Showing papers by "University of Missouri published in 1987"
TL;DR: Methods for conducting an integrative review are discussed and it is indicated that the majority of integrative reviews in nursing fell short of primary research standards.
Abstract: Integrative reviews of research are a valuable part of the process of creating and organizing a body of literature. It has been argued that integrative reviews should be held to the same standards of clarity, rigor, and replication as primary research. In this paper methods for conducting an integrative review are discussed. Seventeen reviews from nursing journals were examined and compared with a proposed set of criteria for reviews. The results indicated that the majority of integrative reviews in nursing fell short of primary research standards. Guidelines for conducting more rigorous reviews are presented.
902 citations
TL;DR: The guild analysis indicated that species with similar ecological requirements had a common response to habitat degradation by siltation, and species within each guild affected by siltsation had significantly similar trends in abundance.
Abstract: The effect of siltation on stream fish in northeast Missouri was evaluated using community structural measurements and a functional approach that emphasized feeding and reproductive guilds. As the percentage of fine substrate increased, the distinction among riffle, run, and pool communities decreased, primarily because the number of individuals of typical riffle species decreased. Within the riffle communities the abundance of fish of two feeding guilds — benthic insectivores and herbivores — was reduced as the percent of fine substrate increased. The abundance of fish in other feeding guilds was not affected. The only reproductive guild to be similarly affected was the simple and lithophilous, whose members require a clean gravel substrate for spawning. Species within each guild affected by siltation had significantly similar trends in abundance. The guild analysis indicated that species with similar ecological requirements had a common response to habitat degradation by siltation.
487 citations
TL;DR: The primary amino-acid sequence of oTP-1 is reported as inferred from a cloned complementary DNA and it is demonstrated that the protein is most probably an interferon-alpha.
Abstract: In most species the length of a pregnancy exceeds that of the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle. The conceptus within the uterus, therefore, is believed to produce a substance or substances which directly or indirectly prolong the lifespan of the corpus luteum and prevent a return to ovarian cyclicity. This phenomenon is known as maternal recognition of pregnancy1. The active substance implicated in signalling maternal recognition of pregnancy in the sheep is an embryonic secretory protein, known as ovine trophoblast protein-1 (oTP-1) (refs 2–4), which is targeted in a paracrine manner to the uterine epithelium of the mother5. We report here the primary amino-acid sequence of oTP-1 as inferred from a cloned complementary DNA and demonstrate that the protein is most probably an interferon-alpha.
467 citations
TL;DR: Good discusses the types of teacher expectation effects evi denced in the classroom as mentioned in this paper, focusing on the research that addresses teachers' expectations for and interac tions with respect to the classroom environment.
Abstract: Good discusses the types of teacher expectation effects evi denced in the classroom. Particular attention is focused on the research that addresses teachers' expectations for and interac tions with...
355 citations
TL;DR: The increased release of citrate may provide a mechanism by which P-stressed plants enhance the availability of P in the rhizosphere.
Abstract: Under certain stress conditions roots exude organic molecules, which may facilitate the uptake of nutrients. The objective of this research was to identify and measure the effect of low P upon the exudation of organic acids by roots of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) seedlings. Surface-sterilized alfalfa seeds were grown aseptically in sterile sand using an apparatus specially designed for the addition of ±P nutrient solutions and for the collection of root exudates. Citric, malic, and succinic acids were detected in the root exudates of 24-day-old alfalfa seedlings. Citrate exudation from the roots of P-stressed alfalfa was 182% that of plants receiving a complete nutrient solution. The increased release of citrate may provide a mechanism by which P-stressed plants enhance the availability of P in the rhizosphere.
348 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a new control technique based on dead beat control theory to obtain a nearly sinusoidal PWM inverter output voltage is described, which inherently provides very good voltage regulation, phase positioning, and compensation for load disturbances and nonlinear loads.
Abstract: A new control technique based on dead beat control theory to obtain a nearly sinusoidal PWM inverter output voltage is described. The closed-loop digital feedback system measures the output and controls the inverter switches to generate the required pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) pattern to produce low total harmonic distortion (THD) sinusoidal output voltage. This scheme inherently provides very good voltage regulation, phase positioning, and compensation for load disturbances and nonlinear loads. A theoretical analysis, computer simulation, and experimental results for a single-phase bridge inverter controlled by an Intel 8086 microprocessor-based system is presented.
