Showing papers by "Southern Illinois University Carbondale published in 1976"
TL;DR: Data from two organizations revealed no consistent effect of leader sex on either leader behavior or subordinate satisfaction.
Abstract: Data from two organizations revealed no consistent effect of leader sex on either leader behavior or subordinate satisfaction. The results fit a pattern of research evidence that shows sex stereoty...
155 citations
TL;DR: Two methods of artificial insemination and removal of copulatory plugs were used to investigate the role of the plug in the guinea pig and the effectiveness of the copulatory plug in blocking the passage of spermatozoa from the second mating was tested in albino females.
Abstract: Two methods of artificial insemination and removal of copulatory plugs were used to investigate the role of the plug in the guinea pig. In addition, the effectiveness of the copulatory plug in blocking the passage of spermatozoa from the second mating was tested in albino females, where coat color was used as a genetic marker. Thirteen female guinea pigs that were either in proestrus, estrus, or metestrus, and inseminated with freshly collected copulatory plugs containing living spermatozoa, did not conceive. In a group of six females from which the copulatory plus was immediately removed, five conceived. Of nine estrous females artificially inseminated, five conceived. In five albino females, copulatory plugs from albino males completely blocked spermatozoa deposited by colored males, and 20 offspring, all albino were born. In a second group of four albino females where the plugs of albino males were removed prior to copulation with colored males, resulting litters were sired by either male or a combination of both males.
86 citations
TL;DR: The existence of a Batesian-Miullerian spectrum suggests that the supposed differences between the two be re-examined and a similar study of Miillerian mimicry should prove useful.
Abstract: Over one hundred years ago, Bates (1862) proposed that palatable prey should gain an advantage if they resembled and were mistaken for less palatable prey by predators. Seventeen years later, Muller (1889) proposed that a mutual advantage accrued to aposematic prey that converged in pattern to reduce predator error. Several recent workers (Huheey, 1961; Brower and Brower, 1964; Brower et al., 1970; Pough et al., 1973) have discussed the idea, first suggested by Dixey (1908) and clarified by Darlington (1938) and Fisher (1958), that there is no sharp dividing line between classical Batesian mimicry in which an innocuous mimic resembles a noxious model, and Miillerian mimicry in which two or more noxious models resemble each other. All cases in which two models, M1 and M2, do not have identical noxiousness will lie on a spectrum between the two limiting extremes of classical Batesian mimicry (noxiousness of M2 = 0) and classical Miillerian mimicry (noxiousness of M2 = noxiousness of M1). There has been some discussion of the evolution of Batesian and Miillerian mimicry in terms of this spectrum, but little of a quantitative nature has been attempted. Although the idea of a continuity of possibilities from Batesian mimicry at one extreme to Miillerian mimicry at the other is not a radical concept, surprisingly it does lead to several seeming contradictions. There are a number of tenets of mimicry theory that have been developed over the years (Carpenter, 1937; Sheppard, 1958; Wickler, 1968). In quite a large number of cases, the tenets for Batesian mimicry are diametrically opposed to those for Millerian mimicry (see Fisher (1958, p. 166) for, a concise and vivid description). The existence of a Batesian-Miullerian spectrum suggests that the supposed differences between the two be re-examined. Since the development of a mathematical model to describe Batesian mimicry (Huheey, 1964) has led to considerable work and interesting conclusions (Brower et al., 1970; Pough et al., 1973; Estabrook and Jesperson, 1975; Huheey, in ms.; Bobisud and Potratz, 1976; S. Arnold, Univ. of Chicago, pers. comm.), a similar study of Miillerian mimicry should prove useful.
82 citations
TL;DR: The belief that high initiating structure-high consideration leadership combinations are superior was investigated and the notion of parsimony was introduced.
Abstract: The belief that high initiating structure-high consideration leadership combinations are superior was investigated. Following Sir William of Occam's notion of parsimony (Occam's razor), simpler sin...
68 citations
TL;DR: The actions of alcohol on sexual responses were not significantly correlated with its effects on a nonsexual matching task, were not related to subjective reports of how alcohol usually affects sexual behavior, and were generally not related with reported drinking history.
