Showing papers by "Miami University published in 1978"

The Sociology of Professions: An Emerging Perspective

Abstract: Sociological studies of professions have traditionally focused on definitional list-making in an attempt to differentiate professions from nonprofessions. Despite recent criticisms of that approach, it has persisted. After first discussing inconsistencies and difficulties associated with the traditional approach, this paper explores an alternative perspective for analyzing professions. It is argued that the ability to obtain and maintain professional status is closely related to concrete occupational strategies and to wider social forces and arrangements of power. Such a perspective leads to a consideration of the social meaning of occupational tasks, the resources behind the emergence and continuation of professionalism, and the social consequences of professionalism.

Structural distinction between a metasedimentary cover and an underlying basement in the 600-m.y.-old Pan-African domain of northwestern Nigeria, West Africa

Abstract: Structural data from an area of gneisses, migmatites, and low-grade metasedimentary rocks in northwestern Nigeria suggest the presence of two contrasting structural styles, one simple and monocyclic and the other complex and polycyclic. The simple structural style is coextensive with one of two distinctive metasedimentary formations, the Birnin Gwari Schist Formation, which is interpreted as a sedimentary cover infolded during the Pan-African event into a basement of complex style consisting of the second metasedimentary formation, the Kushaka Schist Formation, and the gneisses and migmatites. This infolding may have occurred within the limits 730 to 650 m.y. ago, and it was followed by the 550- to 530-m.y.-ago epeirogenic uplift and cooling of the basement assemblage and the later emplacement of the Kusheriki granite 500 ± 4 m.y. ago. The gneissic and migmatitic basement of the Birnin Gwari Schist Formation includes ∼2000-m.y.-old Eburnean rocks, but neither the depositional nor metamorphic ages of the Kushaka Schist Formation are known.

Phylogenetic implications of the microbody-lipid globule complex in zoosporic fungi

Abstract: Chytridiomycetous fungal zoospores contain a unique and intricate association of organelles, the 'microbody-lipid globule complex' (MLC). The spatial arrangement of organelles in the MLC appears important in the utilization of lipid globules for energy, but in addition, the structural association of organelles in the MLC reveals phylogenetic trends within this diverse group of organisms. Variations in the structure of the MLC correlate well with current phylogenetic concepts of aquatic fungi, yet suggest new relationships among these posteriorly uniflagellate zoospores. Based upon the organization of organelles in the MLC, 4 basic patterns of MLCs can be recognized, and these correspond to the 4 orders of Chytridiomycetes. The MLC in its simplest form consists of a microbody appressed to the edge of a lipid globule. In more highly organized MLCs, mitochondria subtend the microbody and a cisterna surmounts one side of the lipid globule. The organization and structure is still more complex in other MLCs where ER is elaborated into a tubular network of membranes or where small microbodies or mitochondria fuse into 'giant' organelles. The structural organization of the MLC provides an additional criterion by which the phylogeny of awuatic fungi can be evaluated.

Complexity And Simplicity As Objective Indices Descriptive Of Factor Solutions.

Abstract: Kaiser's simplicity index is compared and contrasted with Hofmann's complexity index. It is noted that at the variable level one index may be derived algebraically from the other; however, each provides different descriptive information with regard to a factor solution. Furthermore it is suggested that when used together they provide an objective basis for comparing different factor solutions for the same data set.