313 citations
TL;DR: A definition of problem is presented, which is seen as allowing research that can use methods analogous to those employed in research informal problem solving and in the study of 'experts' to allow for target interventions according to particular client weaknesses.
Abstract: An information-processing view of personal problem solving is presented, involving the way people take in information, process that information into plans for solutions to personal problems and carry out those plans. An abbreviated view of how we view the effect of some important individual differences is presented. We present a definition of problem, which we see as allowing research that can use methods analogous to those employed in research informal problem solving and in the study of 'experts.' We hope that such research will allow us to target interventions according to particular client weaknesses. We suggest some research directions that have promise of future pay off. Suggestions for counseling are made that derive from our experience in counseling college students.
284 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that, during normal dynamic exercise, MBF is determined by skeletal muscle vascular conductance, the perfusion pressure gradient, and the efficacy of the muscle pump.
Abstract: An appreciation for the potential of skeletal muscle vascular beds for blood flow (blood flow capacity) is required if one is to understand the limits of the cardiorespiratory system in exercise To assess this potential, an index of blood flow capacity that can be objectively measured is required One obvious index would be to measure maximal muscle blood flow (MBF) However, a unique value for maximal MBF cannot be measured, since once maximal vasodilation is attained MBF is a function of perfusion pressure Another approach would be to measure maximal or peak vascular conductance However, peak vascular conductance is different among skeletal muscles composed of different fiber types and is a function of perfusion pressure during peak vasodilation within muscle composed of a given fiber type Also, muscle contraction can increase or decrease blood flow and/or the apparent peak vascular conductance depending on the experimental preparation and the type of muscle contraction Blood flows and calculated values of conductance appear to be greater during rhythmic contractions (with the appropriate frequency and duration) than observed in resting muscle during what is called "maximal" vasodilation Moreover, dynamic exercise in conscious subjects produces the greatest skeletal muscle blood flows The purpose of this review is to consider the interaction of the determinants of muscle blood flow during locomotory exercise Emphasis is directed toward the hypothesis that the "muscle pump" is an important determinant of perfusion of active skeletal muscle It is concluded that, during normal dynamic exercise, MBF is determined by skeletal muscle vascular conductance, the perfusion pressure gradient, and the efficacy of the muscle pump
267 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, household income, time value, size and composition, and the environment in which production and consumption occurred were all important determinants of total household expenditures on food-away-from-home.
Abstract: Consistent with prior expectations based on household production theory, household income, time value, size and composition, and the environment in which production and consumption occurred were all important determinants of total household expenditures on food-away-from-home. However, the importance of these factors varied by type of food facility: conventional restaurants, fast-food facilities, and other commercial establishments. Decomposition of the tobit elasticities indicated the differential importance of market participation effects of household size, income, and time value by level of the variable and by type of food facility.
255 citations
TL;DR: The findings indicate that the central serotonergic neuronal system can influence the function of the pituitary-adrenal endocrine axis via a direct action upon the hypophysiotrophic CRF synthesizing neurons.
Abstract: The morphological interrelationship between the central serotonergic and hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) synthesizing systems was studied in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of colchicine pretreated male rats. The simultaneous immunocytochemical localization of the transmitter and peptide employed the peroxidase-antiperoxidase complex (PAP) technique using the silver-gold intensified (SGI) and non-intensified forms of the oxidized 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) chromogen.
253 citations
TL;DR: The LECO FP-228 "Nitrogen Determinator" was compared with the AOAC copper catalyst Kjeldahl method, 7.033-7.037, for the determination of crude protein in feed materials; it was easy to operate and broadly applicable.
Abstract: The LECO FP-228 "Nitrogen Determinator" was compared with the AOAC copper catalyst Kjeldahl method, 7.033-7.037, for the determination of crude protein in feed materials. The completely microprocessor-controlled instrument determines nitrogen by measuring the nitrogen gas following combustion of the sample; it was easy to operate and broadly applicable. A wide variety of feed materials of various nitrogen levels were analyzed in one mixed sequence. Results were precise, accurate, and rapid. Analysis time for one sample was approximately 3 min. Fourteen samples containing 2.5-15.5% N were selected for study and consisted of meals, grains, forages, and standard organic materials. The overall mean for the 14 samples by the LECO combustion method was 8.61% N compared with an overall mean of 8.58% N for the AOAC Kjeldahl method. Within-sample standard deviations for the LECO combustion method ranged from 0.013 to 0.052% N with a pooled standard deviation (SD) of 0.033% N for the 14 samples. Standard deviations for the AOAC Kjeldahl method ranged from 0.006 to 0.035% N with a pooled SD of 0.022% N. Combined average recovery of nitrogen from tryptophan, lysine-HCl, and EDTA determined by the LECO combustion method was 99.94% compared to 99.88% determined by the AOAC Kjeldahl method.
