Showing papers by "Southern Illinois University Carbondale published in 1983"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the importance of background knowledge in a psycholinguistic model of EFL/ESL reading and demonstrate the relevance of schema-theoretic views of reading to teaching reading to English learners.
Abstract: This article discusses the important role of background knowledge in a psycholinguistic model of EFL/ESL reading and demonstrates the relevance of schema-theoretic views of reading to the teaching of reading to EFL/ESL students. According to schema theory, reading comprehension is an interactive process between the text and the reader's prior background knowledge (Adams and Collins 1979, Rumelhart 1980). Reading comprehension involves one's knowledge of the world, which may be culturally based and culturally biased. Classroom implications of the schema-theoretic view of reading for EFL/ESL reading pedagogy are discussed, with techniques suggested for bringing about reader-centered EFL/ESL reading.
965 citations
TL;DR: The paper discusses the lack of a commonly accepted definition of the concept of feedback in management theory and proposes a general definition that deals with living systems at the organization level, including the total system and all subsystems.
Abstract: The paper discusses the lack of a commonly accepted definition of the concept of feedback in management theory, dealing with communications networks and decision processes in living systems at the organization level. It proposes a general definition. It deals with living systems at the organization level, including the total system and all subsystems. Implications of the proposed definition to current conceptualizations of feedback processes in management are explored.
889 citations
TL;DR: The authors summarizes the issues and concerns of critics of cross-cultural research, and discusses how they are being addressed by researchers, taking an optimistic view of the field, and predicts useful contributions by researchers which will enrich the art and science of crosscultural management.
Abstract: This paper summarizes the issues and concerns of critics of cross-cultural research, and discusses how they are being addressed by researchers. Given the state of the art and the complexity of this field of research, the author recommends more inductive research and the pursuit of appropriate, but not overambitious sampling designs, so as to increase our understanding of cultures and encourage the building of richer theory bases. Taking an optimistic view of the field, the author predicts useful contributions by researchers which will enrich the art and science of cross-cultural management.
653 citations
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: The sequence of most of the cyanogen bromide peptides has been completed, forming the basis for the prediction of the secondary structure of the protein and how it may be arranged in the disk membrane.
Abstract: We have isolated 16 peptides from a cyanogen bromide digest of rhodopsin. These cyanogen bromide peptides account for the complete composition of the protein. Methionine-containing peptides from other chemical and enzymatic digests of rhodopsin have allowed us to place the cyanogen bromide peptides in order, yielding the sequence of the protein. We have completed the sequence of most of the cyanogen bromide peptides. This information, in conjunction with that from other laboratories, forms the basis for our prediction of the secondary structure of the protein and how it may be arranged in the disk membrane.
467 citations
TL;DR: This article found that non-native readers do not have a good sense of how easy or difficult a text is for them to understand, and that the extent to which that knowledge is activated during processing is not a significant factor in reading comprehension.
Abstract: Research in native (English) and nonnative (ESL) reading comprehension has shown that the ability to understand texts is based not only on the comprehender's linguistic knowledge, but also on general knowledge of the world and the extent to which that knowledge is activated during processing. Separate components of background knowledge which have been identified in the literature are: (1) prior knowledge in the content area of the text (familiar vs. novel); (2) prior knowledge that the text is about a particular content area (context vs. no context); and (3) degree to which the lexical items in the text reveal the content area (transparent vs. opaque). This paper reports a study which shows the individual and interactive effects of these three separate variables on the reading comprehension of both native (English) and nonnative (ESL) readers.
Results indicate that, unlike native speakers for whom all three components of background knowledge play a significant role in reading, understanding, and recalling a text, nonnative readers show virtually no significant effects of background knowledge. Further, also unlike native readers, nonnative readers appear not to have a good sense of how easy or difficult a text is for them to understand. These findings are discussed in relation to schema-theoretical views of reading as an interactive process between the text and the reader, and in relation to their implications for ESL reading pedagogy.
317 citations
TL;DR: The complete amino acid sequence of bovine rhodopsin has recently been obtained and this, combined with other information, leads to testable predictions of the basic structural features of vertebrate r Rhodopsin.
247 citations
TL;DR: A generalized version of the Farrell measure of technical efficiency is applied to a sample of regulated electric utilities in Illinois, finding that only a few of these Illinois electric utilities are technically efficient (relative to each other).
200 citations
TL;DR: The relative and absolute surface area of subsurface ectoplasmic specialization of the Sertoli cell that faced germ cells and other SERToli cells was calculated, and the extent of penetration of step 17 spermatids into the S Bertoli crypts was determined.