Behavioral Marriage Therapy: I. A Psychodynamic‐Systems Analysis and Critique

Abstract: After briefly summarizing the major theoretical premises and treatment strategies of Behavioral Marriage Therapy (BMT), five major clusters of implicit assumptions in BMT are identified and critically examined: I. "The Rational Observing Ego Shall Conquer All"; II. "Behavior Should Not Mean, But Be"; III. "What's Sauce for the Goose is Sauce for the Gander"; IV. "Repression Is Good for Your Marital Mental Health"; V. "The Folly of the Therapist as Technician." Throughout this analysis, the conceptual and clinical limitations of a strictly or predominantly behavioral approach to couples therapy are described, and BMT is reconsidered in the light of object relations theory and communication theory perspectives on marital dysfunction and its treatment. Language: en

Some Examples Concerning Rotundity in Banach Spaces

Abstract: A Banach space is rotund if the midpoint of each chord of the unit ball lies beneath the surface. In 1936 Clarkson [3] introduced the stronger notion of uniform rotundity. A Banach space is uniformly rotund if the midpoints of all chords of the unit ball whose lengths are bounded below by a positive number are uniformly buried beneath the surface. Since Clarkson's paper many authors have defined and studied geometric properties whose strengths lie between rotundity and uniform rotundity (see [1, 7-9,11, and 12]). Most of these properties can be classified as either localizations or directionalizations of uniform rotundity. The localizations--locally uniformly rotund and midpoint locally uniformly rotund-and the directionalizations--weakly uniformly rotund and uniformly rotund in every direction--have been of particular interest in the literature (see [4, 6, and 13]). In this paper six examples of Banach spaces are given that illustrate the distinctions among these generalizations of uniform rotundity as well as the independence of the localizations and directionalizations.

Apparent Movement of Successively Generated Subjective Figures

Abstract: In the present studies a pair of random-dot frames was constructed so that two areas in the first frame (f1) were correlated with two areas in the second frame (f2). The alternation of the pair of frames (an f1--f2 sequence) gave rise to two subjective figures. When two pairs of randomdot frames (an f1--f2 sequence and an f3--f4 sequence), each of which produced two subjective figures in different locations, were thmeselves alternated, the subjective figures from the f1--f2 sequence interacted with the subjective figures from the f3--f4 sequence to produce apparent movement. With any one of the four general kinds of displays which we constructed, subjects usually perceived only one of two types of subjective-figure movement. The type of movement that was perceived with a given display depended primarily upon the degree of change (across the interval between an f1--f2 and an f3--f4 sequence) of the internal structure of the successively generated subjective figures. Relative intensity differences between the subjective figures and their backgrounds influenced the type of apparent movement seen, whereas variations in the density of elements in a display did not. We tentatively propose a two-stage model to explain the apparent movement of the subjective figures: the first stage is assumed to generate the subjective figures by means of a cross-correlation of the intensity distributions of the two frames within an f1--f2 sequence and within an f3--f4 sequence; on the basis of inputs from the first stage, the second stage generates apparent movement signals for the subjective figures.

Depression and daydreaming; an analysis based on self-ratings.

Abstract: Investigated the relationship between depression and daydreaming characteristics in a non-hospitalized sample. Level of depression was determined by the Beck Depression Inventory, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, and the Lubin Depression Adjective Check Lists. Daydreaming characteristics were determined from a self-report retrospective questionnaire, the Imaginal Processes Inventory. The sample consisted of 91 university undergraduates and 29 male correctional institution inmates. The full-scale global measures of depression were found to be related directly to the neurotic, anxious, dysphoric, and negative dimension of daydreaming. Specific direct relationships were noted between mental agitation and distractibility, between indecisiveness-personal devaluation and mental slowing, and between personal devaluation-poor body image and fear of failure daydreams. Inverse relationships were noted between a sense of punishment and useful-positive aspects of daydreaming and between psychomotor-activity level and internally stimulated mental activity. The suicidal ambivalance, appetite-weight loss, and fatigability dimensions of depression were found to be unrelated to daydreaming.

