Showing papers by "Northern Illinois University published in 1990"
TL;DR: Chaos Game Representation permits the representation and investigation of patterns in sequences, visually revealing previously unknown structures, and is a new tool for investigating gene structure.
Abstract: This paper presents a new method for representing DNA sequences. It permits the representation and investigation of patterns in sequences, visually revealing previously unknown structures. Based on a technique from chaotic dynamics, the method produces a picture of a gene sequence which displays both local and global patterns. The pictures have a complex structure which varies depending on the sequence. The method is termed Chaos Game Representation (CGR). CGR raises a new set of questions about the structure of DNA sequences, and is a new tool for investigating gene structure.
658 citations
TL;DR: With the exception of those diagnosed with AIDS, overall hope levels among subjects were high and were found to remain stable over time and across the background variables.
Abstract: This study explored the meaning of hope and identified strategies that are used to foster hope in a convenience sample of 30 terminally-ill adults using the technique of methodological triangulation (interview, Herth Hope Index and Background Data Form). Cross-sectional data were collected on 20 of the subjects, and longitudinal data were collected on 10 of the subjects in order to provide a clearer understanding of the hoping process during the dying trajectory. Hope was defined as an inner power directed toward enrichment of 'being'. With the exception of those diagnosed with AIDS, overall hope levels among subjects were high and were found to remain stable over time and across the background variables. Seven hope-fostering categories and three hope-hindering categories were identified based on the interview responses. The findings could serve as a guide for the development of interventions to foster hope in terminally-ill people.
432 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the EM algorithm for generalized linear models can be expressed as a weighted complete data log-likelihood when the unobserved covariates are assumed to come from a discrete distribution with finite range.
Abstract: This article examines incomplete data for the class of generalized linear models, in which incompleteness is due to partially missing covariates on some observations. Under the assumption that the missing data are missing at random, it is shown that the E step of the EM algorithm for any generalized linear model can be expressed as a weighted complete data log-likelihood when the unobserved covariates are assumed to come from a discrete distribution with finite range. Expressing the E step in this manner allows for a straightforward maximization in the M step, thus leading to maximum likelihood estimates (MLE's) for the parameters. Asymptotic variances of the MLE's are also derived, and results are illustrated with two examples.
324 citations
TL;DR: The catalytic domain within the sequence of the negative strand of the satellite RNA of tobacco ringspot virus is identified and an appropriately engineered 'hairpin' catalyst is capable of cleaving heterologous RNA.
Abstract: We have identified the catalytic domain within the sequence of the negative strand of the satellite RNA of tobacco ringspot virus. Minimum energy RNA folding calculations predict a two dimensional model with four major helical regions which are supported by mutagenesis experiments. This model for the catalytic complex consists of a 50 base catalytic RNA and a 14 base substrate RNA folded together in a type of hairpin two dimensional structure. Part of the recognition region between the catalyst and substrate is two helices of 6 bases and 4 bases respectively. Catalytic activity remains when the bases in these two helices are changed but base pairing is maintained. Thus an appropriately engineered 'hairpin' catalyst is capable of cleaving heterologous RNA.
322 citations
TL;DR: A precise measurement of the atomic-mass dependence of dimuon production induced by 800-GeV protons is reported and predictions of models of the European Muon Collaboration effect are compared.
Abstract: A precise measurement of the atomic-mass dependence of dimuon production induced by 800-GeV protons is reported. Over 450 000 muon pairs with dimuon mass M\ensuremath{\ge}4 GeV were recorded from targets of $^{2}\mathrm{H}$, C, Ca, Fe, and W. The ratio of dimuon yield per nucleon for nuclei versus $^{2}\mathrm{H}$, R=${\mathit{Y}}_{\mathit{A}}$/${\mathit{Y}}_{2\mathit{H}}$, is sensitive to modifications of the antiquark sea in nuclei. No nuclear dependence of this ratio is observed over the range of target-quark momentum fraction 0.1${\mathit{x}}_{\mathit{t}}$0.3. For ${\mathit{x}}_{\mathit{t}}$0.1 the ratio is slightly less than unity for the heavy nuclei. These results are compared with predictions of models of the European Muon Collaboration effect.
