Showing papers by "Rio de Janeiro State University published in 1991"

Sexual culture, HIV transmission, and AIDS research

Abstract: The spread of the international AIDS pandemic has drawn attention to the urgent need for data on human sexual behavior; yet the absence of an established tradition of theory and method in sex research has limited the development of initiatives in this area. This has been particularly evident in the lack of attention given to the ways in which cross‐cultural differences structure the meaning of sexual experience. While survey research can play an important role in documenting sexual behavior, qualitative research on sexual culture is equally important in order to develop a framework for the comparative analysis of behavioral data. This article seeks to contribute to the development of theory and method in sex research by outlining key research issues and possible methodologies for the qualitative investigation of sexual culture in relation to HIV/AIDS.

Notas sobre as polÍticas de saÚde no Brasil de "transição democrática": anos 80

Abstract: As politicas de saude dos anos 80 constituem o nucleo tematico do artigo, analisando-se nelas os tTacos emergentes, conjunturais, e os tracos repetidos, continuados, estruturais. Para apreender as continuidades nos discursos e nas praticas de saude, analisam-se diversas conjunturas que precedem a dos anos 80, desde a Primeira Republica ate a conjuntura da 'abertura democratica', no final dos anos 70 e inicio de 80. Entre esses temas devem ser salientados a reforma sanitaria, a unificacao de servicos de saude, a descentralizacao e desconcentracao institucional, a hierarquizacao de atos e servicos medicos e a participacao popular em servicos de saude.

Mandibular growth and third molar impaction in extraction cases

Abstract: The position of mandibular third molars was studied in 60 patients from the pedodontic and orthodontic departments at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. All individuals received orthodontic treatment with an edgewise appliance following the extraction of first premolars. Examination of superimposed pretreatment and posttreatment cephalometric radiographs led to the observation that mandibular growth is directly related to the positioning of mandibular third molars. Third molar impactions were more likely to occur in cases with a predominance of vertical growth. The larger ascending ramus, the diminution in total length of the mandible and the larger mesial inclination of the crowns also seem to be indicative of third molar impaction.

A satisfação do usuário em hospital universitário

Abstract: Sao apresentados resultados de uma pesquisa exploratoria da satisfacao/insatisfacao de 158 pacientes que recorreram a um Hospital Universitario (HUPE) para consulta inicial. As entrevistas foram feitas por alunos do primeiro ano, como parte de projeto de insercao precoce do mesmo com a pratica medica, acompanhando pacientes como observadores. Foi utilizado questionario que cobriu os varios aspectos do problema: variaveis socio-demograficas, arte do cuidado, resolutividade da consulta medica, sugestoes de melhoria dos servicos. Tanto alunos/observadores como os usuarios conseguiram perceber com precisao os problemas do processo do atendimento (recepcao, matricula, consulta, enfermagem, servico social, farmacia, exames complementares) mas houve divergencia de opiniao entre varios aspectos da satisfacao/insatisfacao entre alunos e usuarios, provavelmente devido as origens sociais diferentes e expectativas diversas.

Brazil is getting older: demographic changes and epidemiological challenges

Abstract: Population ageing is currently a phenomenon not only in developed countries but also in third world countries. In this paper the features of a population's ageing and the process of epidemiological transition are discussed along with the worldwide changes in age-structure. Population statistics in Brazil and the characteristics of the elderly population are presented and analysed in the light of recent changes. The Brazilian elderly population is also discussed, particularly the issues relating to the social cost of the aged population, its urban and rural distribution, the elderly by sex, marital status and level of schooling, and emphasis is given to the imbalance of the sexes and the consequences of it for women.

