Showing papers in "Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport in 1990"
TL;DR: A five-level Children's Activity Rating Scale (CARS) was designed to categorize the intensity of physical activities and discriminate between levels of energy expenditure in young children as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A five-level Children's Activity Rating Scale (CARS) was designed to categorize the intensity of physical activities and discriminate between levels of energy expenditure in young children. The CARS was used by trained observers over a 12-month period to assess physical activities of 3-4 year-old children during field observations. Agreement among observers using the CARS was 84.1% for 389 paired observation periods. The energy expenditure for each level was assessed by measuring VO2s and heart rates of 5-6 year-old children (12 boys, 13 girls) while they performed eight activities representing the CARS levels. Mean VO2s for the eight activities in Levels 1-5 ranged from 7.1 to 37.5 ml kg BW−1 min−1 (1 to 5.42 METS; 145% to 80.6% of VO2max). Mean heart rates ranged from 89 to 183 b min−1 for activities in Levels 1-5. VO2s and heart rates at each level were significantly different from all other levels. These data demonstrate that the CARS encompasses a wide range of energy expenditures, discrimin...
241 citations
TL;DR: It is indicated that acquisition practice with variations of the criterion task leads to better retention than practice on the criteriontask alone, contrary to a strict interpretation of the specificity of learning principle.
Abstract: The specificity of learning principle proposes that motor skills are specific and only superficially resemble other similar skills or variations of the same skill. On the other hand, the variability of practice hypothesis derived from schema theory proposes that experiences with task variations are vital to the development of the memories (schemata) responsible for response production and learning. This paper contrasts these two positions in two experiments aimed at determining the influence of providing variable and/or specific acquisition experiences on the retention of a force production task. The results clearly indicated that acquisition practice with variations of the criterion task leads to better retention than practice on the criterion task alone. This finding is contrary to a strict interpretation of the specificity of learning principle and suggests that paradigms investigating schema notions should be expanded to include potential impacts of variability of practice on tasks experience...
178 citations
TL;DR: The results indicated that there was no HR deceleration; during the aiming period, EEG alpha activity formed the dominant frequency and this was significantly greater in the left than in the right hemisphere; and there were no significant right hemisphere EEG changes in spectral power from 3 s before the shot to arrow release, but there were significant left hemisphere increases at 10, 12, and 24 Hz.
Abstract: Previous sport research on elite athletes has shown systematic changes in psychophysiological measures, such as heart rate (HR) deceleration and hemispheric asymmetries in EEG activity, in the few seconds prior to executing a motor response. These changes are believed to be due to a more focused attention on the external environment. Using archery (an attentive state), this investigation was designed to examine: (a) whether hemispheric asymmetry and HR deceleration would occur during the aiming period, and (b) if they did, whether this would affect performance. HR and left and right temporal EEG were recorded from 28 right-handed elite archers for 16 shots. The results indicated that (a) there was no HR deceleration; (b) during the aiming period, EEG alpha activity formed the dominant frequency and this was significantly greater in the left than in the right hemisphere; (c) there were no significant right hemisphere EEG changes in spectral power from 3 s before the shot to arrow release, but ther...
155 citations
TL;DR: While the majority of children reported obtaining at least some activity daily, a substantial proportion of children in this sample reported fewer than one LMVPA daily, indicating that many children may not be obtaining adequate amounts of physical activity.
Abstract: Third and fourth grade boys (n = 422) and girls (n = 390) in four Texas elementary schools reported their participation in moderate to vigorous physical activities (MVPAs) over a 3-day period. Students were surveyed during class on successive days. On a subsample (n = 44), the agreement between reported and observed physical activities during physical education or recess was 86.3%. Running, walking fast, games and sports, and bicycling accounted for 70% of Total MVPAs. Of Total MVPAs reported, 47.0% for boys and 44.6% for girls were 10 min or longer in duration (LMVPA). The average number of LMVPAs per day was 1.7 for both boys and girls. Students reported significantly more occurrences of LMVPAs out of school than during school. Significant interaction between grade and gender indicated that third grade boys reported more Total MVPAs and LMVPAs than third grade girls, but fourth grade boys reported fewer Total MVPAs and LMVPAs than fourth grade girls. During the 3-day reporting period, 12.3% of ...