295 citations
TL;DR: The active set approach provides a unifying framework for studying algorithms for isotonic regression, simplifies the exposition of existing algorithms and leads to several new efficient algorithms, including a new O(n) primal feasible active set algorithm.
Abstract: In this and subsequent papers we will show that several algorithms for the isotonic regression problem may be viewed as active set methods. The active set approach provides a unifying framework for studying algorithms for isotonic regression, simplifies the exposition of existing algorithms and leads to several new efficient algorithms. We also investigate the computational complexity of several algorithms.
271 citations
TL;DR: In this article, students were given individualized instruction on addition and subtraction of fractions in a one-to-one setting for six weeks, where students' informal knowledge was disconnected from their knowledge of fraction symbols and procedures.
Abstract: Eight sixth-grade students received individualized instruction on addition and subtraction of fractions in a one-to-one setting for six weeks. Instruction was designed to build on the student's informal knowledge of fractions. All students possessed a rich store of informal knowledge of fractions that was based on partitioning units and treating the parts as whole numbers. Students' informal knowledge was initially disconnected from their knowledge of fraction symbols and procedures. Students related fraction symbols and procedures to their informal knowledge in ways that were meaningful to them; however, knowledge of rote procedures frequently interfered with students' attempts to build on their informal knowledge.
238 citations
TL;DR: Measurements of the photoexcited states of poly(p-phenylene vinylene), PPV, and a model oligomer, trans,trans-distyrylbenzene, probed by detection of photoluminescence and photoinduced absorption show that intermolecular charge transport is necessary for the generation of the long-lived charged excitations probed in the authors' experiments.
Abstract: We present measurements of the photoexcited states of poly(p-phenylene vinylene), PPV, and a model oligomer, trans,trans-distyrylbenzene, probed by detection of photoluminescence and photoinduced absorption. Photoluminescence is strong in both materials and due to radiative recombination of the singlet exciton. Triplet excitons are also photogenerated, and in the case of the oligomer are seen directly in light-induced ESR measurements. We find a signal with a peak-to-peak width of 12 G at 1580 G for a probe frequency of 9.14 GHz. We assign this to the ``forbidden'' \ensuremath{\Delta}${\mathit{m}}_{\mathit{s}}$=2 transition between the triplet sublevels. From the position of the minimum field ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathrm{min}}$ for this microwave transition, we determine the zero-field splitting of the triplet sublevels to be 0.07 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$. We find an associated photoinduced absorption at 1.95 eV in the oligomer which we attribute to a triplet-triplet transition of the excited state. For the polymer we find a photoinduced absorption response at 1.45 eV, very similar to that of the oligomer, and we consider that this is similarly due to a triplet exciton, although we have not been able yet to find direct ESR evidence. In the case of the polymer, charged photoexcitations are also seen in photoinduced absorption measurements, characteristic of bipolarons, with induced absorption at 0.6 and 1.6 eV. We do not find similar excitations in the oligomer, and we consider that intermolecular charge transport is necessary for the generation of the long-lived charged excitations probed in our experiments.
230 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, a seasonal fractionally differenced model was used to remove a great deal of the autocorrelation at the seasonal lags, especially when a series is extended by splicing together earlier monetary data.
Abstract: In this article, three significant variables used by the U.S. Federal Reserve as targets to shape monetary policy, the monetary aggregates M1, M2, and M3, are examined using a seasonal fractionally differenced model. The sample autocorrelation functions of these monetary variables exhibit a decay pattern at the seasonal lags that is typical of a fractional model. The seasonal fractionally differenced model is found to remove a great deal of the autocorrelation at the seasonal lags, especially when a series is extended by splicing together earlier monetary data. Some Monte Carlo evidence as to the efficacy of this technique is presented. Finally, one-year-ahead out-of-sample forecasts of M1 are made using both the Box—Jenkins airline model and the seasonal fractionally differenced model.
228 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a seasonal fractionally differenced model was used to remove a great deal of the autocorrelation at the seasonal lags, especially when a series is extended by splicing together earlier monetary data.