Temporal frequency response characteristic of motion channels measured with three different psychophysical techniques

Abstract: The temporal frequency response characteristic of motion-sensitive channels in human vision was studied with three different psychophysical techniques: (a) measurements of threshold flicker sensitivity to drifting sinusoidal gratings; (b) measurements of the amount of contrast possessed by one sinusoidal component of a composite adapting stimulus when it just hulled the motion aftereffect produced by a second reference component drifting in the opposite direction; and (c) measurements of velocity difference thresholds. The threshold flicker measurements la) and null contrast measurements (b) corresponded exactly throughout the entire range of temporal frequencies studied as long as the velocity of the reference component in the null contrast method was not too fast. The correspondence means that the two types of measurements very likely have a common substrate comprised of directionally selective channels. The correspondence is also interesting in that one set of measurements (a) was obtained at threshold levels, whereas the second set of measurements (b) was obtained at suprathreshold levels. At high temporal frequencies, the function describing velocity dilierence thresholds departs from that which describes the other two types of measurements, suggesting that velocity discriminations at high temporal frequencies depend upon different cues or motion channels.

Community mental health ideology: a problematic model for rural areas.

Abstract: The prevailing model for mental health services is found to be inappropriate with respect to many of the needs of rural communities. Special problems of rural areas are identified, and suggestions are offered for revision of mental health concepts and practice that might result in a better fit between professional ideology and rural reality.

Effects of temperature on gut‐loading and gut‐clearing times of the burrowing mayfly, Hexagenia limbata

Abstract: SUMMARY. The effect of temperature on gut-loading times, gut-clearing times, and the calculated ingestion rates, egestion rates, and consumption indices of the deposit-feeding burrowing mayfly, Hexagenia limbata, were investigated in laboratory experiments. Rates of movement of two natural sediments of differing colour through the digestive tract were monitored to quantify feeding intensity when ambient water temperatures approached 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25°C. At each temperature, gut-loading times (GLT) and gut-clearing times (GCT) increased as nymph length increased. Mean GLT and GCT values decreased as temperature increased from 5 to 20°C but were longer at 25°C than at 20°C. Relationships between GLT, GCT, and length of nymphs and temperature were best described by multiple regression equations. No diel variation in gutclearing times was observed. Low water temperatures resulted in lower ingestion and egestion rates and consumption indices. At most temperatures nymphs ingested over 100% of their dry body weights per day.

On the Capacity of Directionally Selective Mechanisms to Encode Different Dimensions of Moving Stimuli

Abstract: Direction-specific losses of contrast sensitivity for sinusoidal test gratings as a function of the contrast of a sinusoidal adapting grating were found to be similar to those measured previously with square-wave gratings. Furthermore, both relationships were similar to that between motion aftereffect duration and the contrast of sinusoidal adapting gratings, and all three sets of data can be fit by a single function. The function shows that the magnitude of direction-specific adaptation effects increases linearly with the logarithm of adapting contrast in the low contrast region, but is essentially independent of contrast once the contrast exceeds threshold by more than a factor of five—six. In addition, it was found that direction-specific losses of contrast sensitivity are restricted to limited ranges of spatial frequency.

Secretion of antimycobacterial fatty acids by normal and activated macrophages.

Abstract: Cellular resistance to facultative intracellular parasites has been studied by determining the antimycobacterial activity and the amount of fatty acids in sera and in heptane extracts of freshly collected and 24-h-cultured normal and activated guinea pig alveolar macrophages and liver cells. The quantity and the antimycobacterial activity of extractable fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography and the agar plate diffusion test, respectively. These determinations showed that heptane extracts of activated cells inhibited the growth of BCG much more effectively than fractions prepared from normal cells; chromatographic analyses showed that extracts of activated cells contained six times more C(16) and C(18) long-chain fatty acids than did fractions of normal cells. Heptane extracts of 24-h-cultured cells and of their media showed that during incubation normal and activated cells release fatty acids into the culture media without apparent cell injury; in all experiments liver cells produced larger amounts of fatty acids than alveolar macrophages. Sera collected from activated guinea pigs inhibited the growth of BCG and contained two to five times more total fatty acids than did the growth-supporting normal serum. That bactericidal fatty acids are excreted into the tissue culture medium of incubated cells or into the blood of immunologically stimulated animals suggests that macrophages can exert antibacterial effects without phagocytosis.

