Showing papers by "Ohio State University published in 1975"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present examples from society in general, and from organizations in particular, of reward systems that "pay off" for one behavior even though the rewarder hopes dearly for another.
Abstract: Illustrations are presented from society in general, and from organizations in particular, of reward systems that “pay off” for one behavior even though the rewarder hopes dearly for another. Porti...
1,496 citations
1,267 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the consequences of prejudice against accepting the null hypothesis through a mathematical model intended to stimulate the research-publication process and case studies of apparent erroneous rejections of the null hypotheses in published psychological research were examined through a questionnaire survey of a sample of social psychologists.
Abstract: The consequences of prejudice against accepting the null hypothesis were examined through (a) a mathematical model intended to stimulate the research-publication process and (b) case studies of apparent erroneous rejections of the null hypothesis in published psychological research. The input parameters for the model characterize investigators' probabilities of selecting a problem for which the null hypothesis is true, of reporting, following up on, or abandoning research when data do or do not reject the null hypothesis, and they characterize editors' probabilities of publishing manuscripts concluding in favor of or against the null hypothesis. With estimates of the input parameters based on a questionnaire survey of a sample of social psychologists, the model output indicates a dysfunctional research-publication system. Particularly, the model indicates that there may be relatively few publications on problems for which the null hypothesis is (at least to a reasonable approximation) true, and of these, a high proportion will erroneously reject the null hypothesis. The case studies provide additional support for this conclusion. Accordingly, it is concluded that research traditions and customs of discrimination against accepting the null hypothesis may be very detrimental to research progress. Some procedures that can help eliminate this bias are prescribed.
937 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an effective medium approximation for the conductivity tensor of a randomly inhomogeneous medium is generalized to treat, in principle, materials consisting of crystallites of arbitrary shape and conductivities tensors of arbitrary symmetry.
Abstract: An old effective-medium approximation for the conductivity tensor of a randomly inhomogeneous medium is generalized to treat, in principle, materials consisting of crystallites of arbitrary shape and conductivity tensors of arbitrary symmetry. The effective-medium approximation is roughly analogous to the coherent-potential approximation (CPA) of alloy theory. The analog of the average-$t$-matrix approximation (ATA) is also formulated in a general way. The method is fully tractable analytically for ellipsoidal crystallites. Several applications are discussed. The effective conductivity of a polycrystal consisting of randomly oriented uniaxial crystallites is calculated as a function of the anisotropy of the grains. For a model polycrystal in an intense magnetic field, the CPA and ATA are compared, the former giving more accurate results.
473 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated Strong's prediction of the existence of three dimensions of perceived counselor behavior (expertness, attractiveness, and trustworthiness): expertness, credibility, trustworthiness, and attractiveness.
Abstract: This study investigated Strong's prediction of the existence of three dimensions of perceived counselor behavior—expertness, attractiveness, and trustworthiness. Films of interviews given by Rogers, Ellis, and Perls were watched by 202 subjects, who rated each counselor on 36 bipolar scales. The ratings were then factor analyzed separately for each counselor. Results supported the existence of the hypothesized dimensions for Rogers and Perls but only two dimensions for Ellis. Implications of these results for counseling and for further research are discussed. The client's perceptions of the counselor's behavior determines to a large extent the effectiveness of the counseling interview. Goldstein, Heller, and Sechrest (1966) emphasized how client perceptions of the therapist might be influenced by counselor behavior indicative of expertness, credibility, trustworthiness, and attractiveness. Their recommendations for research in each of these dimensions stemmed from earlier research in social psychology that suggested the importance of a communicator's perceived credibility (expertness and trustworthiness) and attractiveness for inducing attitude change (Hovland, Janis, & Kelley, 1953). Since then there has been a considerable amount of research dealing with counselor behavior and its perception by the client. Strong (1968) suggested that counseling represents an interpersonal influence process. Counselors perceived by clients as expert, attractive, and trustworthy should be more influential with clients than counselors not perceived as such. Strong (1970) also discussed the importance of the client's perceptions as part of a process of causal attribution regarding counselor characteristics. Some studies have investigated observers' perceptions of one or more of the three dimensions (Kaul & Schmidt, 1971; Schmidt & Strong, 1970). Other research has studied these
463 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a conceptualization of uncertainty as a psychological state is developed and sources of variability in the perception of uncertainty are attributes of the environment, individual cognitive states, and individual cognitive abilities.