Abstract: In this article, three significant variables used by the U.S. Federal Reserve as targets to shape monetary policy, the monetary aggregates M1, M2, and M3, are examined using a seasonal fractionally differenced model. The sample autocorrelation functions of these monetary variables exhibit a decay pattern at the seasonal lags that is typical of a fractional model. The seasonal fractionally differenced model is found to remove a great deal of the autocorrelation at the seasonal lags, especially when a series is extended by splicing together earlier monetary data. Some Monte Carlo evidence as to the efficacy of this technique is presented. Finally, one-year-ahead out-of-sample forecasts of M1 are made using both the Box—Jenkins airline model and the seasonal fractionally differenced model.
225 citations
TL;DR: An experimental analysis demonstrated that, when flexible break assignments were modeled, the implicit formulation was superior to the traditional set-covering formulation with respect to execution time, computer memory requirements, and the ability to produce optimal integer solutions to larger problems incorporating greater flexibility.
Abstract: The labor scheduling literature has demonstrated that the use of flexibility in designing employee schedules can result in a substantial improvement in labor utilization. This paper presents a new implicit integer linear programming formulation for the inclusion of meal/rest-break flexibility. Although the use of flexible break assignments in labor staffing decisions has been of research interest since an early article by Segal 1974, due to problem size, the majority of related research has involved the use of heuristics. An experimental analysis using four different labor requirements patterns and ten shift-length combinations demonstrated that, when flexible break assignments were modeled, the implicit formulation was superior to the traditional set-covering formulation with respect to 1 execution time, 2 computer memory requirements, and 3 the ability to produce optimal integer solutions to larger problems incorporating greater flexibility. Finally, a number of possible extensions of the implicit modeling approach for use in other labor scheduling environments are identified.
TL;DR: Motivations and barriers to recycling: Toward a Strategy for Public Education as mentioned in this paper is an example of a strategy for public education that can be found in the literature of environmental education.
Abstract: (1990). Motivations and Barriers to Recycling: Toward a Strategy for Public Education. The Journal of Environmental Education: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 13-18.
TL;DR: This article analyzed the coexistence of aggressive relations reported by 888 intact child-rearing families using the National Survey of Physical Violence in American families and found that the existence of spousal violence in the family of origin increased the likelihood that the respondent, whether husband or wife, was the target of aggression from his or her spouse.
Abstract: This paper analyzes the coexistence of aggressive relations reported by 888 intact child-rearing families using the National Survey of Physical Violence in American Families. The existence of spousal violence in the family of origin increased the likelihood that the respondent, whether husband or wife, was the target of aggression from his or her spouse. Aggression between parent and child in female respondents' families of origin increased the likelihood that females behaved aggressively toward their children. Among these families, no pervasive pattern of sex-specific learned perpetration was found. Instead, vulnerability to aggression was transmitted more than the learned role of perpetrator. The analysis differs from earlier studies in that all of the patterns of family aggression are analyzed simultaneously, thereby taking into account current family interactions as well as historical ones.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a constant disequilibrium technique (pH-stat) to investigate carbonate precipitation kinetics in natural seawater spiked with 5 to 100μmol/kg dissolved inorganic phosphate.
TL;DR: For example, this article found that a childhood history of physical abuse was significantly related to adult physical child abuse potential; and, as chronicity increased, so did abuse potential, indicating that the childhood experience of a caring adult and /or caring friend moderates adult child abuse.
Abstract: The experience of aversive interactions within the family of origin is believed to increase the probability of parental physical child abuse. To test this hypothesis, 375 subjects were given a Childhood History Questionnaire (CHQ) and the Child Abuse Potential (CAP) Inventory. The CHQ contained a series of questions about the presence and frequency of various abusive behaviors and associated sequelae that were received and/or observed before and/or after puberty. The CAP Inventory was used to measure adult physical child abuse potential. As expected, a childhood history of physical abuse was significantly related to adult physical child abuse potential; and, as chronicity increased, so did abuse potential. The experience of physical abuse prior to puberty produced higher abuse scores than the experience of physical abuse after puberty. The study provides preliminary data indicating the childhood experience of a caring adult and / or caring friend moderates adult child abuse potential.
TL;DR: The development and initial psychometric evaluation of a Spanish language version of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP) is described, found to be culturally relevant and reliable in a pilot study and to be interpreted as health-promoting lifestyle.