154 citations
TL;DR: This tutorial is to stimulate discussion and critical evaluation of CRS for youth HRPF tests and to provide a detailed description of procedures used in development of mile run/walk test CRS.
Abstract: A new development in the testing of physical fitness of youth is the use of criterion-referenced standards (CRS). Although three national youth health-related physical fitness (HRPF) tests currently have CRS, a detailed description of the procedures used in their development has not been published nor have the standards been validated. Consequently, the scientific basis of these standards has been questioned. The purposes of this tutorial are (a) to discuss briefly issues related to the development of CRS for HRPF tests, (b) to provide a detailed description of procedures used in development of mile run/walk test CRS as an example, and (c) to illustrate how these standards can be validated. The objective is to stimulate discussion and critical evaluation of CRS for youth HRPF tests.
145 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of the rate of muscle contraction on the force-time curve parameters of male and female subjects was investigated. But the results were limited to a single test.
Abstract: (1990). The Effect of the Rate of Muscle Contraction on the Force-Time Curve Parameters of Male and Female Subjects. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 96-99.
125 citations
TL;DR: Findings suggest that the Caltrac monitor may provide a valid index of individual differences in physical activity in young children.
Abstract: Two studies were conducted to determine the validity of various measures of physical activity in young children. In Study 1, 21 preschool children were utilized to explore how well measures of children's activity obtained from parents, teachers, and the children predicted observed behavior at school and in the home. Study 2(n = 51 preschool children) focused on the predictive validity of the Caltrac motion sensor. In both studies, detailed minute-by-minute ratings of children's activity levels served as the criterion measure. The measures of children's activity in Study 1 were generally ineffective in predicting observed physical activity. Children's activity preferences, however, were significantly related to the proportion of high intensity physical activity performed. In Study 2, there was a significant relationship (r = .86, p < .0001) between Caltrac readings and observed physical activity. This correlation was similar for boys and girls, normal and overweight children, and younger and older...
109 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that naive individuals can be taught to reliably conduct and score the Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall interview in a brief training program.
Abstract: The Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall interview is commonly used in epidemiologic research, but the methods of training and certifying interviewers have not been studied or standardized. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability of the Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall interviews after a structured training program. Twenty-one volunteer interviewers participated in a five-session group training program that targeted standardized interview techniques and scoring procedures. Interviewers scored eight videotaped interviews on two occasions to assess scoring skills. Across all videotapes and interviewers, the test-retest reliability was .99. Two interviewers independently interviewed the same person on the same day, and the reliability of kilocalorie expenditure across interviewers was .86. It was concluded that naive individuals can be taught to reliably conduct and score the Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall interview in a brief training program.
106 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a methodology for the determination of critical power and anaerobic work capacity is presented. But this method is not suitable for the case of non-intrusive work.
Abstract: (1990). A Methodological Consideration for the Determination of Critical Power and Anaerobic Work Capacity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 406-409.
103 citations
91 citations
TL;DR: Although the SR test is the most reliable simple instrument, it provides only limited information about the flexibility at other joints in an older population.
Abstract: Head rotation, shoulder extension and rotation, ankle plantar and dorsiflexion, hip flexion, and sit and reach (SR) scores were examined in 41 women and 39 men, aged 45–75 years. The SR gave more reproducible data than the other measurements (intraclass test/retest correlation over 8 months, r = .83). SR scores were independent of standing height (r 2 = .068) but were greater in women (p < .002). The flexibility at all joints was less than reported for young adults. There were age-related decreases of flexibility scores for the head and shoulder joints (p < .01), with a parallel trend (p < .05) for ankle plantar flexion and SR scores (the last only after inclusion of an age-gender interaction term). A principal components analysis identified three factors (tentatively identified as general trunk, ankle, and shoulder flexibility) accounting for 55.9% of total variance. SR scores had a moderate correlation with the first factor (r = .61) but only weak correlations with the second and third. Althoug...
TL;DR: In this article, the theory of Planned Behavior is used to predict exercise intent. But predicting exercise intent is difficult and time-consuming, and there is no evidence that it can predict exercise intention.
Abstract: (1990). Predicting Exercise Intentions: The Theory of Planned Behavior. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 100-102.