Abstract: Sertoli--Sertoli and Sertoli--germ-cell configurational relationships were studied using morphometric techniques and direct measurements as obtained from micrographs used to reconstruct a model of a rat stage V Sertoli cell. Regional areas of the Sertoli cell surface, which faced germ cells, other Sertoli cells, or noncellular structures, were expressed as relative surface area percentages; and the absolute surface areas for these regional areas were calculated. The surface areas of the reconstructed cell, in its unmagnified state, was found to be 12,163 micron2. Cell processes were enumerated and studied using morphometric techniques. The surface area of the reconstructed Sertoli cell facing germ cells and Sertoli cells was also determined. Five Sertoli cells showed extensive contact with the reconstructed cell at the level of the Sertoli--Sertoli junctional contact region. This contact region averaged 3.51 micron in width. The relative and absolute surface area of subsurface ectoplasmic specialization of the Sertoli cell that faced germ cells and other Sertoli cells was calculated, and the extent of penetration of step 17 spermatids into the Sertoli crypts was determined. Surface relationships of the reconstructed cell to cellular and noncellular elements were depicted on outline drawings of the Sertoli cell.
178 citations
TL;DR: This paper shows how, and why, to decompose a general measure of technical efficiency into component measures of purely technical efficiency, congestion, and scale efficiency, and investigates the properties of each measure.
Abstract: It is common practice to decompose measures of efficiency into component measures of technical and allocative efficiency. In this paper we show how, and why, to decompose a general measure of technical efficiency into component measures of purely technical efficiency, congestion, and scale efficiency, and we investigate the properties of each measure. We do so for a multiple-output technology which satisfies a weak axiom system that does not include either constant returns to scale or strong input disposability.
161 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the relative ground reaction force-time curves were generated using a cubic spline technique which transformed the absolute time events into 200 equally spaced data points to assist in making between speed comparisons.
143 citations
01 Sep 1983
TL;DR: On etudie l'equation integrodifferentielle x˙(t)=A 0 x(t)+∫ 0 t B(t-s)x(s)ds+f(t), t≥ 0, x(0)=x 0 ED(A)⊂X and l'Equation integrale x(T)=∫ t a(t − s)x (s)d+f (t) dans un espace de Banach X as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this article, a review of the available evidence is weak on the relatonship between awareness or knowledge and the consequent adoption of damage mitigation measures, while substantial sums of money are expended each year on public information programs on natural hazards, little effort has focused on the cost effectiveness of such programs.
Abstract: That an individual is aware of the risk of a natural hazard and the range of damage mitigation measures is no guarantee that he or she will act on this information. Based on a review of the literature, the available evidence is weak on the relatonship between awareness or knowledge and the consequent adoption of damage mitigation measures. Although substantial sums of money are expended each year on public information programs on natural hazards, little effort has focused on the cost-effectiveness of such programs.
TL;DR: This study has provided the first unencumbered view of the external profile of a Sertoli cell, which represents one of two major configurations that the SERToli cell assumes during the spermatogenic cycle.
Abstract: A model of a rat stage V Sertoli cell was reconstructed from semiserial sections. Seventy-five montages were made from 96 grids that supported the 223 sections needed to traverse the reconstructed cell. Section thickness (184.6 nm) and spacing of sections were calculated based on the diameter of spherical germ cell nuclei included within the sections. The outline of the cell border was traced on acetate sheets and from there traced on Plexiglas; then the Plexiglas was cut with a hot wire. The model, enlarged to a magnification of 7,800 times, was made from five parts that may be disassembled. The cell dimensions, as determined from the model, were 89.8 micron in the centripetal axis, 41.2 micron in the longitudinal axis, and 29.5 micron in the circumferential axis. The cell was irregularly columnar in shape with a base resting on the basal lamina and lateral surfaces in contact with adjacent Sertoli cells and round germ cells. Lateral processes were of three types: 1) conical processes extending from the lateral surface near its base; 2) cup-shaped, sheet-like processes partially encompassing round germ cells; and 3) flattened, sheet-like processes extending between round germ cells. Elongate spermatids occupied deep, irregularly shaped cylindrical recesses oriented in the centripetal axis of the Sertoli cell. The walls of the Sertoli cell forming these cylinders were thick basally and sheet-like and very thin near the lumen where they anastomosed and also composed the lateral walls of the cell. The tapered luminal extensions of the sheet-like, cylindrical processes were termed apical processes. The volume of the reconstructed cell was calculated to be 6,012 micron3. This study has provided the first unencumbered view of the external profile of a Sertoli cell. The model represents one of two major configurations that the Sertoli cell assumes during the spermatogenic cycle.