Abstract: Sixteen adult males participated in a repeated measures design in which they served as their own control to determine the effects of various amounts of alcohol on: (1) their sexual arousal elicited by erotic motion-pictures, as measured by a penile transducer, (2) the ability to voluntarily inhibit their arousal to those same films in accordance with instructions, and (3) the ability to become voluntarily aroused in the absence of overt stimuli. The ingestion of a low (0.5 or 0.6 ml/kg) or a moderate (1.0 or 1.2 ml/kg) amount of alcohol resulted in a small, but significant, depression of mean sexual arousal, but other measures were not affected. However, the ingestion of a high (1.5 or 1.8 ml/kg) amount of alcohol resulted in every measure of evoked arousal being depressed by a comparatively large degree. The high level of alcohol also affected a very large decrease in sexual arousal when subjects were instructed to become sexually aroused in the absence of overt erotic stimuli. In contrast, none of the three amounts of alcohol caused a significant impairment in the ability of subjects to voluntarily inhibit their sexual arousal, even though most subjects experienced some deterioration in that ability after ingesting a moderate amount of alcohol. The actions of alcohol on sexual responses were not significantly correlated with its effects on a nonsexual matching task, were not related to subjective reports of how alcohol usually affects sexual behavior, and were generally not related to reported drinking history.
61 citations
TL;DR: The intracellular ion content of the halophilic blue-green alga, Aphanothece halophytica was studied as a function of age, external sodium and external potassium concentration and average cell size is consistent at room temperature with two exceptions.
Abstract: The intracellular ion content of the halophilic blue-green alga, Aphanothece halophytica was studied as a function of age, external sodium and external potassium concentration. Intracellular Na+ was found to be about 0.38 millimoles/g dry mass. Intracellular K+ concentrations were as high as 1 M and varied directly with external salinity. Intracellular Ca++ and Mg++ were in the range previously reported for fresh water blue-green algae despite their extremely high extracellular concentrations. Average cell size is consistent at room temperature with two exceptions. When the outside K+ is lower than 6.5 mM the cells tend to be smaller with less intracellular K+ and high Ca++. In stationary phase cultures the cells are larger with high intracellular Mg++ and low K+.
54 citations
TL;DR: The present study offered further support for the notion that hemispheric differences are present during early infancy by finding evidence of electrophysiological differences between male and female infants and discrete components of the AEP response were identified and isolated that were responsive to specific aspects of the acoustic stimuli.
Abstract: The present study offered further support for the notion that hemispheric differences are present during early infancy. Moreover, in addition to finding evidences are present during early infancy. Moreover, in addition to finding evidence of electrophysiological differences between male and female infants, discrete components of the AEP response were identified and isolated that were responsive to specific aspects of the acoustic stimuli. Information concerning temporal differences in the processing of these elements was also obtained.
49 citations
TL;DR: A procedure to teach four mild and moderately retarded persons to sum the value of coin combinations was tested and indicates that this procedure has potential for teaching the retarded to sum combinations of coinds in 5 to 6 hr of instruction.
Abstract: A procedure to teach four mild and moderately retarded persons to sum the value of coin combinations was tested. Subjects were first taught to count a single target coin, and then to sum that coin in combination with coins previously trained. Five American coins and various combinations were trained. Modelling, modelling with subject participation, and independent counting by the subject constituted the training sequence. The subjects improved from a mean pretest score of 29% to 92% correct at posttest. A four-week followup score showed a mean of 79% correct. A multiple-baseline design suggested that improvement in coin-counting performance occurred only after the coin was trained. The results indicate that this procedure has potential for teaching the retarded to sum combinations of coinds in 5 to 6 hr of instruction.
43 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the functions of oral argument for both counsel and the justices, with particular attention given to the judges' questions, drawn primarily from the Supreme Court's race relations cases from immediately before the School Desegregation Cases of 1954 and 1955 through the end of "with all deliberate speed" in 1969.
