Showing papers by "University of Glasgow published in 1983"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a new and highly effective optical frequency discriminator and laser stabilization system based on signals reflected from a stable Fabry-Perot reference interferometer.
Abstract: We describe a new and highly effective optical frequency discriminator and laser stabilization system based on signals reflected from a stable Fabry-Perot reference interferometer. High sensitivity for detection of resonance information is achieved by optical heterodyne detection with sidebands produced by rf phase modulation. Physical, optical, and electronic aspects of this discriminator/laser frequency stabilization system are considered in detail. We show that a high-speed domain exists in which the system responds to the phase (rather than frequency) change of the laser; thus with suitable design the servo loop bandwidth is not limited by the cavity response time. We report diagnostic experiments in which a dye laser and gas laser were independently locked to one stable cavity. Because of the precautions employed, the observed sub-100 Hz beat line width shows that the lasers were this stable. Applications of this system of laser stabilization include precision laser spectroscopy and interferometric gravity-wave detectors.
3,393 citations
Book•
28 Feb 1983TL;DR: Using classical and quantum methods with a strong emphasis on symmetry principles, the volume as discussed by the authors develops the theory of varied optical activity and related phenomena from the perspective of molecular scattering of polarized light.
Abstract: Ranging from the physics of elementary particles to the structure of viruses, the subject matter of this book stresses the importance of optical activity and chirality in modern science and will be of interest to a wide range of scientists. Using classical and quantum methods with a strong emphasis on symmetry principles, the volume develops the theory of varied optical activity and related phenomena from the perspective of molecular scattering of polarized light. First Edition Hb (1983): 0-521-24602-4
1,543 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that the structurally related peptide, neuropeptide Y (NPY), is likely to be the biologically active material in these nerves, as demonstrated by immunocytochemistry and pharmacological evidence.
323 citations
TL;DR: A mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1, 17tsVP1201, has a temperature-sensitive processing defect in a late virus polypeptide, suggesting that the defect of the mutant was in the gene encoding p40 rather than in a gene of a processing enzyme.
Abstract: A mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1, 17tsVP1201, has a temperature-sensitive processing defect in a late virus polypeptide. Immunoprecipitation studies with monoclonal antibodies showed that the aberrant polypeptide in mutant virus-infected cells was the nucleocapsid polypeptide known as p40. Since a revertant, TS(+) for growth, processed the polypeptide normally under conditions restrictive for the mutant, the processing event must be essential for virus replication. Electron microscopic analysis of mutant virus-infected cells grown at the nonpermissive temperature revealed that the nuclei contained large aggregations of empty nucleocapsids possessing some internal structure. Therefore, although the mutant synthesized virus DNA at the nonpermissive temperature, the DNA was not packaged into nucleocapsids. When mutant virus-infected cells were shifted from 39 to 31 degrees C in the presence of cycloheximide, the polypeptide p40 was processed to lower-molecular-weight forms, and full nucleocapsids were detected in the cell nuclei. The aberrant polypeptide of the mutant, however, was not processed in cells mixedly infected with 17tsVP1201 and a revertant at the nonpermissive temperature, suggesting that the defect of the mutant was in the gene encoding p40 rather than in a gene of a processing enzyme.