Canatoxin, a plant protein, induces insulin release from isolated pancreatic islets

Abstract: Canatoxin (CNTX), the toxic protein purified from Canavalia ensiformis, has been shown to induce secretion from different cellular systems through a mechanism involving a lipoxygenase-mediated pathway Here it is shown that CNTX causes insulin release from isolated rat pancreatic islets This effect is time and dose dependent, occurs in the absence as well in the presence of glucose, and is markedly reduced at lower temperatures (15 C) At 1–2 μM, the insulinotropic effect of CNTX is equivalent to that of 20 mM glucose, and the two responses are not additive The stimulatory effect of CNTX is not caused by a toxic or lytic effect of the toxin on the islets, since islets once exposed to CNTX are able to respond a new insulinotropic stimulus The phospholipase inhibitor mepacrine impairs insulin release induced by either CNTX or glucose Indomethacin, an inhibitor of the cyclooxygenation of arachidonic acid, fails to affect insulin release, but two lipoxygenase inhibitors block it, and epinephrine reduces i

[Prevalence of depression and organic cerebral syndrome in the elderly population, Brazil].

Abstract: Sao apresentados dados de um estudo de prevalencia de sindrome cerebral orgânica e depressao em uma populacao de idosos em tres distritos da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil, assim como discutem aspectos metodologicos relacionados com a confiabilidade interavaliadores e teste-reteste e estabelecimento do ponto de corte do instrumento utilizado (BOAS). As taxas de prevalencia de sindrome cerebral orgânica variaram de 5,9%, 9,8% e 29,8% entre os distritos estudados, enquanto as taxas de Depressao variaram de 20,9%, 23,0% e 36,8%. Foram ainda calculadas as taxas de prevalencia corrigidas pelos dados de sensibilidade e especificidade para ambos os diagnosticos. Sao discutidos os fatores associados com tais diferencas, tomando como referencia a literatura nacional e internacional.

Relationship of biotype and source to the hemagglutination and adhesive properties of C. diphtheriae.

Abstract: 1. A study was conducted on the hemagglutinating and adhesive properties of sucrose-fermenting and non-sucrose-fermenting Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains. Sheep erythrocytes were agglutinated by 72% of toxigen C. diphtheriae strains and by 87% of nontoxigenic strains, by 67% of the strains isolated from throats and 94% of skin isolates, and by 65% of sucrose-fermenting organisms and 93% of non-sucrose-fermenting strains. 2. Neither presence nor absence of toxin production was correlated with the hemagglutinating property. 3. Different levels of adherence to glass surfaces occurred among C.diphtheriae strains. 4. Strains from skin lesions and of the non-sucrose-fermenting biotype showed strong hemagglutinating activity. 5. In contrast, sucrose-fermenting strains exhibited less hemagglutinating activity, but most of them (71%) were predominantly effective adherers to glass surfaces.

Deposition of alkali-soluble fluoride on enamel surface with or without pellicle.

Abstract: Deposition of alkali-soluble fluoride on enamel in the presence and absence of an acquired pellicle was studied in vitro during a single topical application of a 2% sodium fluoride solution at neutral pH. Five experimental groups of repeated measures design were established. The amount of alkali-soluble fluoride formed on enamel (i.e., calcium fluoride) was measured by chemical assessments and by SEM. The results showed that there were no differences among the groups demonstrating the incapacity of pellicle to interfere with deposition of alkali-soluble fluoride on enamel. The fluoride ions are thus able to reach the enamel in spite of the presence of the pellicle.

Roedores silvestres como modelos experimentais da esquistossomose mansônica: Akodon arviculoides (Rodentia: Cricetidae)

Abstract: The experimental infection of A. arviculoides through different routes of penetration of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae (Transcutaneous and subcutaneous) was studied by the cinetics of egg elimination in stools, by the recovery and localization of adult worms (in the portal system and the mesenteric veins) and through the quantitative egg count. It was shown that A. arviculoides infection is similar to the albino mice which served as control in relation to the efficiency of penetration routes, to the adult worms habitat and the egg count. These results suggest that other aspects of the host-parasite relationship should be evaluate so that A. arviculoides may be indicated as an alternative experimental model in schistosomiasis studies.

Monosaccharides and disaccharides decrease the Km for phosphorylation of a membrane-bound enzyme ATPase.

Abstract: The disaccharides trehalose and sucrose, and to a lesser extent the monosaccharides glucose and fructose, decrease the apparent Km of the Ca2+, Mg(2+)-ATPase of sarcoplasmic reticulum for Pi. This effect is more pronounced at pH 7.4 than at pH 6.2. The enzyme is not phosphorylated by Pi when the temperature of the medium is decreased to 0 degree C, but when 1.5 M trehalose or sucrose is present phosphoenzyme formation increases to 0.5 mumol E-P/g protein.