Abstract: The development and initial psychometric evaluation of a Spanish language version of the Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP) is described. The 48-item instrument was translated into Spanish and found to be culturally relevant and reliable in a pilot study. The Spanish version was then administered to a diverse but predominantly Mexican-American group of 485 Hispanics residing in metropolitan and surrounding rural areas. In a principal components factor analysis, all but one item loaded significantly on six factors similar to those isolated previously during psychometric assessment of the English language version. Those six dimensions comprise the HPLP subscales of self-actualization, health responsibility, exercise, nutrition, interpersonal support, and stress management. The six factors explained 45.9% of the variance in the measure. Second-order factor analysis yielded a single factor, interpreted as health-promoting lifestyle. The alpha reliability coefficient for the total scale was .93 and 2-week test-retest reliability was .86; alpha coefficients for the subscales ranged from .70 to .87.
TL;DR: In this paper, a theory of presentations of inverse monoids analogous to the theory of generators and relations for groups is introduced. But the authors are mainly concerned with the word problem for inverse monoid presentations.
TL;DR: A significant positive relationship was found between effective grief resolution and a high hope level and the use of confrontive, optimistic, palliative, supportant, and self-reliant coping styles in the elderly widow(er).
Abstract: This descriptive study was based on Dimond's Bereavement Adaptation Model; investigation was made of the relationship between hope, concurrent losses, coping style, setting (hospital, hospice, nursing home), and grief resolution. Seventy-five elderly persons who had been widowed 12-18 months completed the Herth Hope Scale, the Jalowiec Coping Scale, and the Grief Resolution Index by mail. A significant positive relationship was found between effective grief resolution and a high hope level; 0-1 concurrent losses; the use of confrontive, optimistic, palliative, supportant, and self-reliant coping styles; and the death of the spouse within a hospice setting. The importance of the type of setting, hope level, and specific coping styles on grief resolution in the elderly widow(er) is suggested by the findings.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied selection on reaction norms of the gall-inducing insect Eurosta solidaginis (Diptera; Tephritidae), which attacks tall goldenrod Solidago altissima (Compositae).
Abstract: The sensitivity of genotypic expression to the environment can be depicted as the reaction norm, which is defined as the array of phenotypes produced by a single genotype over a range of environments. We studied selection on reaction norms of the gall-inducing insect Eurosta solidaginis (Diptera; Tephritidae), which attacks tall goldenrod Solidago altissima (Compositae). Gall size was treated as a component of insect phenotype and attributes of the host plant as environmental influences on gall development. Genetic differences in the response of gall size to plant lag time (the number of days before a plant responds to the gall maker) were examined. Reaction norms for full-sib families of flies were quantified as linear functions; the elevation of the function denoted gall size produced by the family averaged across all plants, and the function's slope denoted family sensitivity to lag time. Expected fitness of each family was regressed over reaction norm elevation and slope to yield selection gradients on these reaction norm parameters. Directional selection on gall size averaged across environments is four times stronger than selection on sensitivity. Yet, genetic variation for sensitivity contributes more than twice as much to gall phenotypic variance as family mean gall size. Our results suggest that selection on environmental sensitivity will be weak for populations restricted to a narrow segment of an environmental gradient, but strong for broadly distributed species.
TL;DR: The humorous stimulus resulted in improved immunity, regardless of the overt laughter expressed; overt crying was immunosuppressive, whereas the inhibition of weeping in the context of the same sad stimulus was not.
Abstract: Previous work has indicated that humor enhances immunity, but the immunological effects of overt crying have not been studied. Thirty-nine women viewed sad and humorous videotapes and either inhibited or expressed overt expressions of laughter and weeping; these were observed and timed. Moods and immunity (S-IgA) were repeatedly measured. The humorous stimulus resulted in improved immunity, regardless of the overt laughter expressed; overt crying was immunosuppressive, whereas the inhibition of weeping in the context of the same sad stimulus was not. Moods were more negative following the sad stimulus and in the expression condition. The results with respect to humor are consistent with previous research; the immunosuppressive effect of overt crying is discussed in the context of various types of crying that may have different effects.
TL;DR: A 27-item questionnaire was used to explore the perceptions, knowledge, and opinions of teachers of students with serious emotional disturbance regarding medication used with their students as mentioned in this paper, which indicated that the student's doctor was perceived as the leading professional responsible for taking steps to have the student on or off medication for behavior disorders.