TL;DR: The results suggest that more than one mechanism is involved in rapid modulation of gene expression by auxin, and appear to define a new class of small RNAs that respond extremely rapidly to application of exogenous auxin.
Abstract: Four new auxin-responsive RNAs from soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr., var. Wayne) are described. The RNAs were identified by hybridization to three cDNA probes obtained from a library enriched for sequences which increase in abundance within 60 min after 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) treatment. These RNAs appear to define a new class of small (i.e. approximately 550 nucleotides) RNAs that respond extremely rapidly to application of exogenous auxin. In excised elongating hypocotyl sections, an increase in the abundance of these RNAs can be detected 2 to 5 min after treatment with 50 μM 2,4-D. This response is half maximal after 10 min and reaches steady state in 60 min. RNA blot analysis shows that these RNAs are expressed differentially in various parts of the seedling. The degree of inducibility by auxin is also organ-specific, with the elongating hypocotyl being the most responsive of the organs tested. The RNAs display identical response specificities with one exception. Accumulation of one RNA, designated 10A, is completely abolished by simultaneous addition of cycloheximide and 2,4-D. This RNA also displays a different 2,4-D dose response than other RNAs examined. These results suggest that more than one mechanism is involved in rapid modulation of gene expression by auxin.
TL;DR: It is shown that selective phonotaxis by female gray tree frogs depends on non-arbitrary acoustic cues that indicate the male's species and energetic costs of signal production, and some female preferences cannot be explained by differences in signal conspicuousness alone.
Abstract: The evolutionary significance of female choice is controversial1. Central to the issue are the mechanisms and criteria used by females to choose among potential sexual partners. For example, females merely responding to conspicuous displays that are uncorrelated with male condition or quality would neither incur costs of assessment nor gain benefits over and above random mating2. Here we show that selective phonotaxis by female gray tree frogs depends on non-arbitrary acoustic cues that indicate the male's species and energetic costs of signal production. Furthermore, some female preferences cannot be explained by differences in signal conspicuousness (acoustic energy) alone. Females obviously benefit by rejecting genetically incompatible, heterospecific males, which can be identified solely by pulse rate. Females also select among conspecific males on the basis of call duration, which is correlated with a male's energetic investment in courtship and probably indicates his physical condition and fitness.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that solutions of linear inequalities, linear programs and certain linear complementarity problems are Lipschitz continuous with respect to changes in the right-hand side data of the problem.
Abstract: It is shown that solutions of linear inequalities, linear programs and certain linear complementarity problems (e.g. those with P-matrices or Z-matrices but not semidefinite matrices) are Lipschitz continuous with respect to changes in the right-hand side data of the problem. Solutions of linear programs are not Lipschitz continuous with respect to the coefficients of the objective function. The Lipschitz constant given here is a generalization of the role played by the norm of the inverse of a nonsingular matrix in bounding the perturbation of the solution of a system of equations in terms of a right-hand side perturbation.
TL;DR: The effects of a change in an office environment from a traditional to an open-plan design were examined for government employees occupying three types of organizational positions as mentioned in this paper, and the effects of such a change on performance were found to be different for different types of positions.
Abstract: The effects of a change in an office environment from a traditional to an open-plan design were examined for government employees occupying three types of organizational positions. Differential eff...
TL;DR: This paper presents a model based on fractional Brownian motion which will allow us to recover two characteristics related to the fractal dimension from silhouettes, and introduces a new theoretical concept called the average Holder constant, which relates it mathematically to the Fractal dimension.