Growth allometry of the myocardium in human embryos (from stages 15 to 23).

Abstract: The relative growth of the myocardium was studied in 27 staged human embryos (Carnegie stages). The volume of the myocardium was determined for each embryo according to Cavalieri’s principle (by using point-counting planimetry to determine the area of the profiles of the myocardium). The volume of the myocardium (variable Y) was correlated to embryonic crown-rump length (variable X in millimeters) and age (in days). The bivariate allometric equation was used as Y = aXb. The scatterplot was discontinuous, presenting two trends during the postsomitic period. The first part was composed of embryos staged from stages 15 to 20, and the second part by embryos staged from stages 21 to 23. The breakpoint between these different trends was found at the level of stage 20 (embryo of 22 mm in crown-rump length and age nearly of 52 days). From stages 15 to 20, the growth rate of the myocardium was allometrically negative. On the other hand, from stages 21 to 23 this growth rate was moderately allometrically positive. These differences in growth of the myocardium were analyzed and, at least partially, might be due to the functional circulatory increase in the peripheral vascular bed in correlation to the cardiac hemodynamic demand required at the end of the embryonic period proper.

Mortalidade feminina no Brasil: sexo frágil ou sexo forte?

Abstract: Population ageing in Brazil has been more rapid and more intense among women. This phenomenon is well described in developed countries where mortality rates are higher for men than women. In this regard, the analysis of mortality patterns by cause contributes to elucidate the determinant factors of the present situation in Brazil and provides indications of some future trends in female mortality. This is especially important due to the fact that in Brazil the social role of women has experienced great changes. This study presents data on mortality from ten capital cities in 1985, showing age-standardized overall and cause-specific mortality rates for five of the main groups of causes by sex. Ratios and differences effect estimators were used. The results revealed that regional patterns are associated with the urban and industrial processes with greater differences by sex in more developed regions. External causes and cardiovascular diseases are the main factors responsible for higher mortality among men with special emphasis on violent deaths. It is inferred that the present trend will be maintained, though it is possible that mortality differences by sex could decrease in the near future. The authors discuss that longer survival among women in Brazil does not reveal better life conditions.

Geometria do relevo e estratigrafia do quaternário como base à tipologia de cabeceiras de drenagem em anfiteatro - médio vale do rio paraíba do sul

Abstract: Research on slopes evolution in the Southeastern Brazilian Plateau has demostrated the existence of complex subsurface structures associated to apparently simple topographic features (rampas). It indicates the importance of systematizing stratigraphic studies associated to surface geometry. Considering the amphitheaterlike head-water as a fundamental unit of geomorphological evolution, an amphitheater typology extensive to "drowned" sub-basins is proposed, based on geometric.discontinuities verified at the articulation zone of the side slopes with the longitudinal axis of topographic concavities (hollows). Present knowledge on slope and drainage system dynamics has led to the identification of hollows as segments which are able to reproduce the amphitheater evolution in their subsurface structure. Two fundamental types have been defined. The first is related to the predominance of various episodes of colluviation, convergent to die main axis, defining the structure of rampa complexes in concave hollows (HQ. The second type is related to head-waters which in the recent geologic past have been subjected to intense process of accelerated linear erosion (paleogullies), which is represented in their longitudinal axis by alluvial-colluvial rampas. This is topographically characterized by a subhorizontal to horizontal plane hollow geometry (HCP). The typology proposed may represent an important subsidy in the definition of critical zones to present erosive processes by gullying, surface formations mapping and land-use planning.