TL;DR: Burnout is defined as a state in which individuals expect little reward and considerable punishment from work because of a lack of valued reinforcement, controllable outcomes, or personal competence as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The burnout phenomenon, while widely acknowledged as an important issue among people-helping professionals, has to date been treated chiefly in anecdotal or descriptive reports that lack both precise theoretical foundations and substantial empirical support. Einsiedel and Tully criticize burnout research, maintaining that conceptual and operational definitions vary widely and that little effort has been expended to draw on more established literature to explain burnout. This paper proposes a new model of burnout, largely based on the work of Bandura. Burnout is defined as a state in which individuals expect little reward and considerable punishment from work because of a lack of valued reinforcement, controllable outcomes, or personal competence. The burnout literature is briefly reviewed and grouped according to the categories of the proposed burnout model.
TL;DR: In this article, discrete analogues for well-known results on oscillation, growth, and asymptotic behavior of solutions of y″ + q(t) yγ = 0 were investigated.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a discussion of the efficacy of various direct and indirect methods of assessing writing ability, and outline the assumptions, procedures, and consequences for use of principal direct scoring schemes and objective measures presently available for evaluating compositions, and of the objective tests currently utilized to determine (indirectly) students' ability to write.
Abstract: The evaluation of writing ability among both L1 and L2 students has become increasingly important in recent years because the results of such evaluation are used for a variety of administrative, instructional, and research purposes. Classroom teachers, in particular, because they want to use these results to help improve, influence, refine, and shape their students' attained writing ability, have specific concerns regarding the various methods of writing assessment available. Additional concerns, especially of teachers, include the issue of whether the results of any one evaluation procedure are helpful to students and how they affect students' writing performance and attitudes.
This article does not address the question of how best to use the results of a writing evaluation to improve student writing, but it does present a discussion of the efficacy of various direct and indirect methods of assessing writing ability. The purpose of this article is to outline the assumptions, procedures, and consequences for use of the principal direct scoring schemes and objective measures presently available for evaluating compositions, and of the objective tests currently utilized to determine (indirectly) students' ability to write.
It is hoped that ESL professionals (whether they are teachers, administrators, or researchers) can make use of this discussion as they try to decide how best to handle questions related to writing ability. Although some readers may question the appropriateness of using indirect measures, such as standardized tests, since those only measure recognition of surface-level syntactic phenomena, the more widely used standardized tests have been included in this survey because they are used by a number of institutions as criterion measures as well as for placement and prediction.
TL;DR: Through a careful analysis of the methodologies employed in existing studies, this month's Topical Review shows why the research has produced inconsistent results, and shows how some of these inconsistencies can be resolved.
Abstract: From several different perspectives, the question of long-term outcomes for learning-disabled children is an important one Answers to scientific questions about the nature and developmental course of learning disabilities, as well as the resolution of policy issues concerning the allocation of resources for intervention, may depend on results from follow-up studies of learning-disabled persons Unfortunately, different follow-up studies have produced a variety of conflicting results Through a careful analysis of the methodologies employed in existing studies, this month's Topical Review not only shows why the research has produced inconsistent results, but also shows how some of these inconsistencies can be resolved A final contribution of this article is to point out the need for specific methodologies in future follow-up research with learning-disabled children—JKT
TL;DR: The majority of female subjects assumed responsibility for their need to lose weight, developed their own diets, exercise, and maintenance plans, and have become more involved in business and other activities outside the home.
TL;DR: Regression analyses showed that, for both males and females, life change added significantly to age and SES in predicting violence, theft, drug use, property damage, and a group of relatively nonserious delinquent acts.
Abstract: The study examined life change in relation to self-reported involvement in five specific types of crime and delinquency among members of a noninstitutionalized sample. A group of 531 in-school youths, age 14 to 19, were asked to report how frequently in the 6 months since school started they had performed each of 26 criminal or delinquent acts and how many of 20 potentially stressful life events they had experienced in the year preceding the start of school. Regression analyses showed that, for both males and females, life change added significantly to age and SES in predicting violence, theft, drug use, property damage, and a group of relatively nonserious delinquent acts. On the basis of social psychological theory and research, possible explanatory mechanisms in the link between life stress and specific forms of crime and delinquency are discussed as part of a proposed life stress-deviance model.
TL;DR: The results of multiple regression analyses suggested that the content of presleep cognitions and the attributions of sleep difficulties were significantly associated with several subjective measures of sleep-onset latency or concern with initiating sleep.
