MacEwan University

About: MacEwan University is a education organization based out in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is known for research contribution in the topics: Population & Context (language use). The organization has 818 authors who have published 1493 publications receiving 20228 citations. The organization is also known as: Grant MacEwan University.

A previously unrecognized high-temperature impactite from the Steen River impact structure, Alberta, Canada

Abstract: Here, we report a previously unrecognized impactite from the Steen River impact structure in Alberta, Canada, which was intersected by continuous diamond drill core into the allochthonous proximal deposits of this buried 25-km-diameter complex crater. A suite of high-temperature minerals defines the matrix, formed by grain growth in a solid state by static recrystallization of an originally clastic matrix, deposited at temperatures ≥800 °C. This rock type is predominantly a result of the recrystallization of target material driven by the acceleration of hot gasses from volatilized sedimentary cover mixed with variably shocked crystalline basement. Approximately one-third of terrestrial impact structures occur in mixed target rocks; therefore, this type of impactite may be more common than previously realized. Contact metamorphism between entrained sedimentary target rocks and the juxtaposed hot matrix resulted in carbonate decomposition to form a rare spinel-group mineral, magnesioferrite. In crater environments, magnesioferrite has been found in the distal Chicxulub (Mexico) ejecta and may prove a novel indicator mineral for impact into carbonate-bearing target rocks.

A laser probe 40Ar/39Ar investigation of poikilitic shergottite NWA 4797: implications for the timing of shock metamorphism

Abstract: Spatially resolved argon isotope measurements have been performed on neutron-irradiated samples of NW Africa (NWA) 4797. Shock heating of NWA 4797 completely melted and vesiculated precursor igneous plagioclase, which cooled to an assemblage of plagioclase crystals with interstitial glasses of variable composition (Ca/K ratios). Using a focused ultraviolet laser beam, is has been possible to distinguish between argon isotopic signatures from groundmass minerals (igneous olivine + pyroxene), plagioclase and a shock vein. This study focuses on the potential for this meteorite to shed light on shock ages of shergottites. Apparent 40Ar/39Ar ages of groundmass minerals show that there are large amounts of excess argon in this phase, yielding a wide range of calculated ages from 690 ± 30 Ma to several apparent ages older than 4.5 Ga. A traverse of laser-probe extractions across the 1 mm-diameter shock vein in NWA 4797 yielded apparent 40Ar/39Ar ages younger than the groundmass. A signature of the Martian atmosphere, identified by 40Ar/36Ar ratios of 1600-1900, was not found in the NWA 4797 shock vein. This is distinct from other shergottites where the products of shock melting contain a nearly pure sample of Martian atmosphere. We attribute this to a distinct formation mechanism, and hence gas-trapping mechanism, of the NWA 4797 shock vein. We undertook 44 analyses of plagioclase areas identified by SEM analysis. Ages ranged from 45 ± 27 to 3771 ± 109 Ma and yield an average age of 375 ± 77 Ma, considerably younger than ages obtained in this study from either the groundmass or the shock vein. A plot of age v. 37Ar/39Ar for plagioclase showed a continuum of ages from the oldest to youngest ages measured. Older ages are correlated with higher Ca/K ratios of plagioclase, indicating contamination from groundmass minerals rich in excess argon. The youngest ages correlate to plagioclase extractions with the lowest Ca/K ratios, interpreted to have crystallized from a nearly pure plagioclase melt with contributions from a K-rich mesostasis. We see no evidence for multiple shock events in NWA 4797. Rather, we favour the interpretation that the cosmic-ray exposure (CRE) age of 3.0 ± 0.5 Ma, obtained on NWA 4797 in this study using cosmogenic 38Ar, approximates the timing of shock melting in this meteorite.

Pollen-Mediated Gene Flow in Triticale

Abstract: Triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus) is primarily an animal feed crop with promising qualities for a bioindustrial crop. Development of genetically modified (GM) triticale is in progress and before release of GM cultivars, the potential for pollen-mediated gene flow (PMGF) needs to be assessed to determine if it can coexist with conventional cultivars without causing market harm. Small and large plot experiments were conducted to quantify PMGF using an experimental blue aleurone triticale line as pollen donor and ‘AC Alta’ as pollen receptor. Small plot experiments were conducted at two locations in both 2007 and 2009 in Alberta, Canada. There were no site or year differences. Average PMGF from 0.2 to 1.4 m was 0.76%. Large plot experiments were conducted at two locations in both 2008 and 2009 using a concentric donor (20 by 20 m) and receptor (120 by 120 m) design. Over 17 million seeds were screened. There were no significant differences between sites or years. Pollen-mediated gene flow best fit an exponential decay model in which the highest average PMGF (3.4%) occurred adjacent to the donor crop and rapidly declined to 0.09% by 50 m. Directional differences were detected with highest PMGF corresponding to prevailing wind directions at flowering. The estimated adventitious presence of GM triticale after harvest blending within a 50-m conventional field was 0.22%. Pollen-mediated gene flow in triticale is similar to spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and should not prevent the coexistence of GM and conventional triticale using the 0.9% threshold established by the European Union.