Estilos gerenciais dos enfermeiros na área de recuperação da saúde

Abstract: Leadership teaching influence about the self-perception of the nurse related to his managership style has been discussed. The evolution of 20 nurses from a Universitary Hospital, in Rio de Janeiro, in 1987, as to their styles, having as reference the grid theory and considering their performances under these aspects: action, erros discovery, emotions and problems broaching has been analysed. The experimental method and the unique group technique compared before and after has been used. It has been verified that before, the ideal style was predominantly perceived by the sample group whereas there was an indefinition of styles later. It has been concluded that there is an influence of the teaching programme, having the nurses to invigorate the criticism and self-cristicism capacities, inherent factor to personal, enviromental and own work development reality knowledge

O "individualismo libertário" no imaginário social dos anos 60

Abstract: Tomando os convulsivos anos 60/70 como recurso analitico, o artigo discorre sobre o que propoe chamar de "individualismo psicologizante-li-bertario", o qual, embora nao se esgotando nessas decadas, encontra ai uma forma privilegiada de expressao. Procurando depreender representacoes concernentes ao individuo, a sociedade, bem como a suarelacao, o artigo argumenta pelo anuncio de uma ordem moral que, fundada em uma radical recusa a hierarquias e normalizacoes, assenta-se nos principios da igualdade, da liberacao e da antinormatividade, em nome de uma plena manifestacao do sujeito e de seus 'desejos'.

Formation of fluoride on enamel in vitro after exposure to fluoridated mouthrinses.

Abstract: The aim of this study was to quantify the formation of alkali-soluble fluoride (loosely bound fluoride such as calcium fluoride-like material and absorbed fluoride) and alkali-insoluble fluoride (firmly bound fluoride or apatitically bound fluoride) when fluoride mouthrinsing solutions were applied on sound human enamel in vitro. Two commercial products containing 0.2% or 0.05% NaF were used during 30 sec, 60 sec, 5min, and 60min. The formation of loosely bound fluoride was determined by KOH extraction and visualized by scanning electron microscopy. The firmly bound fluoride was measured by three consecutive acid etchings of the enamel. Even during short periods of application there were deposits on the enamel surface. The amount of deposit increased with time of exposure to the 0.2% NaF solution. Only after treatment for 60min with 0.05% NaF were significant amounts of alkali-soluble fluoride deposited. No measurable amounts of firmly bound fluoride were observed.

A experiência de implantação da Escola de Formação Técnica em Saúde "Enfª Izabel dos Santos" pela Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Rio de Janeiro

Abstract: Trata-se de uma proposta de formacao dirigida aos trabalhadores de nivel medio dos servicos de saude, tendo por referencia o "Projeto Larga Escala", adequado a Educacao de adultos. O trabalho aborda: a ausencia de investimentos na formacao dos trabalhadores de saude, dados do "Inquerito Medico Sanitario" e pesquisa "Forca de Trabalho em Enfermagem". Discute o papel do setor saude na formacao de Recursos Humanos. Descreve o historico da escola, diz de sua estrutura e recursos. Discorre acerca da concepcao pedagogica, metodologica e execucao descentralizada de cursos nos municipios. Conclui ser uma experiencia desenvolvida e dirigida por enfermeiros, constituindo-se numa ampliacao de sua area de atuacao.

The ageing of the third world: tackling the problems of community surveys. Part I: Brazil-a young country grows old

Abstract: Population ageing is now a phenomenon not only of developed countries but increasingly also of developing Third World countries. In this article (Part I) Brazilian statistics are presented to illustrate the process of demographic transition in a developing country. The characteristics of the elderly population in terms of age, sex, marital status, urban/rural distribution and literacy are analysed in the light of recent changes.

Métodos numéricos no ensino da física experimental

Abstract: Nos utilizamos um sistema mecânico extremamente simples – o pendulo simples – para ilustrar os metodos da Fisica Geral e Experimental dando enfase ao tratamento numerico dos dados experimentais, o que em geral, nao e apresentado em livros textos usuais.

Discrete Alfvén waves in solar loop prominences

Abstract: It is shown that a discrete Alfven wave can explain the natural oscillations of solar loop prominences by considering the existence of a current flow. Discrete Alfven waves are a new class of Alfven waves which is described by the inclusion of the finite ion cyclotron frequency (ω/ωcl≠0) and/or the equilibrium plasma current. In this paper we consider only the effect of the current since in solar prominences (ω/ωcl≈0). We have modeled the solar prominences as a cylindrical plasma, surrounded by vacuum (corona), with L ≫ a where L and a are the plasma column, length, and radius, respectively. We have calculated the spectrum of the discrete Alfven waves as function of the magnitude and shape of the plasma current.