Abstract: This research examined the role of cognitive factors (attributions about the causes of sleep difficulties and presleep cognitive activity) in sleep-onset insomnia. Thirty-four subjects, including 13 mild to extreme insomniacs, were interviewed and then spent 5 consecutive nights in a sleep laboratory. In a multiple regression paradigm predictor measures included attribution ratings of sleep difficulty, perceived control of presleep cognitions, presleep cognitive content, and affect associated with presleep cognitions. Criterion measures included laboratory measured objectives and subjective sleep-onset latency, a score presenting the difference between objective and subjective laboratory measures of sleep-onset latency, interview-measured subjective sleep-onset latency, and degree of overall concern and presleep concern about initiating sleep. The results of multiple regression analyses suggested that the content of presleep cognitions and the attributions of sleep difficulties were significantly associated with several subjective measures of sleep-onset latency or concern with initiating sleep. None of the predictor measures was significantly associated with objectively measured sleep-onset latency. Implications for cognitive theories of sleep-onset insomnia and for the psychophysiologic-subjective dimension of insomnia are discussed.
TL;DR: The factor structures of the original 25-item inventory for a homogeneous population of 710 public school teachers from two states data were factor analyzed using principal factoring with iteration and the resulting factor structure was consistent with the original factor structure scaling.
Abstract: There is evidence that the original Maslach Burnout Inventory subscales may be improved by tailoring the factor structure and norms for individual professions within the original group To determin
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an ion-exchange preconcentration of a poly(4-vinylpyridine) film from a 0.15 M sodium fluoride electrolyte buffered at pH 3.5.
TL;DR: In this article, the properties of glassy Pd-Si and pd-Ge alloys have been investigated in catalysis of hydrogen reactions, showing that they exhibit different selectivity in hydrogen reactions than their crystalline Pd systems.
Abstract: Metallic glasses are nonequilibrium amorphous metal alloys which combine the metallic electronic structure with a disorered atomic structure usually reserved for ceramic and polymeric materials. Amorphous silicon-based structures have already been shown to be effective in semiconductor1,2 and photovoltaic applications3, where single crystal structures were previously thought to be required. The properties of metallic glasses have been reviewed recently by Gilman4 and Turnbull5. Recent reports demonstrate that metallic glasses are indeed both catalytically active6 and uniquely selective7. Here we disclose the nature of this unique selectivity. We report observations of glassy Pd–Si and Pd–Ge alloys which exhibit different selectivity in catalysis of hydrogen reactions than their crystalline Pd systems. We also observe an increase in the activity of these amorphous catalysts when partial crystallization occurs.
TL;DR: The field life history of Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) was studied, particularly as associated with black walnut, and the number of instars was determined, and behavior during mating, and brood production and rearing, is discussed.
Abstract: The field life history of Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) was studied in North Carolina, Ohio, Tennessee, and Illinois, particularly as associated with black walnut ( Juglans nigra L.), and the number of instars was determined. The beetle was also reared in the laboratory on artificial diet. Galleries are excavated by the females and are composed of entrance tunnels, brood chambers where eggs are laid and larval development begins, and one to three branch tunnels where development continues. The species is bivoltine and overwinters as adults, primarily females, in galleries of its host plants. The number of progeny per gallery averaged 16.5; the sex ratio was 10 females to 1 male. Flight activity began in late March to early April and continued until late August and early September. Average seasonal flying heights of adult females ranged from 1.2 to 1.6 m. On artificial diets in the laboratory, X. germanus laid an average of 1 egg per day and an average of 18.0 eggs per female. Development time from egg to adult was 24.9 days at 24°C. X. germanus has three instars. Behavior during mating, and brood production and rearing, is discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined five work-related objective and attitudinal factors and five non-work-related individual difference and family dynamics variables for their impact on the quality of life enjoyed by husbands and wives in dual-career families.
Abstract: Five work-related objective and attitudinal factors and five non-work-related individual difference and family dynamics variables considered pertinent to the dual-career family setting, were examined for their impact on the quality of life enjoyed by husbands and wives in dual-career families. For the purpose of this study, a dual-career family was defined as one where both spouses had full-time jobs outside of their home. The responses of 127 dual-career family spouses employed in five business organizations, a hospital and a university were analysed. Results indicated that: (1) the set of five non-work variables—multiple role stresses, enabling processes, integration of family and work roles, self-esteem, and hired help utilized—were good predictors of life satisfaction; (2) the work-relevant variables—career salience, job involvement, self-esteem from the job, discretionary time spent on job-related activities, and income were significant but not crucial predictors of job satisfaction; (3) the interactions between work-relevant variables and gender moderated the impact of the work variables on job satisfaction; (4) the correlation between life and job satisfaction was significant, but modest; and (5) there was a significant difference between the life satisfaction of husbands and wives in dual-career families.