282 citations
TL;DR: A study of the diurnal and seasonal variation in the physico-chemical conditions within intertidal rock pools on the West coast of Scotland was undertaken to provide data on the environmental conditions experienced by animals inhabiting these pools as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A study of the diurnal and seasonal variation in the physico-chemical conditions within intertidal rock pools on the West coast of Scotland was undertaken to provide data on the environmental conditions experienced by animals inhabiting these pools. The temperature, pH, partial pressure of oxygen ( P O 2 ) and salinity were measured every hour for 24 h and the total alkalinity, partial pressure of carbon dioxide ( P CO 2 ) and carbon dioxide content ( C CO 2 ) calculated. This sampling regime was carried out once a month for 12 months to determine the extent of seasonal variation in conditions within temperate pools. Large diurnal variations were recorded in nearly all the physico-chemical parameters measured. The greatest variation was recorded in the temperature and P O 2 of the water but significant changes in pH and P CO 2 were also recorded. Total alkalinity varied little during any 24 h period but carbonate alkalinity, which was always lower than total alkalinity, showed slightly greater variation. There was also considerable variation in the magnitude of these diurnal changes between pools at different heights on the shore. Diurnal variation in the physico-chemical conditions within the pools were observed throughout the year although the magnitude of these changes varied seasonally. Detailed studies on individual pools demonstrated that appreciable local variation existed in the physico-chemical conditions within each pool.
267 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the presence of Fe(OH)+ becomes important, greatly enhancing previous estimates of the iron-precipitating power of early Precambrian sunlight, and suggesting that this sunlight would have been a sufficient precipitating agent for the iron found in BIFs.
Abstract: The Precambrian banded iron formations (BIFs) are the major iron ore sources on the Earth. They consist of extensive iron-rich and iron-poor layers within siliceous sedimentary rocks1,2. The banding has been attributed to variations in the conditions for precipitation of Fe2+ in ancient seas. The most favoured precipitating agent is oxygen3–8; this would lead in the first place to insoluble FeOOH. The variations might then arise from fluctuations in low levels of oxygen in the atmosphere8. Similar fluctuations could arise through the in situ photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton5. Alternatively, oxygen might have been a constant factor, the periodicity arising from a varying supply of iron to the zone of precipitation8–10. Another suggestion, that UV photons might have been the precipitating agent, without oxygen11, was based on the conversion of Fe2+ to Fe3+ by UV light (254 nm) in rather strongly acid conditions12,13. We have now tested this idea by photolysing Fe2+ in morerealistic near-neutral conditions. We report here that the presence of Fe(OH)+ becomes important, greatly enhancing previous estimates of the iron-precipitating power of early Precambrian sunlight, and suggesting that this sunlight would have been a sufficient precipitating agent for the iron found in BIFs.
265 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the characteristics of connected discourse is that entities introduced are often referred to again at a later point and such anaphoric references clearly necessitates a memory representation of the entities introduced.
Abstract: One of the characteristics of connected discourse is that entities introduced are often referred to again at a later point. Such anaphoric reference clearly necessitates a memory representation of ...
255 citations
TL;DR: During operations for total joint replacement done in operating rooms with conventional ventilation the mean air contamination varied considerably among the 15 hospitals studied, and it would seem that by far the largest proportion of bacteria found in the wound after the prosthesis had been inserted reached it by the airborne route.
252 citations
TL;DR: Inhibition of the EPSP synthase reaction by glyphosate is competitive with respect to phosphoenolpyruvate, with K i 1.1 μM, and uncompetitive withrespect to shikimate‐3‐phosphate.
252 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that the strain to initiate failure in a range of structural steels is co-related by the state of stress for both axisymmetric and plane states of strain.
Abstract: U sing plane strain and axisymmetric notched tensile specimens in combination with finite deformation stress analysis, the strain to initiate failure in a range of structural steels is shown to be co-related by the state of stress for both axisymmetric and plane states of strain. The implications of this result for ductile failure terminated by flow localisation is discussed in the light of the theoretical work on localised flow.
229 citations
TL;DR: Atenolol is more effective than conventional obstetric management in this form of hypertension and does not adversely affect mother or baby.
TL;DR: It is proposed that calcium deficiency may have been an important selective agency in the evolution of skeletal reduction in these unusual populations of Gasterosteus aculeatus.
Abstract: Rarely Gasterosteus aculeatus populations occur where many individuals have lost their protective dorsal spines, ventral spines, pelvic girdle and lateral bony plates. Reduction in predation pressure is currently viewed as the causative factor.