Abstract: BRIEFS and oral argument command the most immediate attention of the justices of the U.S. Supreme Court as they proceed to deliberate the cases to which they have decided to give "fulldress" treatment. This "foreground" of the judges' environment, and particularly the crucial questions with which the justices' punctuate oral argument, are often overlooked by students of the Supreme Court despite statements like Justice Goldberg's that "we do not make up our minds in advance of the presentation of a case." The purpose of this article is to discuss the functions of oral argument for both counsel and the justices, with particular attention given to the judges' questions. Examples are drawn primarily from the Supreme Court's race relations cases from immediately before the School Desegregation Cases of 1954 and 1955 through the end of "with all deliberate speed" in 1969.
38 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that redistribution of Ca2+ into the mitochondria of rat liver can also be largely prevented by adding La3+ (another inhibitor of mitochondrial Ca 2+ transport; ref. 9) to the homogenisation medium.
Abstract: INTRACELLULAR Ca2+ is thought to be important in the control of metabolic activity1,2. In liver cells, three energy-dependent transport activities capable of modifying the cellular distribution of this ion have been described—its accumulation by mitochondria3,4 and endoplasmic reticulum5 and its extrusion from the cell6,7. Mutual interactions, however, between these activities and their relative importance in determining total cell Ca2+ have so far been little studied in intact cells. One reason for this has been the difficulty of avoiding redistribution of Ca2+ between organelles when the cells are broken for isolation procedures, although Chen et al.8 used ruthenium red, added to the homogenisation medium, to prevent such redistribution in crab hepatopancreas. We now show that redistribution of Ca2+ into the mitochondria of rat liver can also be largely prevented by adding La3+ (another inhibitor of mitochondrial Ca2+ transport; ref. 9) to the homogenisation medium. We have also studied the contribution of mitochondria to the Ca2+ content of rat liver slices incubated in conditions in which total cell Ca2+ varies greatly.
36 citations
TL;DR: A variety of treatments including negative practice, operant procedures and psychotherapy have been used in treating nail-biting but no single treatment has been generally effective in eliminating nail- biting.
TL;DR: The equivalency between the four dimensions of the Michigan Four-Factor Theory Questionnaire and four dimensions from the Ohio State Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ) was empirically investigated.
TL;DR: Histological observations were made on the penetration of hyphae of Rhizopus oligosporus into soybean cotyledons in tempeh, an Indonesian soybean food, and this previously unreported degree of penetration offers partial explanation for the rapid physical and chemical changes in soybeans during Tempeh fermentation.
Abstract: Histological observations were made on the penetration of hyphae of Rhizopus oligosporus into soybean cotyledons in tempeh, an Indonesian soybean food. Hyphal penetrations averaged one per 1,400 μm2 (±390 μm2) on the curved (outer) cotyledon surface and one per 1,010 μm2 (±340 μm2) on the flat (inner) one. Hyphae infiltrated to a depth of 742 μm, or about 25% of the average width of a soybean cotyledon. This previously unreported degree of penetration offers partial explanation for the rapid physical and chemical changes in soybeans during tempeh fermentation.
TL;DR: The results suggest that an intracellular trans-membrane potential change (surface effect) is necessary to activate ciliated cells of small clams, and that inhibition of ciliary activity in intact clams would impair feeding and respiration.
Abstract: An apparatus for testing the effects of drugs on the ciliary beating rate of clam gills has been modified to rapidly (15 min to 1 h) assess the effects of water quality factors on a sensitive organism, the fingernail clam, Musculium transversum. The gill and adductor muscles of the clam are excised and placed in a petri dish through which a continuous flow of molluscan Ringers solution or a test solution can be maintained. Normal ciliary activity of the gill preparation can be maintained for at least eight days. The ciliary beating rate is determined by synchronizing the rate of flashing of the sub-stage lamp of a microscope, with the rate of beating of the cilia. Synchronization is achieved when the metachronal ciliary wave appears to stand still. The first water quality factor selected for testing by the rapid method was potassium, because potassium concentrations are higher in the Illinois River where fingernail clams have largely died out, than in the Mississippi River where the clams are still abundant. The apparatus provided statistically reliable results in a short period of time. There are significant differences in the responses of large (7 to 11 mm) and small (1 to 5 mm) clams to: (a) removal and subsequent addition of potassium, (b) variation of maintenance dosage of potassium in the washing solution, and (c) lag period of response to a specific dose. The results suggest that an intracellular trans-membrane potential change (surface effect) is necessary to activate ciliated cells of small clams. This latter change in small clams would account for the relatively short lag period for potassium activation. Potassium levels required for maintenance of a basal ciliary beating rate are 10 - 3 M (39.1 mg/litre) for small clams and 10 - 6 M (0.039 mg/litre) for large clams. Greater concentrations are cilioinhibitory. Lesser concentrations are generally cilioexcitatory, but concentrations less than 10 - 8 M (0.00039 mg/litre) and 10 - 9 M (0.000039 mg/litre) are insufficient to sustain basal rates in large and small clams, respectively. Potassium concentrations in certain rivers, such as the Illinois and Mississippi, are high enough to cause cilioinhibition in gill preparations from large fingernail clams. Inhibition of ciliary activity in intact clams would impair feeding and respiration. The effects of potassium on the survival, growth, and reproduction of intact fingernail clams are currently being determined and will be related to the effects observed by means of the rapid method.
