Showing papers by "Northern Illinois University published in 1976"

Sex Differences in Emotionality: A Multidimensional Approach

Abstract: An Emotionality Survey was developed to assess sex differences in three dimensions of emotion: covert responding, interpersonal expression, and attitudes toward responses and expressions. Situational determinants of responses were also investigated. Within each of these areas, four types of emotion were distinguished: anger, fear, joy, and sadness. In general, females exceeded males in reported emotionality, but sex differences varied as a function of dimension and type of emotion. Differences were greatest for interpersonal expression, and for fear and sadness. Females also reported more of an interpersonal basis for their emotional responses. The findings suggest a sex difference in the functional significance of emotion, and support a multidimensional approach to the investigation of sex differences in emotionality.

Complexity and related enhancements for automated theorem-proving programs

Abstract: In this paper some enhancements for automated theorem-proving programs, techniques which can be combined with the various well known inference rules which are employed in such programs, are given. Proofs of some of the more difficult problems previously sought by use of automated theorem proving were obtained by a program utilizing these enhancements. Among those proven in less than 3 min were: 1. x3 = e implies ((x, y), y) = e. 2. Boolean rings are commutative. 3. Subgroups of index 2 are normal (without case analysis). The most powerful enhancement is that of ordering generated clauses with a heuristic which assigns an integral value to each term that occurs in any clause. The heuristic is designed to favor those clauses containing less “complex” terms. By changing input parameter values the values assigned to terms can be varied to any desired extent which in turn can sharply affect the proof search. Another enhancement is that of dynamic adjunction of demodulators including as a subcase the previous approach which has demodulators occurring only as input clauses. Methods are given for rapidly selecting the possible set of demodulators for use with a generated clause and for controlling the adjunction to reflect potential importance of the demodulator.

general principles of human anatomical partonomy and speculations on the growth of partonomic nomenclature1

Abstract: This paper describes twelve general principles of classification and nomenclature in human anatomical partonomy (body parts systematics). These principles are derived through comparison of “naming-behavior” data from forty-one globally distributed languages. In addition, four growth stages in the development of nomenclature for parts of the human extremities are proposed.

Problems and Experiments for and with Automated Theorem-Proving Programs

Abstract: The two objectives of this paper are 1) to give a large and varied problem set, complete clause sets for use in testing automated theorem-proving programs and 2) the presentation of a number of experiments with an existing program under a variety of conditions.

Group-Induced Polarization in Simulated Juries:

Abstract: Group-induced shift effects observed on other response dimensions were extended to a simulated jury setting. Subjects first responded to eight hypothetical traffic cases which varied in the implication of guilt (high or low), then discussed half of these cases (two high guilt and two low guilt) in small groups, and finally responded again to all eight cases. As predicted, the simulated jury deliberations polarized the mean judgment of discussed cases. After discussing low guilt cases, subjects were, on the average, more extreme in their judgments of innocence and more lenient in recommended punishment, and after discussing high guilt cases shifted toward harsher judgments of guilt and punishment. These effects were not observed for cases which were not discussed.

Frequency/space diversity data transmission system

Abstract: A frequency/space diversity data transmission system includes a transmitter for transmitting two or more distinct RF signals having the same modulation from different antennas separated a wavelength or more, the frequency spacing of the carrier signals being at least ten times greater than the frequency of the modulating signal, and a broad band receiver including a video diode detector and a frequency demodulator which recovers the modulating frequency from the carrier

Attitude formation and mere exposure phenomena: A nonartifactual explanation of empirical findings.

Abstract: Infrequent positive (E+) and negative (E—) words were used as stimuli in exposure experiments. Increased exposure led E+ words to become more positive and E— words to become more negative. Exposure also led the summed evaluations of the associations to E+ and E— words to become, respectively, more positive and more negative. These parallel findings were predicted from an attitude formation process that was based on Fishbein's attitude model. Explanations of response competition, mental sets, attitude conditioning, demand characteristics, subject hypotheses, and relative rating strategies were also tested. None of these explanations could account for the exposure effects. It was concluded that mere exposure effects are not necessarily artifacts and that the attitude formation process can potentially reconcile inconsistent findings in the literature. Zajonc (1968) marshaled an impressive array of correlational and experimental evidence to support the hypothesis that the mere exposure of a stimulus is a sufficient condition to enhance an individual's evaluation of it. The frequency-positive affect relationship has since been replicated in different settings (Zajonc & Rajecki, 1969), with different stimuli (Saegart, Swap, & Zajonc, 1973), and different subject populations (Heingartner & Hall, 1974). Harrison (1968) proposed a response competition hypothesis to explain Zajonc's (1968) findings. This explanation assumes that a novel stimulus initially arouses negative affect because many response tendencies toward the stimulus compete to identify the stimulus as a particular object or entity. Repeated stimu

Poverty, urbanization, and crime

Abstract: In an effort to evaluate the situational determinants of crime, principal components analysis was used to reduce 59 demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of 840 American cities to six independent factors: affluence, stage in life cycle, economic specialization, expenditures policy, poverty, and urbanization. When regressed upon crime rates two of these six factors, urbanization and poverty, were found to be the more important criminogenic forces. The exception to this generalization was the South, where stage in life cycle was more important than poverty in explaining crime. One reason for this exception may be that the South, though having a lower standard of living than other regions of the country, does not have the “culture of poverty” usually associated with lower income. Contrary to the assumption upon which most ecology of crime studies are based, larger cities (over 100,000 in population) are not representative of all cities. Greater association between socioeconomic variables and crime was found in larger than in smaller cities.