Abstract: A 27-item questionnaire was used to explore the perceptions, knowledge, and opinions of 146 teachers of students with serious emotional disturbance regarding medication used with their students The results indicated that the student's doctor was perceived as the leading professional responsible for taking steps to have the student on or off medication for behavior disorders Parents, the school psychologist, and the student's case committee had a moderate degree of influence on such decisions The doctor and school psychologist were perceived to be responsible for determining the type of assessments used for evaluating drug effects Teachers rated global impressions as the assessment procedure used most frequently for such evaluations, but suggested that informal teacher diary would be their choice Hyperactivity and delusions/hallucinations were seen as the behavior disorders that most likely would lead to medication and, to a lesser extent, acting out and aggression In general, the teachers desired mo
TL;DR: Anti-gay violence is here viewed as being the result of immature males fulfilling sexual status needs, and visibility of the victim as homosexual plays a dominant role in distinguishing gays or lesbians who have been assaulted from those who have not.
Abstract: Anti-gay violence is here viewed as being the result of immature males fulfilling sexual status needs. Through such violence they reaffirm their commitment to heterosexuality in a way visible to their peers. Anti-gay offenders are divided into activists, who seek out homosexual victims; opportunists, who victimize gays and lesbians as occasions arise; and a much larger number who abandon any helping-citizen role when faced with such violence by others. Activists resort to gay-defined places to find victims; opportunists use other cues to identify victims. Chief among the cues used by offenders are behaviors and deportments that depart from traditional gender roles. Visibility of the victim as homosexual plays a dominant role in distinguishing gays or lesbians who have been assaulted from those who have not.
TL;DR: It is argued that a shift in the personal habits of knowing and acting that typically organize individual human experience is required and ideas about conditions that might facilitate the emergence of consciously pragmatic strategy informed by the kind of systemic wisdom that delicately balances natural systems without the benefit of human planning are proposed.
Abstract: A series of articles has recently appeared in which implications of second-order cybernetics for the practice of family therapy have been discussed. In this article, we attempt to advance the discussion by addressing ideas that we think have not been adequately emphasized thus far. Specifically proposed are ideas about conditions that might facilitate the emergence of consciously pragmatic strategy informed by the kind of systemic wisdom that delicately balances natural systems without the benefit of human planning. It is argued that a shift in the personal habits of knowing and acting that typically organize individual human experience is required. After attempting to specify what this shift might involve, implications of these ideas for the practice of family therapy and for human action in general are discussed.
TL;DR: Study results support the importance of both general health-related and cancer-specific cognitive/perceptual factors in explaining the occurrence of health-enhancing behaviors among ambulatory cancer patients and suggest these factors may be suitable targets for interventions to encourage adoption of healthy lifestyles.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the results of two studies that explore propositions of the Vertical Exchange Theory and discuss its implications on traditional methods of sales research, as well as the implications of these findings.
Abstract: Vertical Exchange Theory was introduced by Castleberry and Tanner (1986) as an integrative framework of the process by which sales managers and salespeople interact. This paper presents the results of two studies that explore propositions of the Vertical Exchange Theory. The findings have implications regarding traditional methods of sales research. These implications and implications concerning Vertical Exchange Theory are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, a process for generating sediment laminations by tide-controlled storage and release of delta-plain sediment is described, using data from two glacier-fed deltas in Glacier Bay, Alaska.
Abstract: A process for generating sediment laminations by tide-controlled storage and release of delta-plain sediment is described, using data from two glacier-fed deltas in Glacier Bay, Alaska. Intertidal mudflats and lower channel reaches store fluvial bed load and suspended load when the lower delta plain is flooded, which occurs periodically during spring intervals and continuously during neap intervals. Spring lower low tides expose the channel mouths at the delta lip and the entire delta plain, which causes abrupt transport pulses of stored sediment into the basin. Each pulse and ensuing flood tide forms a coarse and fine laminated couplet in the fjord-head basin. Neap-generated deposits are either structureless or faintly laminated.
TL;DR: Age‐related changes were not exacerbated by sensorineural pathology in aging C57BL/6J mice, and individual octopus cells varied greatly in the extent of age‐related abnormality.