TL;DR: No significant differences were found for subjects in the two types of exercise programs, suggesting that the effects of exercise relative to maintenance of bone density may be general as well as localized.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to test the effects of a 10-month exercise program on bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral content/bone width (BMC/BW) of postmenopausal women. Thirty-one women (ages 57-83) completed either a general aerobics exercise program (n = 10), a general aerobics plus upper body weight training exercise program (n = 10), or served as nonexercising control subjects (n = 11). Average compliance rates for the exercise subjects ranged from 72 to 80%. All subjects were pre- and posttested for BMC and BMC/BW in the radius of the nondominant forearm. ANOVA results indicated that there were significant differences between the exercise and control subjects in the amount of change in BMC and in BMC/BW (p < .05) during the course of the study. The exercise subjects experienced mean increases of 1.38% and 1.33% in BMC and BMC/BW, respectively, whereas the control group had decreases of 2.50% and 258%. No significant differences were found for subjects in the two types of exercise...
TL;DR: Results revealed a significant age main effect for both order and form performance, with older children performing better than younger children, and a model type main effect was also found for bothOrder andform performance.
Abstract: The purpose of the present experiment was to replicate and extend previous developmental modeling research by examining the qualitative as well as quantitative aspects of motor performance. Eighty females of two age groups (5–0 to 6–6 and 7–6 to 9–0 years) were randomly assigned to conditions within a 2 × 2 × 2 (Age x Model Type x Rehearsal) factorial design. Children received either verbal instructions only (no model) or a visual demonstration with experimenter-given verbal cues (verbal model) of a five-part dance skill sequence. Children were either prompted to verbally rehearse before skill execution or merely asked to reproduce the sequence without prompting. Both quantitative (order) and qualitative (form) performances were assessed. Results revealed a significant age main effect for both order and form performance, with older children performing better than younger children. A model type main effect was also found for both order and form performance. The verbal model condition produced bett...
TL;DR: It was concluded that children who seriously underestimate their perceived competence may be likely candidates for discontinuation of sport activities or low levels of physical achievement.
Abstract: The relationship between perceptions of competence and control, achievement, and motivated behavior in youth sport has been a topic of considerable interest The purpose of this study was to examine whether children who are under-, accurate, or overestimators of their physical competence differ in their achievement characteristics Children (N = 133), 8 to 13 years of age, who were attending a summer sport program, completed a series of questionnaires designed to assess perceptions of competence and control, motivational orientation, and competitive trait anxiety Measures of physical competence were obtained by teachers' ratings that paralleled the children's measure of perceived competence Perceived competence and teachers' ratings were standardized by grade level, and an accuracy score was computed from the difference between these scores Children were then categorized as underestimators, accurate raters, or overestimators according to upper and lower quartiles of this distribution A 2 x 2 x 3 (age level by gender by accuracy) MANCOVA revealed a significant gender by accuracy interaction Underestimating girls were lower in challenge motivation, higher in trait anxiety, and more external in their control perceptions than accurate or overestimators Underestimating boys were higher in perceived unknown control than accurate and overestimating boys It was concluded that children who seriously underestimate their perceived competence may be likely candidates for discontinuation of sport activities or low levels of physical achievement
TL;DR: Results showed that the most frequently passed item was the S&R, followed by the two body composition items, and it is recommended that the criterion cut-off scores be statistically validated using the illustrated technique when the active (instructed) group has been trained with documented levels of frequency, intensity, and duration.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was two fold: (1) to determine the percentage of 6-18-year-old students who passed the FITNESSGRAM criterion scores for percent body fat (%BF), body mass index (BM/), mile run (MR). sit-ups (SU), pull-ups (PU), and sit and reach (SR F =97%), followed by the two body composition items (%BF: M = 89%; F = 91%) (BMI:M = 88%; F = 85%), the MR (M = 77%; F = 60%), SU (M = 65%, F = 57%), and finally the PU (M = 73%; F = 32%). It is recommended that the criterion cut-off scores be statistically validated using the illustrated technique when the active (instructed) group has been trained with documented levels of frequency, intensity, and duration and the inactive (uninst...
TL;DR: Data suggest that an adaptational growth may be responsible, in part, for the augmented static lung volumes demonstrated in swimmers.