Plastic composition and method

Abstract: A plastic composition prepared by the reaction of a non-ionic water soluble acrylic polyelectrolyte and a cationic water soluble acrylic polyelectrolyte with propylene glycol and incorporating or conducting the reaction in the presence of polyvinyl pyrrolidone with or without water. In one embodiment a plastic composition adapted for use in contact with the skin, especially in the form of a pad, seal or bandage is prepared by reacting a mixture of: (1) acrylamide-beta methacrylyloxyethyl trimethyl ammonium sulfate copolymer; (2) polyacrylamide; (3) propylene glycol; and (4) polyvinyl pyrrolidone. The plastic composition can contain glycerin in varying amounts to enhance the "feel" and flexibility of the final product. Water can be incorporated with the polyvinyl pyrrolidone to reduce the gel time and facilitate the molding process. Useful embodiments of the composition having the proper gel structure and adhesiveness for use as molded seals or pads in ostomy appliances and skin-covering pads incorporated in a bandage are disclosed.

Microstructure, mineralogy and chemistry of Cambrian glauconite pellets and glauconite, central U.S.A.

Abstract: Glauconite pellets in the Cambrian of the central U.S.A. frequently contain two textural forms of glauconite–aggregate and oriented—which differ in both mineralogy and chemistry. The aggregate glauconite composes the bulk of most pellets and consists of crystals in a nearly random arrangement. The oriented glauconite occurs primarily as rims on the periphery of pellets. It has a honeycomb-like structure—the crystals are oriented with their c-axes tangent to the aggregate-textured cores. Scanning electron photomicrographs show that the aggregate and oriented textures grade one into the other. The aggregate glauconite has a 1 M structure and less than 5% expandable layers, whereas the oriented form has a 1 Md structure and ∼ 10% expandable layers. The aggregate glauconite contains 5–8% more total iron oxides and 2–3% less Al2O3 than the oriented glauconite. The b-cell dimension of individual samples increases nearly linearly with increasing octahedral Fe3+ + F2+ + Mg content. Chemical and crystallographic variations among various samples are, for the most part, related to the ratio of aggregate to oriented glauconite. The transition between the texture of the aggregate and oriented glauconite suggests that some glauconite pellets may form by concretionary growth. It is proposed that Cambrian glauconite pellets grew through the repetitive development of a smectite-like clay at the margin of pellets. The smectite was later altered, both chemically and texturally, first to the oriented and then to the aggregate-textured glauconite.

some general principles of biological and non‐biological folk classification1

Abstract: Principles of taxonomy and nomenclature in folk biology first outlined by Berlin, Breedlove, and Raven (1973) are shown to extend to non-biological and non-taxonomic folk classification. Four non-biological taxonomies, American English “automobile” and “tool” taxonomies, a Finnish “winter vehicle” taxonomy, and a Thai “spiritghosts” taxonomy, are presented which clearly manifest so-called “biological” principles. In addition, a Huastec (male) “body” partonomy is described, offering evidence that taxonomic principles to some extent pertain to non-taxonomic systematics. These data indicate that principles originally attributed solely to biological classification actually relate to more general aspects of human psychic unity.

Strontium isotopic geochemistry of the volcanic rocks and associated megacrysts and inclusions from Ross Island and vicinity, Antarctica

Abstract: Twelve whole-rock samples of volcanic rocks and a composite of 11 basanitoid samples from Ross Island and vicinity, Antarctica show a narrow range of 87Sr/86Sr ratios from 070305 to 070339 This range is consistent with a model of differentiation from a single parent magma, but the data allow a 30% variation in the 87Rb/86Sr ratio in the source region if the average ratio is less than 0057 and if the source region has existed as a closed system for 15 by Megacrysts of titaniferous augite, kaersutite, and anorthoclase are isotopically indistinguishable from the host volcanic rocks and therefore are probably cogenetic with the volcanic sequence A single trachyte sample is isotopically distinct from the rest of the volcanic rocks and probably was contaminated with crustal strontium

Crystal field and magnetic properties of ErH/sub 2/

Abstract: The M\"ossbauser effect of the 80.6-keV resonance in $^{166}\mathrm{Er}$ has been used to study the magnetic and electronic properties of Er${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$. The onset of magnetic hyperfine splitting shows a magnetic transition occurring at 2.4 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 0.1 K. The extrapolated saturation hyperfine field is 2480 \ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{} 20 k${\mathrm{O}}_{\mathrm{e}}$, corresponding to a magnetic moment of $(2.75\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.08){\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ on the Er ion in the ordered state. Measurements of the hyperfine splitting in an external magnetic field show that the crystal-field ground state is a ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{6}$ Kramers doublet. These data, as well as an analysis of previously published magnetic-susceptibility data, indicate that the first excited crystal-field level is \ensuremath{\gtrsim} 150 K above the ground state. Measurements of the hyperfine spectra of Er as a solute in Y${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ give a ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{7}$ ground state, which can arise from a small change in the ratio of fourth-order to sixth-order crystal-field parameters on going from this case to that of Er${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$. All of the above results can be understood on the basis of a "hydridic" (i.e., negatively charged) model for hydrogen in this compound.