Coronal Loop Heating by Discrete Alfvén Waves

Abstract: We have modeled the solar coronal loop heating by discrete Alfven waves. Discrete Alfven waves (DAW) are a new class of Alfven waves which can be describe by the two fluid model with finite ion cyclotron frequency or the MHD model with plasma current along the magnetic field line as shown by Appert, Vaclavik and Villar (1984). We have modeled the coronal loop as a semi-toroidal plasma. We have shown that the absorptions of the discrete Alfven wave by the plasma through the viscosity can account for at least 20% of the necessary coronal power density of 10–9 erg cm -3 s -1.

A multivariate analysis of cardiac growth in human embryos: endocardial cushions and ventricular myocardium

Abstract: Study objective — In view of the controversy about the morphological significance of the endocardial cushion tissue and ventricular myocardium during cardiac development, the aim was to carry out quantitative studies of these structures. Design — Endocardial cushion tissue and ventricular myocardium were quantified by point count planimetry. The relative growth of the volume of these structures, and also the embryonic crown-rump length, was studied by multivariate allometry (principal components analysis) with the covariance matrix calculated from natural logarithms of the data. Experimental material — 27 serially sectioned human embryos were studied, ranging from stage 15 to stage 23 (Paris collection). Measurements and main results — The relative growth of endocardial cushion tissue, ventricular myocardium, and crown-rump length was discontinuous during the postsomitic period. The first component in principal components analysis measures overall size and, in the present analysis, accounts for 88.6% of the total variance. The growth vector isometry hypothesis was checked with the χ2 test. This showed that differences in growth between cardiac structures and crown-rump length were allometric (p<0.01). Endocardial cushion tissue volume and crown-rump length grew with negative allometry during the second month of gestation, while ventricular myocardium volume grew with positive allometry. Conclusions — The results agree with those researchers who consider that endocardial cushion tissue functions only in causing initial cardiac fusion and partitioning, with little influence on the formation of definitive cardiac structures.

Contaminación del aire y mortalidad infantil por neumonía

Abstract: This study examines the relationship between air pollution, measured as concentration of suspended particulates in the atmosphere, and infant mortality due to pneumonia in the metropolitan area of Rio de Janeiro. Multiple linear regression (progressive or stepwise method) was used to analize infant mortality due to pneumonia, diarrhea, and all causes in 1980, by geographic area, income level, and degree of contamination

Relações de gênero, possessão e sexualidade

Abstract: Este trabalho busca analisar as relacoes de genero, tal como sao concebidas nos cultos afro-brasileiros, notadamente no candomble. Analisa estas concepcoes na articulacao que possuem com os ritos de possessao e trata da diferenca que estes apresentam entre as vertentes religiosas constitutivas do campo afro. Busca compreender como os papeis de genero na familia-de-santo se desdobram na relacao que o candomble mantem com a sexualidade e com o espaco que lhe e concedido na pratica cotidiana dos terreiros.

Endopyelotomy. Anatomical study of the vascular relationships to ureteropelvic junction

Abstract: In order to assist endourologists in performing endopyelotomy safely and efficiently, we have made an anatomical study on the vascular relationships to ureteropelvic junction (UPJ). Our material consisted of 82 3-dimensional polyester resin corrosion endocasts of pelviocaliceal system together with intrarenal arteries and 52 casts of pelviocaliceal system together with intrarenal veins. Relationships to renal arteries: in 53.6% of the cases (44/82 casts) we found a close relationship between the inferior segmental artery and the anterior surface of the UPJ (among these, in 1 case, there was 1 artery anterior and 1 artery posterior to UPJ). In the other cases (38/82 casts), the UPJ was not related to arteries. Relationships to renal veins: in 40.4% of the cases (21/52 casts) we found a close relationship between an important tributary of the renal vein and the anterior aspect of the UPJ (among these, in 1 one case, existed 1 vein anterior and 1 vein posterior to UPJ). In the other cases (31/52 casts), the UPJ was not related to veins. Due to our findings, we can advise that UPJ must be incised just laterally, avoiding arteries and veins.