On the lsle of North Uist (Outer Hebrides) 10 spine-deficient G. aculeatus populations, sympatric with various fish and bird predators are described. All of the spine-deficient morph sticklebacks are found in acidic oligotrophic peat moorland lakes and pools where Ca2+ is ≤ 2.5 mg/1. It is proposed that calcium deficiency may have been an important selective agency in the evolution of skeletal reduction in these unusual populations.
TL;DR: It is shown that egg production is a demanding process in Lesser black-backed gulls and breeding success is influenced by the amount of the female's protein reserve both through its effect on egg quality and on her ability to lay replacement eggs if necessary.
Abstract: Female Lesser black-backed gulls, culled from a moorland nesting site in Lancashire for public health reasons, were examined to compare their body condition with the number and quality of eggs that they would lay. The clutch size and stage of the laying cycle of each bird were determined by examining their ovaries. Fat condition was obtained by extraction of the whole carcass with chloroform and an index of protein condition was obtained from the lean dry weight of the flight muscles. Oviduct eggs were analysed for the amounts of fat and protein present in the yolk and albumen.
Lesser black-backed gulls are not fully indeterminate layers. Most females develop only enough enlarged ova to produce the normal clutch of three eggs, with some birds able to lay an additional one or two replacement eggs if necessary. The female's protein reserve, but not her fat reserve, declined during egg formation and was correlated with the total number of eggs she could potentially have laid. Similarly egg quality, as measured by yolk weight and protein content, was correlated with female condition but not her fat reserves. Albumen weight was not correlated with body condition.
It is shown that egg production is a demanding process in Lesser black-backed gulls and breeding success is influenced by the amount of the female's protein reserve both through its effect on egg quality and on her ability to lay replacement eggs if necessary.
TL;DR: The localization of a gene to the tip of the short arm of the human X chromosome and evidence for a related gene on the Y chromosome is described.
Abstract: The mammalian sex chromosomes are thought to be related to each other by sharing a common origin. That is, the X and Y chromosomes originally evolved from a pair of chromosomes that only differed at the locus determining sexual differentiation1,2. For example, this evolutionary relationship is reflected during meiosis3 in chromosomal pairing between the tip of the human X chromosome short arm and the Y chromosome which presumably implies sequence homology4. However, compelling genetic evidence for functional homology between the mammalian X and Y chromosome is lacking. We describe here the localization of a gene to the tip of the short arm of the human X chromosome and evidence for a related gene on the Y chromosome.
TL;DR: A model which defines fitness in terms of the intrinsic rate of increase of phenotypes is used to analyse which life cycles are appropriate to which ecological circumstances and the predictions are made for asexual animals and those sexual animals producing on average more than one daughter per brood.
TL;DR: Foraging ability improved over the first 4 years of life, 4-year-olds being almost as successful as adults, and it is suggested that this relates to the delay in the time of first breeding.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the increases in glucose utilization which occur locally in anterior cingulate cortex following the unilateral injection of VIP (20 pmol) into this key brain area and additionally the focal alterations in glucose use in CNS regions having known neuronal connections with the injected region.
Abstract: Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is present in high concentrations in the cerebral cortex, where it is the putative neurotransmitter of a major intracortical neuronal system1–3. Homogenates of cortical tissue contain high-affinity, specific binding sites for VIP4 as well as an adenylate cyclase system which is sensitive to this peptide5,6. As with many of the other peptidergic systems which have been identified in the central nervous system (CNS), it has proved extremely difficult to elucidate the nature and extent of the functional role of VIP in specific brain areas. Here, using the quantitative autoradiographic 14C-deoxyglucose technique in rats7 to provide insight into functional processes8, we describe the increases in glucose utilization which occur locally in anterior cingulate cortex following the unilateral injection of VIP (20 pmol) into this key brain area and, additionally, the focal alterations in glucose use in CNS regions having known neuronal connections with the injected region (for example, ipsilateral mediodorsal thalamus, ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, caudate nucleus and contralateral cingulate cortex). These data provide evidence that VIP may modify the processing of afferent and efferent information within the anterior cingulate cortex in the conscious rat.