TL;DR: In this article, the problem of approximating a given f from L p [0, ∞] by means of the family V n (S ) of exponential sums was considered.
TL;DR: Using an auxin antagonist and auxin transport inhibitor revealed that galactose-induced ethylene formation is auxin dependent, and time course studies indicate that this effect may be auxin-sparing.
Abstract: Galactose has long been known to inhibit growth in certain plant systems and more recently to promote abscission. These same systems are similarly affected by ethylene. The mung bean (Phaseolus aureus Roxb.) hypocotyl system was employed to ascertain whether the inhibitory effects of galactose might be regulated through ethylene. Galactose alone (at 10 and 100 mM) of the many carbohydrates tested elicited high rates of ethylene evolution (1.5–4.0 nl/g fresh weight x h) as determined by gas chroma-tography. Hook opening, pigment formation, and hypocotyl elongation were inhibited by this resultant ethylene. Galactose and auxin were found to act synergistically with respect to ethylene induction. Use of an auxin antagonist and auxin transport inhibitor revealed that galactose-induced ethylene formation is auxin dependent. Time course studies indicate that this effect may be auxin-sparing. Methionine appears to be the substrate of galactose-induced ethylene. since a methionine antagonist [L-2-amino-4-(2′-amino ethoxy)-trans-3-butenoic acid] abolished the induction. Potential interrelationships between galactose and ethylene synthesis are discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the action of glucoamylase I and II (α-1,4-glucan gluhydrolase, E.C. 3.2.3) from Aspergillus niger and the glu coamyl enzyme from Rhizopus niveus on native wheat and corn starch granules was followed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by measuring the glucose released by enzymatic attack.
Abstract: The action of glucoamylase I and II (α-1,4-glucan glucohydrolase, E.C. 3.2.1.3) from Aspergillus niger and the glucoamylase from Rhizopus niveus on native wheat and corn starch granules was followed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by measuring the glucose released by enzymatic attack. Two distinct patterns of attack were observed. Glucoamylase I and the glucoamylase from R. niveus attacked the granule surface relatively uniformly, resulting in large disclike depressions. Glucoamylase II, while showing some disc-like depressions, produced small grooves (furrows) in the surface of the granule. Similar patterns were observed for both corn and wheat starch granules, except that attack by glucoamylase I and the glucoamylase from R. niveus on wheat starch granules also developed along the equatorial groove (not easily seen until the granules were exposed to enzyme solutions). Measuring glucose released indicated that hydrolysis by glucoamylase I and by the glucoamylase from R. niveus were nearly equal in extent and were about twice that by glucoamylase II.
TL;DR: The high rate of respiration of C. albicans in the presence of inhibitors for three sites of electron transport in the conventional oxidative pathway and the inhibition of this respiration by SHAM indicate an alternate oxidative pathway in this organism which crosses the conventional one at cytochrome b.