Effects of Injected Iron and Siderophores on Infections in Normal and Immune Mice

Abstract: The fate of virulent and avirulent strains of Salmonella typhimurium in untreated and iron-injected mice and in transferrin-containing media demonstrated a direct relationship between bacterial virulence and the ability of bacteria to acquire transferrin-bound iron. Effects of injected iron on the development of infections with virulent and avirulent bacterial strains were determined in normal and immune mice by determinations of bacterial numbers in tissue homogenates and the mortality of infected animals. Results showed that infected and iron-injected mice died much more rapidly and frequently from overwhelming infections than infected and saline-injected mice. The infection-promoting effect of iron varied with the degree of bacterial virulence; the more virulent the bacteria, the more helpful was iron for the development of lethal infections. Siderophores promoted lethal infections in mice infected with virulent but not with avirulent bacteria. Experiments with vaccinated animals showed that iron exerted a deleterious effect on acquired immunity. Immune mice infected with virulent bacteria and injected with iron developed lethal infections as rapidly and nearly as frequently as similarly treated normal mice. Siderophores did not promote the development of lethal infections in immune mice. The effectiveness of iron, but not of siderophores, to promote bacterial infections in vaccinated mice revealed that acquired immunity is dependent upon the activity of an iron-neutralizable antibacterial system.

Distribution-Free Tests for Ordered Alternatives in a Randomized Block Design

Abstract: In this article we consider a class of test statistics that are useful for testing against ordered alternatives in balanced or unbalanced block designs. The approach consists of forming a statistic on each block and then combining the block statistics as a weighted sum to obtain one overall test statistic. Large-sample properties such as asymptotic normality and asymptotic relative efficiency as the number of blocks tends to infinity are considered. Throughout the article special attention is given to a Jonckheere-type statistic. Some consideration is given to the selection of the optimal weighting constants for the Jonckheere statistic.

Behavioral marriage therapy. IV. Take two aspirin and call us in the morning.

Abstract: The Jacobson-Weiss critique of the Gurman-Knudson and Gurman-Kniskern discussions of behavioral marriage therapy (BMT), while scholarly, derives from such a narrow conceptual set that, with only minor exceptions, Jacobson and Weiss have failed basically to comprehend the essence of our theoretical and logical criticisms of BMT. Moreover, a careful reanalysis of the research cited by our critics as evidence for the efficacy of BMT reveals the strength of the empirical foundation of this approach to have been greatly exaggerated. While few of our concerns about a preominantly behavioral approach to marriage therapy have been ameliorated by Jacobson and Weiss' commentary, some success seems to have been achieved in terms of our original purpose: to stimulate critical thinking about the premises and process of marital therapy. Language: en

Evidence of paleozoic chromosomes from lycopod microgametophytes.

Abstract: A Pennsylvanian arborescent lycopod cone, Lepidostrobus schopfii, has microspores that have been found to have intracellular features that are interpreted as nuclei and mitotic chromosomes. The cellularized gametophytes conform to the early stages of growth that occur in modern Selaginella microgametophytes. Since the megagametophyte of L. schopfii is similar in development to extant species of Isoetes, the fossil now is known to have portions of its life cycle in common with both Selaginella and Isoetes.

Direct Nuclear-Pumped Lasers Using the 3He(n,p)3H Reaction

Abstract: A description is presented of experimental results concerning a specific class of direct nuclear-pumped lasers classified as 'volumetric nuclear lasers'. In the considered laser system a fissioning gas, He-3, is mixed with the lasing gas to form a homogeneous mixture, resulting in uniform volume excitation. In typical volumetric nuclear lasers a fast-burst reactor is used as a source of neutrons which penetrate a polyethylene moderator. Here the fast neutrons are thermalized. After thermalization, neutrons scatter into the laser cell. Nuclear reactions produce a proton of 0.56 MeV and a tritium ion of 0.19. These ions produce secondary electrons which pump the laser medium creating a population inversion. The results reported demonstrate direct nuclear pumping of He-3-Ar, Xe, Kr, and Cl with the considered system.