Abstract: To determine whether respiratory muscle strength is related to pulmonary volume differences in athletes and nonathletes, 11 intercollegiate female swimmers, 11 female cross-country runners, and two nonathletic control groups, matched to the athletes in height and age, were evaluated for pulmonary parameters including maximal inspiratory pressure (Plmax) and maximal expiratory pressure (PEmax). Swimmers exhibited larger (p .05) in either Plmax or inspiratory flow (FIV25%-75%). Timed expiratory volumes (FEV Q.5 m and FEV1.0 were significantly (p < .05) lower in the swimmers than in the controls. These data suggest that an adaptational growth may be responsible, in part, for the augmented static lung volumes demonstrated in swimmers
TL;DR: For this sample of 9th and 10th graders, significant others, particularly their peers and teachers, had a stronger impact on behavior than personal attitudes about activity.
Abstract: This study described the activity patterns of students in a high school fitness class and explored the structural relationships between particular student characteristics and their systematically coded exercise behavior. Although percent of time spent jogging was low (18%), with no gains made in cardiovascular fitness, the amount of time spent jogging, the distance covered, and fitness level were all significantly correlated. A LISREL VI computer program was used to test a structural equation model representing the Fishbein Behavioral-Intention Model. In support of the model, results showed the prediction of exercise behavior by attitude and subjective norm was significantly mediated by intention. Although not significant, it is worth noting that subjective norm was found to be the stronger predictor of intention over attitude. Background variables were found to indirectly influence intention through their significant influence on attitude and subjective norm. For this sample of 9th and 10th grad...
TL;DR: Male rather than female coaches more often experienced time constraints due to family responsibilities, and female coaches were more qualified than their male counterparts with respect to coaching experience with female teams, professional training, and professional experience.
Abstract: Previous research indicates that young athletes as well as athletic administrators hold gender-role stereotypical beliefs about coaches that disfavor females. The validity of two such beliefs (lack of qualified female coaches and time constraints due to family responsibilities) was examined in a statewide survey of 256 female and 296 male interscholastic coaches and a nationwide survey of 2,719 male and 1,449 female interscholastic coaches. Statistical analyses (p < .001) indicated that female coaches were (a) more qualified than their male counterparts with respect to coaching experience with female teams, professional training, and professional experience; (b) as qualified as male coaches with regard to intercollegiate playing experience; and (c) less qualified than male coaches with respect to high school playing experience and coaching experience with male teams. Findings also indicated that male rather than female coaches more often experienced time constraints due to family responsibilities.
TL;DR: In this article, a comparison of Harpenden and Lange Calipers in predicting body composition is made, and the results show that the Lange Caliper is more accurate than the Harenden Caliper.
Abstract: (1990). Comparison of Harpenden and Lange Calipers in Predicting Body Composition. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 184-190.
TL;DR: Adjustment for potential confounders, particularly measured body fat and reported exercise duration in combination, weakened the TV viewing/fitness relation moderately.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which time spent watching television is associated with cardiovascular fitness among 8,885 adults. Potential confounding effects of age, gender, smoking, length of work week, time reported exercising each week, and obesity were also examined. Subjects who watched TV more than 4 hours per day (frequent viewers) were 037 times as likely to be physically fit as those who watched TV less than 1 hour per day (infrequent viewers) with age and gender controlled. Similarly, adults who watched TV 3–4 hours per day (moderately frequent viewers) were 0.45 times as likely to be fit as infrequent watchers. Adjustment for potential confounders, particularly measured body fat and reported exercise duration in combination, weakened the TV viewing/fitness relation moderately. Given the findings of this study and the results of previous research, caution should be exercised regarding excessive television viewing.
TL;DR: The results for the aggregate sample show that the "Amount of Scholarship" attribute was the most important factor in the institutional choice process, and a student-athlete's perceived financial need has a critical impact on the institutionalchoice process.
Abstract: The primary purpose of this investigation was to determine the relative importance of the attributes that student–athletes use when determining their choice of a university. A second purpose was to compare previous athletic institutional choice studies with the results of this study to determine if the most important attributes were similar and to compare and contrast methodologies. Six hundred five Division I student–athletes (344 baseball players and 261 softball players) from all eight national geographic regions of the NCAA participated in this study. The experimental procedure was based on Information Integration Theory and a 210 fractional factorial design that resulted in 32 “choice sets.” These choice sets were composed of universities described by 10 attributes. This framework required that the student–athletes choose from among three university profiles, thereby realistically simulating the decision process. The results for the aggregate sample show that the “Amount of Scholarship” attr...