Abstract: Many objects in images of natural scenes are so complex and erratic, that describing them by the familiar models of classical geometry is inadequate. In this paper, we exploit the power of fractal geometry to generate global characteristics of natural scenes. In particular we are concerned with the following two questions: 1) Can we develop a measure which can distinguish between different global backgrounds (e.g., mountains and trees)? and 2) Can we develop a measure that is sensitive to change in distance (or scale)? We present a model based on fractional Brownian motion which will allow us to recover two characteristics related to the fractal dimension from silhouettes. The first characteristic is an estimate of the fractal dimension based on a least squares linear fit. We show that this feature is stable under a variety of real image conditions and use it to distinguish silhouettes of trees from silhouettes of mountains. Next we introduce a new theoretical concept called the average Holder constant and relate it mathematically to the fractal dimension. It is shown that this measurement is sensitive to scale in a predictable manner, and hence, provides the potential for use as a range indicator. Corroborating experimental results are presented.
TL;DR: Pleural effusion may be a presenting or late sign of cancer, and when recurrent can be a vexing symptomatic problem as mentioned in this paper, which may at times be difficult to diagnose or treat.
Abstract: Pleural effusion is a common and important complication of malignancy which may at times be difficult to diagnose or treat. Its well recognized association with numerous diseases plus the limitations of our usual diagnostic tests may occasionally cause difficulty. In the oncology patient there are a number of common medical problems associated with the development of pleural effusion which frequently coexist with the malignancy. Pleural effusion may be a presenting or late sign of cancer, and when recurrent can be a vexing symptomatic problem. Fortunately, an increasing number of effective diagnostic and therapeutic modalities are available which, when judiciously applied, facilitate our approach.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that the period function for the family of periodic trajectories surrounding the center is monotone when the function V(V′)2 is convex.
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that female guppies from high-predation populations show a genetically determined, lower preference for brightly coloured models of maleguppies than do females from areas of low predation.
Abstract: The 'runaway process of sexual selection' explains the evolution of extreme sexual behaviours and adornments and requires that a preferred secondary sexual character expressed in one sex be genetically correlated with a preference for this character expressed in the other sex1–4 Because of this genetic correlation, individuals selecting the preferred character also select higher levels of preference, producing rapid, self-reinforcing evolution of both characters Preference for increased development of the secondary sexual character is counterbalanced at equilibrium by natural selection acting against this character Variation in predation against brightly coloured male guppies, Poecilia reticulata, presents a unique opportunity to test a prediction of this counterbalance between sexual and natural selection, namely that geographical variation in selection against the preferred character should lead to parallel variation in preference5 Here we present evidence that female guppies from high-predation populations show a genetically determined, lower preference for brightly coloured models of male guppies than do females from areas of low predation
TL;DR: The prognosis for a patient with type IV EDs is poor; 44% die before surgery and 19% die during the operative period; the standard repair of aneurysms and perforations is unlikely to be successful because of marked vessel friability.
TL;DR: Thirteen (65%) of 20 horses subjected to carbohydrate overload developed Obel Grade 3 lameness within 56 h and was associated with rises in plasma Gram-negative endotoxin levels in 11 (92 per cent) of 12 horses.
Abstract: Summary
Thirteen (65 per cent) of 20 horses subjected to carbohydrate overload developed Obel Grade 3 lameness within 56 h. Increases in plasma endotoxin from control levels of less than 0.1 ng/litre to values ranging from 2.4 to 81.53 ng/litre were measured in 11 (85 per cent) of 13 horses during the onset of Obel Grade 3 lameness. Obel Grade 3 lameness was associated with rises in plasma Gram-negative endotoxin levels in 11 (92 per cent) of 12 horses. Two peak increases separated by 16 h were verified in five (45 per cent) of 11 horses that exhibited both endotoxaemia and Obel Grade 3 lameness. The first peak occurred, on average, at 32 h and (he second peak at 48 h post overload when only one peak was measured, this occurred in four horses at the average time of 24 h whereas in another three horses only a 48 h or 56 h peak was detected after carbohydrate overload.
TL;DR: In this article, the relative technical efficiency of firms operating under different competitive pressures using observations from multational firms in Taiwan's electronics industry is investigated using a model-based approach. And the authors find that firms that are constrained to export all their products and thus to compete in the world markets tend to be more efficient than those allowed to sell their products in the protected local markets (namely, the import-substitution-oriented) depending on the model specification.
TL;DR: It is suggested that lipid peroxidation mediated membrane alteration induced by P. syringae pv.