The deleterious effects of fungicides and herbicides on Xenopus laevis embryos

Abstract: Groups of 30 Xenopus laevis embryos, at "tail-bud" stage (Nieukoop-Faber stages 22-24) were exposed to 0.1-2 ppm concentrations of various pesticides for 1 to 10 days. The pesticides used were chloranil and dichlone (both are fungicidal and herbicidal); diquat (herbicide); and nabam (fungicide). The parameters examined were mortality, gross morphology, histology, and behavior. Chloranil (1.25 to 1.75 ppm) treated embryos showed abnormalities of the otolith, optic cup, and general pigmentation. Their movement was sporadically convulsive and they were unable to maintain proper balance. Dichlone (0.1 to 0.15 ppm) disrupted the development of the cephalic end of the embryo. Many of these embryos developed a slightly retarded trunk and tail only. These headless embryos lived for a time and were relatively lethargic. Diquat (0.75 to 2.0 ppm) administration reduced body size and pigmentation, and altered body shape. When embryos were treated with both 1.0 ppm of diquat and 2.0 ppm of nabam the integrity of myomeres and myocommata of the musculature was disrupted. The histological bases of these morphological and behavioral changes are discussed.

Self-Paced Economics Instruction: A Large-Scale Disaggregated Evaluation.

Abstract: There is a growing interest in various schemes for individualizing instruction in economics, and at least 50 studies have been made of some aspect of this approach. Soper and Thornton report on a study that constitutes a valuable addition to the literature in this subject. Perhaps more important than the results of their experiment, however, is the experimental design they used. Their model is one that should be examined carefully by everyone interested in research in economic education.

Perceptual Dimensions Underlying Vowel Lipreading Performance

Abstract: This study was concerned with the extraction, description, and verification of visual perceptual features underlying vowel lipreading performance Ten viewers with normal hearing rated the visual s

Analysis of radial scaling in single-particle inclusive reactions

Abstract: An analysis of an extensive sample of the world's data has been performed to test the hypothesis of radial scaling. We have studied the inclusive reactions $p+p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{},0} or {K}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}} or p or \overline{p})+\mathrm{anything}$ to determine the behavior of the invariant cross section as a function of ${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$, ${x}_{R}=\frac{{E}^{*}}{{{E}^{*}}_{max}}$, the radial scaling variable, and $s$. The data cover a range in ${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ from 0.25 to \ensuremath{\sim}6.0 GeV/c and a range in $\ensuremath{\surd}s$ from 3.0 to 63 GeV. For small ${x}_{R}$ and all available ${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ the single-particle inclusive cross sections for the reactions studied scale to a good approximation for all $\ensuremath{\surd}s$, even down to the kinematic threshold. For large ${x}_{R}$, the single-particle inclusive cross sections for increasing $\ensuremath{\surd}s$ show a rapid approach to the scaling limit from above. In these cases the scaling limit is always approached by $\ensuremath{\surd}s\ensuremath{\approx}10$ GeV. Thus, data for all particles to a good approximation exhibit radial scaling at all available ${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ and ${x}_{R}$ over the CERN ISR energy range. A comparison of radial scaling with Feynman scaling is given. It is shown that in the Feynman case the cross sections for small ${x}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}$ (${x}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}=\frac{{{p}^{*}}_{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}{{{p}^{*}}_{max}}$) approach their scaling limit from below, and that the approach to the scaling limit is slower than is exhibited for the case of small ${x}_{R}$. The systematic differences among the inclusive cross sections of various particles are discussed in the range of $\ensuremath{\surd}s$ where radial scaling has been shown to be valid. In particular, the ${p}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$ and ${x}_{R}$ distributions of $E\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{d{p}^{3}}$ are examined.

Effect of “restricted ovulator” gene on uptake of yolk-precursor protein

Abstract: The bulk of the yolk proteins and lipoproteins constituting the yolks of mature oocytes in birds are synthesized by the liver and transported via the plasma to the oocytes where they are incorporated by micropinocytosis. Evidence is presented indicating that oocytes of hens possessing a mutation identified by Jones, Briles, and Schjeide as a “restricted ovulator gene” fail to incorporate normal amounts and proportions of low density lipoproteins, lipovitellin and possibly other proteins making up the bulk of the yolk material. Plasma albumin is taken into the yolks but the other proteins synthesized by the liver for deposition within the oocytes accumulate in the plasma, attaining very high levels. The possible nature of the “lock” preventing normal deposition of the excluded yolk proteins is discussed.