TL;DR: Analysis of the keratinocyte subpopulations by SDS-PAGE revealed directly their tonofilament chain composition, and it is suggested that synthesis of the Mr 70000 chain in suprabasal keratinocytes is normally linked with their loss of mitotic ability in the skin disease psoriasis.
TL;DR: The results reinforce the view that part of the motor transmission in rat vas deferens is non‐adrenergic and allow the disentanglement of the various postJunctional and prejunctional elements contributing to the complex response to a train of stimuli.
Abstract: Adrenergic and 'non-adrenergic' nerve-induced contractions in rat vas deferens were separated pharmacologically. Responses to single stimuli comprised two components, an alpha-noradrenergic component (IIs), dominant in the epididymal portion, and a 'non-adrenergic' component (Is), dominant in the prostatic portion. Is but not IIs was blocked by nifedipine. A combination of adrenergic blockade and nifedipine virtually abolished all components. After cocaine, a third component (IIIs) emerged which was abolished by either adrenergic blockade or nifedipine. The response to trains of stimuli consisted of 'twitch' and 'secondary' components. This biphasic time course was modified by adrenergic blockade or nifedipine to reveal the time course of the 'non-adrenergic' and adrenergic components, respectively: these did not correspond to the 'twitch' and 'secondary' components. A combination of adrenergic blockade and nifedipine virtually abolished the whole response. Prejunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptor-mediated inhibition of the contractile responses could be blocked by selective alpha 2-adrenoceptor antagonists. The adrenergic contractile response demonstrated this 'feed-back' even on the second pulse at 0.5 Hz. Endogenous inhibition of the 'non-adrenergic' contraction required higher frequencies or enhancement of the extracellular concentration of noradrenaline by blockade of its neuronal uptake. Contractile responses to exogenous noradrenaline were abolished by nifedipine, at a concentration that did not affect the adrenergic (IIs) neurotransmission. These results reinforce the view that part of the motor transmission in rat vas deferens is non-adrenergic and allow the disentanglement of the various postjunctional and prejunctional elements contributing to the complex response to a train of stimuli.
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that the present Old Red Sandstone volcanic rocks are seen as the final stage of a volcanic arc which occupied the position of the present Midland Valley from at least Llanvirn to Early Devonian time.
Abstract: The Midland Valley of Scotland was an arc–interarc region during most of Ordovician—Devonian time. This arc terrane extends beneath the allochthonous Southern Uplands and probably beneath the southern Highlands. Models of Caledonian plate tectonism which regard the Midland Valley as a fore-arc basin are rejected principally on the grounds that (i) the Ordovician sequence at Girvan, in the very SW of the Midland Valley, was generated in a proximal fore-arc basin to the immediate S of a contemporaneous plutonic–volcanic arc, and (ii) the source for Silurian sediments in the southern part of the Midland Valley could not have been a rising trench-slope-break, but igneous basement and conglomerates with clasts of metamorphic basement, i.e. the southward extension of the Midland Valley.The Midland Valley arc first comprised mainly plutonic rocks, some of which may have been basic but most of which were certainly granitic. Little is known of the ages of volcanic clasts in Silurian conglomerates (this time may have been a period of relative volcanic quiescence), but the Silurian–Devonian sequence is considered to have formed in an interarc basin which, like many other basins of this kind, began as marine (Early Silurian) and ended as fluvial (Devonian). At this final Silurian–Devonian stage, the Midland Valley arc was dominated by effusive rocks which made a substantial contribution to the sediments.In this interpretation, the present Old Red Sandstone volcanic rocks are seen as the final stage of a volcanic arc which occupied the position of the present Midland Valley from at least Llanvirn to Early Devonian time.