Abstract: A conceptualization of uncertainty as a psychological state is developed. Sources of variability in the perception of uncertainty considered are attributes of the environment, individual cognitive ...
407 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the absorption of radiation as it passes through the water, and derive equations for the resulting temperature range of the pond during year round operation, taking into account the heat that can be stored in the ground underneath the pond.
326 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the results of stress corrosion tests with aluminum alloys that have been obtained to date with fracture mechanics techniques are reviewed. But the present and limited status of theoretical understanding of the stress corrosion cracking is outlined.
Abstract: Stress corrosion cracking of aluminum alloys is reviewed. An extensive failure analysis shows how many service failures occurred in the aerospace industry over a ten year period and what kind of alloys and stresses led to initiation and propagation of stress corrosion cracks which caused these service failures. The paper contains most of the results of stress corrosion tests with aluminum alloys that have been obtained to date with fracture mechanics techniques. Stress corrosion crack growth rate measurements are compared with the results from smooth specimen testing and it is shown that the correlation between the different test results is very satisfactory. The present and limited status of theoretical understanding of stress corrosion cracking is outlined. A major part of the paper is devoted to the results of the latest alloy development. High strength aluminum alloys of dramatically increased stress corrosion resistance are available now. In the near future, stress corrosion resistant alloys of even higher strength might become available. What is still lacking is a detailed understanding of the mechanisms by which stress corrosion cracks initiate and propagate.
308 citations
TL;DR: Trinder's method for glucose has nearly all the attributes of an ideal automated colorimetric glucose oxidase procedure and a study of the method by the simplex technique revealed that the glucose oxidation activity in the reagent is the most critical variable.
Abstract: Trinder's method for glucose has nearly all the attributes of an ideal automated colorimetric glucose oxidase procedure. The chemicals used in the color reaction with peroxidase are readily available, the solutions are stable and can be prepared by the user, the method is highly specific and largely free of interferences, the sensitivity can be adjusted by the user to cover a wide range of glucose concentrations, and the reagents are not hazardous. We found very good agreement between results by this method and by the hexokinase and Beckman Glucose Analyzer methods. The method has been modified and adapted to the AutoAnalyzer I and SMA 6/60 (Technicon) with manifolds that give very little interaction between specimens. A study of the method by the simplex technique revealed that the glucose oxidase activity in the reagent is the most critical variable.
285 citations
01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: The modern antibiotic era can be said to have opened on February 12, 1941, with the first clinical trial of penicillin, shortly followed by the introduction of one after another of the major antibiotic substances which remain the mainstay of clinical therapy of infectuous diseases to this date.
Abstract: The modern antibiotic era can be said to have opened on February 12, 1941, with the first clinical trial of penicillin. Within a couple of years man had at last, after eons of adventitious searching, a truly effective and safe agent for the treatment of many systemic bacterial infections. This was shortly followed by the introduction of one after another of the major antibiotic substances which remain the mainstay of clinical therapy of infectuous diseases to this date. Intensive screening of fermentation liquors derived from various microbes, principally fungi and streptomycetes, has resulted in literature descriptions of more than 2,000 Individual antibiotics to date, and It has been estimated that more than 20,000 analogs of 6-amino- penicillante acid alone have been made by chemists working tn close collaboration with biochemists and microbiologists. Several of these substances are currently on the market.
TL;DR: The number of nonisomorphic designs on v points with given block size k > 2 and index λ tends to infinity as v increases (subject to the above congruences).
TL;DR: This paper found that self-focused attention is always aversive and hence, should be avoided, except after negative feedback, and that attention focused on the self was more attentive in the presence of negative feedback.
01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: A pairwise balanced block design (PBD) of index unity was introduced by BOSE, Shrikhande & Parker [4] and H. Hanani [9] as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A pairwise balanced design (PBD) of index unity is a pair (X,A) where X is a set (of points) and A a class of subsets A of X (called blocks) such that any pair of distinct points of X is contained in exactly one of the blocks of A (and we may also require |A| ≥ 2 for each A ∈ A). Such systems are also known as linear spaces. PBD’s where all blocks have the same size |A| = k are known as balanced incomplete block designs (BIBD’s) of index λ = 1, as 2 - (v,k,1) designs, and as Steiner systems S(2,k,v). The more general concept, where multiple block sizes are allowed, was introduced by BOSE, Shrikhande & Parker [4] and H. Hanani [9], and played important roles in their respective work on orthogonal Latin squares and Bibd’s.