Abstract: The influence of aging and age-related cochlear impairment on the ventral cochlear nucleus was evaluated by measuring morphological properties of the octopus cell area (OCA) in five age groups of inbred C57BL/6J and CBA/J mice (young adult to very old). The former strain demonstrates progressive cochlear sensorineural pathology and hearing loss during middle age; the latter has only modest sensorineural pathology late in life. Histological sections of the OCA were evaluated with serial sections and several strains for neurons, glia, and fibers, and Golgi impregnations were also used. Aging was associated with a decrease in volume of the OCA, a loss of neurons, slight decrease in neuron size, increased packing density of glial cells, and changes in dendrites ranging from minor to total loss of primary branches. The greatest changes occurred in extreme old age, beyond the median lifespan. Age-related changes were not exacerbated by sensorineural pathology in aging C57BL/6J mice. Individual octopus cells varied greatly in the extent of age-related abnormality.
TL;DR: In this paper, Wenner and Schlumberger array electrical soundings were made over portions of the Mallard North landfill in DuPage County, Illinois, to map the gross layered structure of a closed landfill.
Abstract: Sixteen Wenner and Schlumberger array electrical soundings were made over portions of the Mallard North landfill in DuPage County, Illinois, to map the gross layered structure of a closed landfill. Sounding curves were fit to standard type curves and values inverted in a least-squares procedure to yield multilayer geoelectrical models. Wood, newspaper, cloth, glass, plastic, and metal refuse interspersed with soil exhibited resistivities of 9–19 ohm-m (unsaturated) and 2–7 ohm-m (leachatesaturated). Mature unfractured clay-till cover material exhibited a resistivity of about 30 ohm-m, and its thickness was estimated to within 27% of its true thickness. Larger errors were encountered over fractured and freshly emplaced cover. Soundings were also inverted to yield accurate leachate levels and refuse thicknesses (errors for both averaged about 30%). While Schlumberger and Wenner soundings produced models with comparable accuracy, Schlumberger soundings were less sensitive to cover heterogeneities and easier to deploy. Moore's cumulative resistivity interpretation method was found to be unreliable in interpreting this type of resistivity data. Fractures present in the cover material, lateral changes in leachate level, and variations in cover thickness and resistivity contributed to errors in interpretation. Despite these limitations, models generated from electrical resistivity soundings are reasonably accurate in their depictions of internal conditions in this type of landfill. Such soundings could be used to map internal structure in other layered landfills that lack construction and operational records.
TL;DR: Elevational variation in habitat and specific habitat associations provide a plausible explanation for correlations of mammalian distribution and abundance with elevation.
Abstract: Distribution and abundance of small mammals in temperate Andean rainforests are correlated with elevation. To interpret such patterns, we examined elevational variation in habitats and habitat use by small mammals. Elevation accounts for significant variation in 22 of 24 habitat metrics, reflecting the diminishing stature and more open canopies of higher-elevation rainforests. Principal-components analysis of habitat shows significant multivariate effects of elevation. Mammal species differ significantly in use of about half of the habitat variables, in ways generally consistent with morphology, behavior, and diet. Abundant species appear to occupy typical habitats along the transect, whereas rarer species are associated with more distinctive habitat types. Species overlap substantially in their use of habitats, but analyses of trap captures indicate that species are segregated at finer spatial scales. Spatial segregation at this scale may contribute to the coexistence of abundant species and congeners. Elevational variation in habitat and specific habitat associations provide a plausible explanation for correlations of mammalian distribution and abundance with elevation.
TL;DR: Results showed that the most frequently passed item was the S&R, followed by the two body composition items, and it is recommended that the criterion cut-off scores be statistically validated using the illustrated technique when the active (instructed) group has been trained with documented levels of frequency, intensity, and duration.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was two fold: (1) to determine the percentage of 6-18-year-old students who passed the FITNESSGRAM criterion scores for percent body fat (%BF), body mass index (BM/), mile run (MR). sit-ups (SU), pull-ups (PU), and sit and reach (SR F =97%), followed by the two body composition items (%BF: M = 89%; F = 91%) (BMI:M = 88%; F = 85%), the MR (M = 77%; F = 60%), SU (M = 65%, F = 57%), and finally the PU (M = 73%; F = 32%). It is recommended that the criterion cut-off scores be statistically validated using the illustrated technique when the active (instructed) group has been trained with documented levels of frequency, intensity, and duration and the inactive (uninst...