TL;DR: The photosynthetic membranes of two strains of Rhodopseudomonas acidophila have been resolved into their constituent light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes and four different types of antenna complexes are isolated and partially purified.
TL;DR: Methods for determining 10 m-3 is suggested as the highest acceptable value for an ultraclean system and methods for determining this are described.
TL;DR: A systematic analysis of the newspaper coverage of crime has been carried out in this paper, but no previous research of this sort has ever been conducted in Scotland, and no previous analysis of crime coverage in Scotland has been performed in the UK.
Abstract: Members of the general public pay for crime in two different ways. As victims they suffer the direct consequences, and as tax-payers and rate payers they finance the police, courts and prisons to control it. For both these reasons it seems that the general public has a right to know on what, and how successfully, their money is spent. However, the responsibility for informing them rests almost exclusively with a competitive and commercial press. Indeed, it has been noted by Hauge (1965) that " the near monopoly of the daily press as a source of crime news therefore presumably makes it an important influence on public opinion on the subject of crime " (p. 148). Accordingly, it is important to monitor regularly the newspaper coverage of crime to assess whether or not the overall picture of crime which news papers collectively produce is informative and balanced. Previous research in this field has frequently discovered that the news paper coverage of crime news is, in some way, biased. Hauge (1965), Roshier (1973), Croll (1974) and Beardsworth (1975) have discovered an over-emphasis on crimes of violence, and Sherizen (1978) discovered an additional over-emphasis on crimes involving indecency. Yet whilst there has been an upsurge in analytic interest in the media in the last decade (Glasgow University Media Group, 1976 and 1980; Murphy, 1976; Chibnall, 1977; Brunsdon and Morely, 1978; Hall et al., 1978; Hurd, 1979; Jones, 1980), systematic analysis of the newspaper coverage of crime has been relatively neglected. Indeed, no previous research of this sort has ever been carried out in Scotland.
TL;DR: The anatomy and innervation of the mesothoracic flexor tibiae muscle indicated a subdivision into proximal, middle and distal flexors, which was identified by the height of the action potentials recorded extracellularly from the flexor nerve branches of an intact locust.
Abstract: The anatomy and innervation of the mesothoracic flexor tibiae muscle indicated a subdivision into proximal, middle and distal flexors The muscle is innervated by 12 excitors, two inhibitors and two dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurones The motor axons were identified by (a) the height of the action potentials recorded extracellularly from the flexor nerve branches of an intact locust, (b) the EPSPs or IPSPs and the tension which they produced in the muscle when they were stimulated and (c) the distribution on the muscle There was some independent innervation of proximal, middle and distal flexors
TL;DR: It is shown that the variation of effective index with guide width can be predicted with good accuracy using a computer model to both solve the exchange equation to obtain the refractive index profile and to calculate the modes of the resulting structure.
Abstract: An account of the formation and characterization of stripe waveguides formed by silver/sodium ion exchange is given. It is shown that the variation of effective index with guide width can be predicted with good accuracy using a computer model to both solve the exchange equation to obtain the refractive index profile and to calculate the modes of the resulting structure. It is found that while the use of an anodized aluminum mask results in low-loss waveguides, a metallic mask causes deposition of silver at the edges of the guide. The experimental methods used for aluminum anodization and for characterization of the waveguides are described in detail.
TL;DR: The spinal cords of cats were subjected to an impact injury using a "weight dropping" technique and sequential changes in the sheaths of non-degenerate myelinated fibres studied over a 3-week period suggested that the very earliest myelin damage is mechanical but is aggravated by other factor(s) one of which is probably ischaemia.
TL;DR: Ifosfamide offers a new alternative to previous chemotherapy for advanced soft-tissue sarcoma, but alterations in dose or method will be necessary to reduce toxicity.