TL;DR: The described purple membrane isolation procedures yield a highly purified preparation as determined by transmitting electron microscopy and gel electrophoresis and critical analysis of the absorption spectra of the purple membrane was also employed to establish criteria of purity for the preparation.
Abstract: Techniques for purifying teh purple membrane of Halobacterium halobium are given. This purple membrane contains a chromoprotein with a retinal prosthetic group similar to rhodopsin, the chromprotein found in the visual systems of higher invertebrates and vertebrates. The described purple membrane isolation procedures yield a highly purified preparation as determined by transmitting electron microscopy and gel electrophoresis. Critical analysis of the absorption spectra of the purple membrane was also employed to establish criteria of purity for the preparation. The visible absorption spectra of the purified purple membrane preparation in buffer was found to have a maximum at 559 nm which shifted to 567 nm on light exposure. No indication of any spectral perturbation arising from bacterioruberin-containing membrane, the major contaminant in purple membrane preparations, was found. Furthermore, the ratio of protein aromatic amino acid absorbance at 280 nm to chromophore absorbance at 567 nm was found to be 1.5 in light-exposed preparations compared to the previously reported ratio of 2.3.-3 The decrease in the value of this ratio is also indicative of an increase in the purity of the purple membrane preparation.
TL;DR: In this paper, a technique for combining moment methods with the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) is presented, which permits the application of the method of moments to a larger class of problems.
Abstract: A technique for combining moment methods with the geometrical theory of diffraction (GTD) is presented, which permits the application of the method of moments to a larger class of problems. The fundamental idea used to develop the hybrid technique is to modify the usual impedance matrix that characterizes, for example, a wire antenna such that a metallic body or discontinuity on that body is properly accounted for. It is shown in general that one can modify the impedance matrix for any basis and/or weighting functions if one can compute the correct modification to the impedance matrix element. The modification is readily accomplished using the geometrical theory of diffraction and/or geometrical optics. Several example problems are considered to illustrate the usefulness of the technique. First, the canonical problem of a monopole near a conducting wedge is investigated. Second, a monopole at the center of a four-sided and an eight-sided flat plate is considered. Impedance results for the latter case are in good agreement with measurements. Third, a monopole at the center of a circular disc is examined and compared with experimental measurements in the literature, and fourth, the problem of a monopole near a conducting step is solved and the dependence of the input impedance upon the step height shown.
TL;DR: Fat is a potent stimulus for the release of GIP in normal individuals and endogenously released GIP is not insulinotropic under the conditions of this study.
Abstract: Ten normal volunteers ingested emulsified corn oil and the immunoreactive GIP, insulin (IRI) and nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) responses were measured. Serum GIP levels increased after the ingestion of corn oil in all subjects, rising from a mean fasting level of 272 pg/ml to 856 +/- 272 pg/ml (P less than 0.05) by 30 minutes. The peak mean serum GIP concentration of 1,345 +/- 291 pg/ml occurred at 60 minutes; and mean serum GIP levels at 180 minutes remained significantly elevated over fasting values. Serum IRI, glucose and NEFA concentrations did not change during the 180 minutes of study. No changes in serum GIP concentrations occurred when, for control purposes, six volunteers ingested water on another day. We conclude: 1) Fat is a potent stimulus for the release of GIP in normal individuals. 2) Endogenously released GIP is not insulinotropic under the conditions of this study.
TL;DR: The Wheeler method and the Q method are used to find the efficiency of electrically small multiturn loop antennas and are applicable at VHF and frequencies below where the design of an antenna range or anechoic chamber becomes increasingly difficult and expensive.
Abstract: Two methods for measuring antenna efficiency are described. The two methods, referred to as the Wheeler method and the Q method, are used to find the efficiency of electrically small multiturn loop antennas. The principal advantage of both methods is that they can be quickly and easily applied. Further, both methods relate the antenna efficiency to the input impedance rather than a far-field pattern integration. Thus, the methods are applicable at VHF and frequencies below where the design of an antenna range or anechoic chamber becomes increasingly difficult and expensive.
