies are complex and not fully understood. However, dietary (total energy input, percent of each foodstuff, accommodation to treatments), exercise (type, frequency, intensity, duration, training, environment), and methodological (in vitro, in situ, in vivo) considerations are likely very important. This paper reviews the recent findings and discusses their implications to exercise performance. Although, definitive recommendations regarding optimal protein intakes for various athletic groups are not yet possible, it appears that exercise increases protein needs. It is hoped that well-controlled studies will be completed in the near future so that such recommendations will soon be possible.

Changes in rat sperm membrane glycosidase activities and carbohydrate and protein contents associated with epididymal transit.

Abstract: Rat spermatozoa were recovered from the caput, corpus, and cauda epididymides and assayed for glycosidase activity, total nonamino (neutral) carbohydrate, and protein content. The activities of beta-glucosidase, beta-galactosidase, beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and beta-N-acetylgalactosaminidase were fluorometrically assayed in spermatozoa and membrane-enriched fractions. Except for beta-glucosidase, the activities of the glycosidases based on protein content were greatest in whole sperm and membrane-enriched fractions obtained from the cauda epididymides. Based on sperm concentration, however, glycosidase activities increased proceeding from the caput to the corpus epididymides, then declined from the corpus to the cauda epididymides. Analyses of nonamino carbohydrate and protein content based on sperm number indicated regional trends similar to those of glycosidase activity. Total nonamino carbohydrate and protein content were highest in corpus sperm, and lowest in cauda sperm. These data indicate major quantitative changes in cell surface carbohydrate as spermatozoa traverse the epididymis. A positive correlation for the membrane-enriched fraction between increasing glycosidase activity and decreasing carbohydrate and protein content suggests that glycosidases may play a significant role in modifying the spermatozoon surface during epididymal transit and maturation.

Improving Compliance for Asthmatic Patients Visiting the Emergency Department Using a Health Belief Model Intervention

Abstract: The sample included 74 asthmatic patients presenting to an emergency department with an acute asthmatic attack. The purposes of the study were: to assess demographic and situational variables associated with compliance, and to test the impact of a Health Belief Model (HBM) intervention to increase compliance. Compliance was operationalized as making and/or keeping a follow-up referral appointment for the patient's asthmatic condition. Demographic and situational variables associated with compliance included age, sex, marital status, previous treatment experience, seriousness of the asthmatic condition, and need for child care. Most important, the HBM intervention was very effective in increasing compliance in both making and keeping a follow-up referral appointment.