TL;DR: Results indicated that weak disciplinary mastery and strong social reconstruction teachers included more opportunities for shared decision making than did other teachers, while some concepts appeared to be acceptable to most value orientations, others were value sensitive.
Abstract: The study examined the extent to which teachers' value orientations mediate their responses to inservice training in a particular framework as measured by changes in their lesson planning skills. Twenty-five elementary physical educators' value orientations were classified using the Values Orientation Inventory (VOI). Teachers completed seven inservice sessions based on the Logsdon theoretical approach to children's physical education. Data were analyzed using three univariate ANOVAs. The .05 alpha level was adjusted using an experiment-wise error rate of <.017. Results indicated that weak disciplinary mastery and strong social reconstruction teachers included more opportunities for shared decision making than did other teachers. Most teachers changed their planning to include more opportunities for cognitive involvement. Thus, while some concepts appeared to be acceptable to most value orientations, others were value sensitive.
TL;DR: Results indicate that tests of decision theories that include locus of control measures specific to health or exercise must adjust for fitness, perceived barriers to physical activity, and behaviorally relevant outcome-expectancy values of physical activity when studying college students.
Abstract: We statistically controlled fitness (1.5-mile run), outcome-expectancy values, and perceived barriers for physical activity and then compared internal health locus of control (IHLOC) with internal exercise locus of control (IEXLOC) for predicting the physical activity of college students (N = 84). Prospective observations of self-reported free-living physical activity (seven-day recall) and supervised running (time x distance) were made at 2-, 5-, and 9-week intervals. IHLOC predicted seven-day recall at Week 2(β = .19) and Week 5 (β = .36) (increase in adjusted R2 ranged from .05 to .12, p < .05). Consistent with theory, the prediction was not reproducible when generalized outcome-expectancy value rather than outcome-expectancy value for health was assessed. IHLOC was unrelated to supervised running. IEXLOC was unrelated to activity in all analyses, even though exercise-specific measures of outcome-expectancy values (βs = .20) and perceived barriers (βs = .27 - .32) predicted both seven-day reca...
TL;DR: It is suggested that phosphate may have an ergogenic effect, but clearly more work needs to be undertaken to ascertain the amount of phosphate required and the magnitude of the effect.
Abstract: It is known that an increased level of red blood cell 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) shifts the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to the right, thus allowing a greater unloading of oxygen at the tissue level. It has been hypothesized that phosphate might help increase VOjnax by increasing 2,3-DPG level. Eight trained cyclists underwent three cycle ergometer tests (control, placebo, and experimental) to determine whether phosphate ingestion had any positive effect on VO2max, time to exhaustion, serum 2,3-DPG, and serum phosphate levels. We found no change between the control, placebo, or experimental conditions in pretest serum phosphate levels, but we did find increases in 2,3-DPG levels in the phosphate condition (p < .05), which suggests that even a small amount of phosphate could increase levels of 2,3-DPG. We also found significant differences in VO2max between the control (p < .05) and placebo (p < .02) conditions and also in time to exhaustion between the three conditions (p < .05). We suggest...
TL;DR: In this paper, Gold Medal Volleyball: The Training Program and Physiological Profile of the 1984 Olympic Champions, the authors present a detailed account of the training program and physiological profile of the Olympic volleyball players.
Abstract: (1990). Gold Medal Volleyball: The Training Program and Physiological Profile of the 1984 Olympic Champions. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 196-200.
TL;DR: It was concluded that either of the derived variables vVT and vVO2max appear to explain significant variation in distance running performance among adolescent female cross country runners.
Abstract: The purpose of the study was to relate three determinants of distance running success, (a) maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), (b) ventilatory threshold (VT), and (c) running economy (RE), to actual running time in a 5-km race (ART). Twenty-four female runners (M age = 15.9 years) from four high school teams that competed at the Massachusetts All-State 5-km Cross Country Championship Meet and placed 1st, 7th, 19th, and 20th were tested in the laboratory. The mean VO2max of these runners was 61.7 ml·kg−1·min−1, HRmax 201 b·min−1, VEmax 100 L·min−1, and RER 1.10. The VT occurred at 79% of the VO2max, an HR of 184 b·min−1 (92% of HRmax). The velocity at VT (vVT) and velocity at VO2max (vVO2max) was correlated with ART, r(22) = .78 and .77 (p .05. It was concluded that either of the derived ...