TL;DR: Rat liver microsomes were used to measure the rates of chain elongation and desaturation of acids in the linoleate, oleate and palmitoleate biosynthetic pathways to determine whether there is a relationship between rates of conversion and the types of unsaturated fatty acids found in rat liver lipids.
TL;DR: Bacterial recovery rate was inversely related to the dramatic increase with age of IgA and IgG and lysozyme levels in effusions, indicating local production in middle ear effusions.
Abstract: Middle ear effusions from 100 patients (ages 6 months to 10 years) with serous otitis media were examined. The IgA, IgG, and lysozyme were demonstrated at a higher level in the effusions than the corresponding sera, indicating local production. The mucoid type contained higher level of immunoglobulins and lysozyme compared to serous type effusions. Bacteria were found in 77% of the effusions by means of a smear, and 52% yielded positive bacterial culture. The incidence of positive culture in effusions of the patients less than 6 years of age was 60%, while the group older than 6 years old was 32%, and the group over 8 was only 22%. Bacterial recovery rate was inversely related to the dramatic increase with age of IgA and IgG and Iysozyme levels in effusions.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that a separable Banach space B contains a subspace isomorphic to the double-dual of B if and only if there exists an element inB**, which is not a weak* limit of a sequence of elements in B. Consequently, B contains an isomorph of B** if (and only if) the cardinality ofB** is greater than that of the continuum.
Abstract: It is proved that a separable Banach spaceB contains a subspace isomorphic tol
1 if (and only if) there exists an element inB**, the double-dual ofB, which is not a weak* limit of a sequence of elements inB. ConsequentlyB contains an isomorph ofl
1 if (and only if) the cardinality ofB** is greater than that of the continuum.
TL;DR: A simple, preparative route in nine steps from methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside is described that affords, in 40% overall yield, the title amino sugar 11, the sugar constituent of the antitumor antibiotics adriamycin and daunorubicin.
[...]
TL;DR: In this article, a model of policing in the context of agency relations and managerial discretion was developed. But the model was not applied to the case of regulatory behavior, since public interest groups are constrained to police the manifestations of agent fidelity in the regulatory agencies rather than adherence to public interest criteria.
Abstract: In conclusion, we have developed a model of policing in the context of agency relations and managerial discretion. The model had three stages: 1) diversion of resources to policing or other uses; 2) implementation of policing mechanism; and 3) agent's reaction to policing. We then applied the model to the case of regulatory behavior. We argued in part that public interest groups are constrained (and perhaps in some cases may elect) to police the manifestations of agent fidelity in the regulatory agencies rather than adherence to public interest criteria. This has possibly paradoxical consequences in that return to public interest criteria may thereby be reduced.
TL;DR: In this paper, the mutual impedance of nonplanar-skew sinusoidal dipoles is presented rigorously as a summation of several exponential integrals with complex arguments.
Abstract: The mutual impedance of nonplanar-skew sinusoidal dipoles is presented rigorously as a summation of several exponential integrals with complex arguments.
TL;DR: The exact roles of injury, the wound epidermis, and nerves in the initiation of regeneration are not understood, but recent work in the laboratory has led to the development of regenerative medicine.
TL;DR: Data from 10 herds on a herd reproductive status program supported estimates of lost reproductive days per cow per year due to conception failure and missed heat as 23 and 10 days.
TL;DR: The authors found that one third of the variability in tipping was explained by the norm that tip should equal 15% of bill, consistent with a new theory of division of responsibility, and variation around this norm was an inverse power function of group size, specifically, 18%/N'22.
Abstract: The amount tipped by 396 groups of restaurant diners was a function of the number of people eating together as well as the size of the bill. One-third of the variability in tipping was explained by the norm that tip should equal 15% of bill. In addition, consistent with a new theory of division of responsibility, variation around this norm was an inverse power function of group size, specifically, 18%/N'22.
TL;DR: It is likely that limb stumps can initiate the regeneration process in the absence of nerves but that the cells are blocked in the G2 phase of the first cell cycle and consequently do not proliferate to form a blastema.