TL;DR: Their numbers and position indicate that they play a role in the maintenance of the integrity of the seminiferous epithelium and may provide a route for cell-to-cell communication.
Abstract: Specific Sertoli--Sertoli and Sertoli--germ-cell contacts and/or junctions were investigated employing micrographs used to reconstruct serially a model of a rat stage V Sertoli cell. The Sertoli--Sertoli junctional contact areas occurred in a belt-like arrangement near the base of the Sertoli cell. This configuration is consistent with their proposed function as a sealing element limiting the passage of materials toward the tubular lumen. Sertoli ectoplasmic specializations also formed a continuous belt, or band, around the reconstructed cell at the junctional contact area. Eighteen Sertoli--Sertoli tubulobulbar complexes were found; some (12 in number) invaginated the reconstructed cell, while others (6) emanated from it. Of 37 round germ cells that were sectioned in their entirety and adjoined the reconstructed cell, 23 displayed desmosome-gap junctions with either the reconstructed cell or an adjoining cell. Since there were multiple junctions connecting some germ cells to Sertoli cells, the total number of junctions was much greater (35). Desmosome-gap junctions of the Sertoli cell were numerous connecting pachytene spermatocytes, less numerous connecting type B spermatogonia, and even less numerous connecting step 5 spermatids; and none was seen joining Sertoli cells with elongate spermatids. Most desmosome-gap junctions join germ cells to the body of the Sertoli cell at its basal aspect. Their numbers and position indicate that they play a role in the maintenance of the integrity of the seminiferous epithelium and may provide a route for cell-to-cell communication. Ectoplasmic specializations of the reconstructed cell were seen facing only 3 of 37 round germ cells, and 7 ectoplasmic specializations from adjoining Sertoli cells faced these germ cells, all of which were step 5 spermatids. That there were no ectoplasmic specializations facing pachytene cells indicates that ectoplasmic specializations are not acquired as these cells pass through Sertoli--Sertoli junctions, but are acquired later in spermatogenesis.
TL;DR: The conclusion that burnout represents a health risk to teachers in this study has implications for school health personnel who have experience in educating people about physiological and psychological factors that threaten health.
Abstract: Recent literature indicates teachers experience considerable stress in the workplace, and that such stress is associated with an increased frequency of physical illnesses and somatic complaints. This study was conducted to identify the relationship between reported levels of stress and somatic complaints and selected illnesses. The Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Teacher Somatic Complaints and Illness Inventory were distributed to 428 teachers in public schools in Southern Illinois. The MBI yields data allowing classification of teachers into two groups according to degrees of work related stress. A discriminant analysis was performed to examine the ability to discriminate between these groups based on their reported patterns of somatic complaints and illnesses. More than 11% of those responding to the study were classified as burned out according to conservative criteria for classification. The conclusion that burnout represents a health risk to teachers in this study has implications for school health personnel. Since school health personnel have experience in educating people about physiological and psychological factors that threaten health, and have experience in motivating individuals to take positive action regarding their health, they can provide teachers with information and skills to cope with occupational stress.
TL;DR: The Hess effect, a monocular, latency-based illusion in which the more intensely illuminated of a pair of laterally-moving targets appears displaced ahead of the other, was studied with white targets on black background at scotopic and photopic levels.
TL;DR: The introduction of a plasmid carrying the structural gene for beta-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthase I into a fabAup strain overcame the effect of dehydrase overproduction on fatty acid composition.
Abstract: The intracellular level of beta-hydroxydecanoyl thio ester dehydrase, the product of the fabA gene of Escherichia coli, was increased by isolation of a putative promotor mutant (termed fabAup) or by molecular cloning of the wild-type fabA gene into plasmid pBR322. The fabAup and plasmid-carrying strains overproduced dehydrase by about 15- and 10-fold, respectively. The phospholipids of all strains that overproduced the dehydrase contained significantly higher levels of saturated fatty acids than isogenic strains producing a normal level of dehydrase. No increased levels of unsaturated fatty acids were observed. This result indicates that, although the dehydrase is required for unsaturated fatty acid synthesis, the level of dehydrase activity in wild-type cells does not limit the rate of unsaturated fatty acid synthesis. The introduction of a plasmid carrying the structural gene for beta-ketoacyl acyl carrier protein synthase I into a fabAup strain overcame the effect of dehydrase overproduction on fatty acid composition.