Abstract: Usual concentrations of antimycin A, rotenone and EDTA, individally or in combination, reduced aerobic growth rate and cell yield of Candida albicans to about half its normal level and to about the levels of previously-described acetate-negative, cytochrome-complete and aa3-deficient variants which were little affected by the inhibitors. Anaerobic conditions (not affected by antimycin A) reduced growth rate and cell yield of all cultures-including that of a nonrespiring aa3, b-deficient mutant-to low, equal levels. Antimycin A but not rotenone prevented growth of the normal strain on ethanol medium. Cyanide and antimycin A blocked most of the respiration of the normal strain and cytochrome-complete variant, but did not affect that of the cytochrome aa3-deficient mutant. Rotenone and EDTA did not affect respiration of any of the cultures. SHAM blocked cyanide- and antimycin A-insensitive respiration and prolonged the lag phases of the three respiring cultures, especially in the presence of antimycin A, but alone increased oxygen-uptake rate of the cytochromecomplete cultures while curtailing that of the cytochrome aa3-deficient mutant. Resting cells, especially wild-type, grown in medium containing antimycin A exhibited lowered oxygen-uptake rate, which was increased upon the addition of cyanide or antimycin A. Antimycin A stimulated, but cyanide inhibited, respiration of cytochrome-complete cultures grown in the presence of rotenone but did not affect that of the cytochrome aa3-deficient mutant. SHAM inhibited respiration of all antimycin A- or rotenone-grown cultures. The high rate of respiration of C. albicans in the presence of inhibitors for three sites of electron transport in the conventional oxidative pathway, the inhibition of this respiration by SHAM and its loss by the absence of cytochrome b, indicate an alternate oxidative pathway in this organism which crosses the conventional one at cytochrome b.
TL;DR: In this paper, student rating of teachers in five disciplines (science and math, education, social sciences, humanities, and business) were analyzed to determine which teacher attributes were important in predicting ratings of teaching effectiveness.
Abstract: Student rating of teachers in five disciplines (science and math, education, social sciences, humanities, and business) were analyzed to determine which teacher attributes were important in predicting ratings of teaching effectiveness. Rating results from 1,439 courses taught at Southern Illinois University, Carbondale from 1973 to 1974 were used as data for this study. The results indicated that the instructor attributes rated as characteristic of effective instruction were highly consistent across disciplines, and the effective instructor was described as (1) knowing when students understood him, (2) increasing students' appreciation of the subject matter, (3) answering impromptu questions satisfactorily, (4) achieving the objectives of the course, and (5) giving several examples to explain complex topics.
01 Mar 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, the distribution of Agave parryi Engelm in the western portion of Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest exhibits an interesting association with archaeological sites and it is argued that the distribution is the result of prehistoric introduction.
Abstract: While there have been many observations concerning specific plant distributions as they relate to archaeological sites, most of the associated species are “weedy”—they inhabit disturbed microenvironments. The distribution of Agave parryi Engelm. in the western portion of Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest exhibits an interesting association with archaeological sites. Because agave does not have a weedy growth pattern, the specific mechanisms of this relationship are described and it is argued that the distribution is the result of prehistoric introduction.
TL;DR: Differences were small and for each characteristic exceptions were observed, and one larva kept in light showed early retinal degeneration comparable to that in transformed adults of T. spelaeus.
Abstract: Larval Typhlotriton spelaeus collected from five caves in Pulaski Co., Missouri, were kept as larvae or induced to transform in darkness or continuous fluorescent illumination. Larvae maintained in darkness for 215 and 279 days had smaller eyes, smaller rod inner and outer segments, and fewer metaphase figures in the genninative zone of the neural retina than comparable larvae maintained in light (258 lux). Except for visual cell size, differences were small and for each characteristic exceptions were observed. One larva kept in light showed early retinal degeneration comparable to that in transformed adults of T. spelaeus. All larvae exhibited optomotor behavior both before and after the experiment.
Among animals induced to transform by L-thyroxin and maintained in darkness 111 to 366 days, visual cell and pigment epithelium degeneration was more extensive and more frequent than in animals kept for the same length of time in light (237-298 lux). In darkness the frequency of animals with retinal degeneration increased between 111 and 366 days. In light some animals exhibited pigment epithelium reduction with normal visual cells, and others had free, pigmented cells in the subretinal space. These effects were not comparable to degeneration in darkness. Eyelids covered the eyes of only a few animals in both light and dark treatments. The extent of eyelid encroachment over the eye was greater in darkness than in light. Most animals exhibited optomotor responses after experiments, but responses of animals kept in darkness were impaired in comparison to those of animals kept in light.