TL;DR: This paper made corrections to Stiff's misrepresentation of the model and pointed out that many variables other than involvement can affect the elaboration likelihood and thus the route to persuasion, variables can serve in multiple roles under specifiable conditions, and the ELM does not preclude multichannel information processing.
Abstract: In this article we respond to James Stiff's (1986) recent critique of the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) of persuasion (Petty & Cacioppo, 1981, 1986b). In particular, we make the following corrections to Stiff's misrepresentation of the model: (1) Many variables other than “involvement”; can affect the elaboration likelihood and thus the route to persuasion, (2) variables can serve in multiple roles under specifiable conditions, and (3) the ELM does not preclude multi‐channel information processing. After correcting these misperceptions of the ELM, we critique Stiffs meta‐analyses comparing the ELM predictions with those he derives from Kahneman's (1973) elastic capacity model. His analysis of message factors is critiqued on the grounds that some of the message factors included in the analysis are capable of affecting attitudes via either the central or the peripheral route. His analysis of source factors is critiqued on the grounds of insufficient sample size, lack of statistical significance, and po...
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01 Jul 1987TL;DR: In this article, a displacement-controlled test method for conducting stable fracture tests on tension-weak brittle materials developed in an earlier study has been used for conducting uniaxial tension tests.
Abstract: Results are discussed from experimental and theoretical studies on the tensile failure of short, steel fiber-reinforced mortar/concrete SFRC composites. A displacement-controlled test method for conducting stable fracture tests on tension-weak brittle materials developed in an earlier study has been used for conducting uniaxial tension tests. Several concrete, mortar, paste, and SFRC mixes were tested. Fracture of SFRC in tension is observed to be influenced largely by the matrix softening behavior, the fiber-matrix interfacial response, and its composition parameters. The theoretical model proposed for the idealized SFRC composite takes into account these two primary nonlinear aspects of the failure mechanism in such composites, i.e., (1) the inelastic behavior of the fiber-matrix interface, and (2) the softening characteristics of the matrix. The model, in addition, is realistically sensitive to the reinforcement parameters like fiber volume content, aspect ratio, and the elastic properties of the fiber.
TL;DR: It is indicated that cumulative lymphatic drainage significantly reduces net ultrafiltration and solute clearances in CAPD and thatUltrafiltration failure inCAPD occurs when daily lymphatic absorption equals or exceeds daily transcapillary ultraf infiltration.
Abstract: The contribution of peritoneal cavity lymphatic absorption to ultrafiltration kinetics and solute clearances in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis was evaluated in patients with normal (group 1) and high (group 2) peritoneal permeability X area during 4-h exchanges using 2 liters 2.5% dextrose dialysis solution with 30 g added albumin. Cumulative lymphatic drainage in all continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients averaged 358 +/- 47 ml per 4-h exchange and reduced cumulative net transcapillary ultrafiltration at the end of the exchange by 58 +/- 7.2%. The peak ultrafiltration volume was observed before osmotic equilibrium between serum and dialysate was reached and occurred when the net transcapillary ultrafiltration rate had decreased to equal the lymphatic absorption rate. Thereafter the lymphatic absorption rate exceeded the net transcapillary ultrafiltration rate, and intraperitoneal volume decreased. Extrapolated to 4 X 2 liters, 2.5% dextrose, 6-h exchanges per d, lymphatic drainage reduced potential daily net ultrafiltration by 83.2 +/- 10.2%, daily urea clearance by 16.9 +/- 1.9%, and daily creatinine clearance by 16.5 +/- 1.9%. Although lymphatic absorption did not differ between the two groups, lymphatic drainage caused a proportionately greater reduction in net ultrafiltration in group 2 (P less than 0.025), because these patients had more rapid dialysate glucose absorption (P less than 0.05) and less cumulative transcapillary ultrafiltration (P less than 0.01). These findings indicate that cumulative lymphatic drainage significantly reduces net ultrafiltration and solute clearances in CAPD and that ultrafiltration failure in CAPD occurs when daily lymphatic absorption equals or exceeds daily transcapillary ultrafiltration. Reduction of lymphatic absorption may provide a means for future improvement in the efficiency of CAPD.
TL;DR: An extensive series of two-spe speaker and four-speaker playback experiments identified acoustic criteria that may be used by females of the green treefrog, Hyla cinerea, in choosing a mate.