Abstract: In a phase II study, 42 patients with advanced soft-tissue sarcoma were treated with ifosfamide by 24-h infusion and mesna by 4-h IV bolus, repeated every 3 weeks. Ten patients received ifosfamide 5.0 g/m2, 20 had the dosage increased to 8.0 g/m2, and 12 received 8.0 g/m2 from the outset. Mesna was given in doses of 400 mg/m2 or 600 mg/m2. Of 40 patients evaluable for response, six (15%) achieved complete response and nine (23%) partial response. The overall response rate was 38%. The median duration of response was 11 months. Treatment was associated with falls in peripheral WBC and alopecia in all patients. Most experienced severe nausea and vomiting. In seven nephrotoxicity developed, and two of these died of renal failure. Renal tubular defects and cerebral effects also occured. Mesna largely prevented haemorrhagic cystitis. Ifosfamide offers a new alternative to previous chemotherapy for advanced soft-tissue sarcoma, but alterations in dose or method will be necessary to reduce toxicity.
TL;DR: A comparison has been made between the two groups of dogs reviewed to evaluate the advantages of each regime and provide the basis for a treatment protocol for cases of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease in the dog.
Abstract: Many dogs will recover after a thoracolumbar disc protrusion whether they are treated conservatively or surgically. Two statistically similar groups of dogs submitted to the Department of Surgery, Royal Veterinary College (RVC) and to the Department of Surgery, University of Glasgow Veterinary School (UGVS) were reviewed. At the RVC an aggressive surgical policy was adopted and at the UGVS a conservative regime was followed.
A comparison has been made between the two groups to evaluate the advantages of each regime. This comparison has provided the basis for a treatment protocol for cases of thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease in the dog.
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that the metacyclic repertoire of a stock of T. congolense, the most important of the pathogenic cattle trypanosomes, is limited to 12 variable antigen types.
Abstract: Vaccination against the tsetse-borne trypanosomiases has proved impossible because of the trypanosome's ability to generate a seemingly inexhaustible number of variable antigen types in the blood or tissues of the host. Each variable antigen is a glycoprotein which forms a surface coat on the trypanosome and each glycoprotein is the product of a single gene. The full repertoire of such antigens has not been identified for any trypanosome serodeme (genotype) as yet, but the number of genes coding for variable antigen glycoproteins is estimated to be between 100 and 1,000. We have previously postulated that for Trypanosoma brucei the antigen repertoire of the infective metacyclic stage trypanosomes inoculated by the tsetse fly may be considerably smaller than that expressed in the mammalian host. If this is so then protection against infection by the vector becomes an easier proposition, but the actual scale of the metacyclic repertoire is also unknown. We present here evidence that the metacyclic repertoire of a stock of T. congolense, the most important of the pathogenic cattle trypanosomes, is limited to 12 variable antigen types.
TL;DR: It was clear that the intestinal mucosa contained populations of immune effector cells that were heterogeneous in nature and function.
Abstract: Lymphocytes separated from the epithelial layer of mouse small intestine, IEL, were tested for their NK cytotoxicity against Yac-1 targets. There was little NK activity in a 4 hour assay, but high activity in an 18 hour assay, and the NK activity of IEL did not parallel that in the spleen in any of the mouse strains tested. Furthermore, IEL exerted a suppressor activity on mouse spleen NK activity. Specific T-cell cytotoxicity appeared in IEL in mice immunized with an intraperitoneal injection of P-815 tumor cells. By contrast with IEL, LPL had little NK or NK suppressor activity, but higher levels of specific T-cell cytotoxicity in tumor-immunized mice than intraepithelial lymphocytes. A high proportion of IEL had granules that stained with Giemsa and Astra blue. Furthermore many IEL carried Lyt-2+ phenotype and no other T-cell surface antigen. Intraepithelial lymphocytes appeared, therefore, to have staining and phenotype characteristics of both granular NK cells and suppressor cells. It was clear that the intestinal mucosa contained populations of immune effector cells that were heterogeneous in nature and function.