TL;DR: High speci1ic activity of the radioactive collagen aJlow for reater en itivity and horter time of incubation than pre ently available assay for collagenolytic enzymes.
01 Jul 1976
TL;DR: The analysis of this problem as viewed at SIU-Carbondale is performed by applying a set of criteria to a list of potential languages.
Abstract: The selection of languages for use as pedagogical aids in the teaching of computer science is still a big issue at most universities. The rebellion against FORTRAN has given rise to numerous heirs to the throne, eg, PL/1, ALGOL, PASCAL, etc. In deciding how to resolve this issue small departments have to consider the effect the decision might have on the productivity of their faculty. The analysis of this problem as viewed at SIU-Carbondale is described within. The analysis is performed by applying a set of criteria to a list of potential languages.
TL;DR: The authors set forth contrasting hypotheses about the influence of racial and ethnic group membership on the relationship between mobility and fertility and tested these hypotheses using data from a sample of Mexican American couples interviewed for the 1969 Austin Family Survey split according to generational distance from Mexico.
Abstract: This paper sets forth contrasting hypotheses about the influence of racial and ethnic group membership on the relationship between mobility and fertility. 1 may be termed minority group status approach and the other the underdevelopment approach. Both perspectives offer bases for predicting fertility levels that deviate from the level that is roughly the average of the fertility levels typical of the social strata between which mobility has occurred. But the former implies greater fertility deviations the more integrated the minority group is into the larger society whereas the latter suggests greater deviations the less integrated the minority group is into the larger society. These ideas are tested using data from a sample of Mexican American couples interviewed for the 1969 Austin Family Survey split according to generational distance from Mexico. The results indicate more support for the minority group status than the underdevelopment hypothesis as revealed by lower than average expected fertility on the part of couples removed at least 3 generations from Mexico. (authors modified)
TL;DR: In this paper, a time-dependent variational perturbation scheme based on the hydrodynamic model was used to calculate the imaginary frequency polarizabilities for the two charge distributions.
Book•
26 Mar 1976TL;DR: It appears that the combined impact of general environment conditions (socioeconomic development and occupational mix) and reliance on external units forms a basis for measuring environmental complexity.
Abstract: Contingency organization theory suggests that the match between environmental complexity and formal structure is an important determinant of organizational performance. However, there are a number of different interpretations of environmental complexity which may or may not be related. The purpose of this paper is to outline several different views of environmental complexity and empirically test the extent to which they predict the performance of 26 mechanistically structured antipoverty agencies. Statistical analysis is based on multiple linear regression. Measures for complexity include the general level of socioeconomic development, the occupational mix in the surrounding area, the uncertainty in the immediate environment of the agency, and the reliance of the agency on outside units. The performance criteria are based on an analysis of the degree of goal attainment of the sample units. Results suggest that there are considerable differences in different interpretations of environmental complexity in ...
TL;DR: In this article, two identical revolving plate filters were designed to be evaluated for use in a recirculated fish production system, each unit consisted of a fiberglass tank containing 787 liters of water; a biofilter having 60 plates, each 51 cm in diameter, rotated at 6 rpm; and a settling tank.
Abstract: Based on information gained from a pilot model, two identical revolving plate filters were designed to be evaluated for use in a recirculated fish production system. Each unit consisted of a fiberglass tank containing 787 liters of water; a biofilter having 60 plates, each 51 cm in diameter, rotated at 6 rpm; and a settling tank. The total water volume in each unit was 1,132 liters. Water was continuously passed through the filter at a rate of 9 liters/min, and fresh water was added to the fish tank at a rate of 0.45 to 0.72 liters/min. In a trial designed to determine loading rate, it was found that each of the units could support at least 45 g of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) per liter of the total volume of water in the system, and approximately 2 kg/m2 of surface area of the filter. By extrapolation, carrying capacity on the basis of fresh-water flush was 71 to 113 kg/liter/min. In a growth trial, the fish in both units grew at an acceptable rate for the temperature at which they were...