Multivariate analysis of exploratory behavior in gerbils

Abstract: Previous studies have reported that general activity can be distinguished from stimulus reactivity and is under separate genetic control in Mus musculus. The present study was designed to measure these processes in gerbils. During a 15-min test period, measures were recorded for 70 male and female gerbils at 60 and 120 days of age. The test relied more on the gerbil’ s tactile exploration of the stimulus and less on exploration by visual acuity from afar. A principal components factor analysis revealed two primary factors operating in the gerbils’ exploratory behavior. One factor was attributed to general locomotor activity; the other was attributed to the complexity of the stimulus (stimulus reactivity). Implications on the use of this procedure for this species in future research are discussed.

Orientation of Amphibians by Linearly Polarized Light

Abstract: Indoor tests of Bullfrog tadpoles and the eft and adult stages of Eastern Red Spotted Newts under linearly polarized light indicate that these two species can perceive the e-vector for spatial orientation. Other tests out of doors, under clear blue skies after sunset, indicate that both species can use the polarization patterns of the natural sky for orientation. Further, outdoor tests of Bullfrog tadpoles after sunset indicate that the reception of linearly polarized light does not reside in the eyes, but probably is associated with the pineal complex.

The pineal body: Site of extraocular perception of celestial cues for orientation in the tiger salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum)

Abstract: Tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) trained to orient in a particular compass direction under the sun fail to orient in the trained direction if they are (i) eyeless and simultaneously have the brain covered with opaque plastic or are (ii) eyeless and pinealectomized (Fig. 1–2, Table 1). Salamanders with either the eyes or the pineal intact and unobstructed continue to orient in the trained direction. These data strongly support the hypothesis that the pineal body is an effective extraocular photoreceptor (EOP) for compass orientation in tiger salamanders.

Father-absent and father-present families of disturbed and nondisturbed adolescents.

Abstract: In a study of intact and of father-absent families, male adolescent disturbance in both groups was found to be related to less warm, supportive, and expressive intrafamilial relations; less of a family orientation toward personal growth; and less successful participation in extrafamilial involvement. Disturbance in father-absent boys was not related to negative father-typing by the mother or maternal restrictions, and the findings do not support the assumption of family conditions peculiar to the father-absent home as a factor in adolescent pathology.

Floral morphology of horsfieldia (myristicaceae)

Abstract: The pistillate flowers of Horsfieldia are morphologically similar to those of Myristica and Knema, and are composed of a single whorl of thick, fleshy tepals, and an unsealed, monocarpellate pistil bearing a single ovule. The carpel is vascularized by two ventral bundles, a pair of dorsal bundles, and several supernumerary bundles. The ovule vascularization is derived from the supernumerary bundles. Paired dorsal vascular bundles are an uncommon feature of uncertain significance. Carpels of Myristica and Knema lack any clearly defined dorsal vasculature. and the ovule vascular supply is derived from both the ventral and supernumerary bundles. The organization of the staminate flowers of Horsfieldia agrees with the myristicaceous pattern observed in Myristica and Knema. Each androecium consists of a single whorl of anthers fused or partially fused to a massive connective column. Each anther consists of a pair of bisporangiate lobes and a single vascular bundle. The androecial forms observed are interpreted as forming a series of intermediates between the monadelphous type of androecia of two South American genera, Compsoneura and Dialyanthera. and one African genus, Brochneura, and the solid, columnar androecia which are predominate in the family. Accumulating evidence supports a proposed South American or west Gondwanaland origin of the Myristicaceae. THE MYRISTICACEAE is a pan-tropical family of dioecious forest trees, which is best known for the spices nutmeg and mace from the seed and aril of Myristica fragrans. The family consists of five South American, six African, and four southeast Asian (including Australasia) genera