Showing papers by "University of South Florida published in 1970"
Journal Article•
170 citations
TL;DR: Diadema antillarum possesses a sensitive escape response to juices of crushed conspecific sea urchins, which strong species specificity suggests that it is an adaptation to reduce predation.
Abstract: Diadema antillarum possesses a sensitive escape response to juices of crushed conspecific sea urchins. Stimulation usually results in urchins moving rapidly downcurrent. Strong species specificity of the response suggests that it is an adaptation to reduce predation. Diadema antillarum also responds with a running response to contact with Cassis tuberosa, a known predator.
101 citations
TL;DR: The method is promising because it may be implemented in the home by the parent, with little special training, and complete cessation of nocturnal bedwetting was achieved within approximately 1 week from the beginning of treatment.
78 citations
TL;DR: In this article, 13 products have been isolated from degradation of d-glucose with methylamine and acetic acid and two compounds are responsible for the caramel odor observed in this degradation and have been identified as acetylformoin and 4-hydroxy-2,5dimethyl-3(2 H )-furanone.
45 citations
01 Jan 1970
42 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reported on the growth of animals kept under these conditions as a function of feeding schedule and on their food intake as an function of deprivation, and some animals were trained in a runway with food as reward, and others in a simple maze with return to sea water as reward.
Abstract: Octopus maya lives well for long periods in a small tank containing a plastic house in which it can be carried without disturbance to and from an experimental situation. Data are reported on the growth of animals kept under these conditions as a function of feeding schedule and on their food intake as a function of deprivation. Some animals were trained in a runway with food as reward, and others were trained in a simple maze with return to sea water as reward.
37 citations
TL;DR: Estimates of the absolute DNA amounts of twelve species of Bufo are presented, highest and lowest DNA amounts found in species with 22 chromosomes relate as 1.6∶1; one species with 20 chromosomes shows the lowest DNA amount determined to date.
Abstract: Specific nuclear DNA amounts were determined by Feulgen and gallocyanin chromalum cytophotometry in nine species of Bufo. These were compared with published data on DNA amounts and chromosome numbers. Together, estimates of the absolute DNA amounts of twelve species of Bufo are presented. Highest and lowest DNA amounts found in species with 22 chromosomes relate as 1.6∶1; one species with 20 chromosomes shows the lowest DNA amount determined to date.
25 citations
TL;DR: Measurements of the initial slope of the Feulgen hydrolysis curve allow the precise determination of specific nuclear DNA amounts for sixteen salamander species because of the low stain densities involved.
Abstract: Measurements of the initial slope of the Feulgen hydrolysis curve allow the precise determination of specific nuclear DNA amounts. The low stain densities involved preclude density-dependent systematic error. Best estimates of the nuclear DNA amount for sixteen salamander species are presented.
24 citations
TL;DR: The results were interpreted as confirming the influence of the properties of sets of stimuli, as well as the strength of the tendency of human Ss to process and categorize patterns in their entirety.
Abstract: A card-sorting task involved discrimination of patterns from the same equivalence set, patterns from different sets of the same size, and patterns from different sets of different sizes. Instructions, experimental conditions, and the number of different patterns to be sorted into two trays were varied in an attempt to change Ss’ strategies from whole-pattern processing to single-element processing. Instructions alone were ineffectual in preventing whole-pattern processing, and physical masks over most of the criterion stimuli (patterns used as guides in sorting) were only somewhat effective. Differences among tasks that were attributable to size of equivalence set were eliminated only by arranging the stimuli so that a whole-pattern strategy required a great deal more information processing, or so that such a strategy could not lead to the required discrimination. The results were interpreted as confirming the influence of the properties of sets of stimuli, as well as the strength of the tendency of human Ss to process and categorize patterns in their entirety. nt]mis|This research was supported in part by a University Research Council grant.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the intermediate X is the I A g state of molecular oxygen at some 8,000 cm-’ above the 023C; ground state, where S* denotes an electronically excited sensitizer molecule of unspecified multiplicity and X is a reaction intermediate.
Abstract: where S* denotes an electronically excited sensitizer molecule of unspecified multiplicity and X is a reaction intermediate; ki refers to the rate constant of the ith process. Although its presence has yet to be established in a system undergoing photosensitized peroxidation in solution, a wealth of evidence has recently been accumukited3 in support of the original suggestion of Kautsky4 that the intermediate X is the I A g state of molecular oxygen at some 8,000 cm-’ above the 023C; ground state. To quote Higgins and C O W O ~ ~ ~ ~ S : ~ “The reactive intermediate in the dye-sensitized photooxygenation of these substrates cannot be distinguished by any criterion yet devised from chemically generated ‘A, oxygen.” It remains to delineate the route by which the absorbed light quantum produces 0 2 ’ A , , i.e., to identify the electronically excited state S* of the sensitizer which acts as the 02’A, precursor in the quenching process b. Of the possible spin-allowed processes
TL;DR: The acquisition curves for form were more gradual than for color and the monkeys did not revert to a position preference during transfer, and after 14 days of form matching the monkeys were retested on color matching and showed very high savings.
Abstract: Acquisition of noncorrective simultaneous matching by 11 rhesus monkeys varied a good deal, especially in the number of trials spent on position preference. When monkeys were required to transfer from color matching to form matching, there was a decrement in performance with only 2 of 10 subjects performing above chance during the first day of transfer, although most of the remaining animals performed above chance during the second day. The acquisition curves for form were more gradual than for color and the monkeys did not revert to a position preference during transfer. After 14 days of form matching the monkeys were retested on color matching and showed very high savings.
TL;DR: For example, this paper trained monkeys to match red, green, and blue disks in a two-choice matching-to-sample paradigm, and showed complete and immediate transfer of matching.
Abstract: Monkeys were trained to match red, green, and blue disks in a two-choice matching-to-sample paradigm. Once the monkeys’ performance was asymptotic, a novel yellow disk was introduced into the paradigm, with the monkeys showing complete and immediate transfer of matching. However, when a novel triangular form was intr. duced into the paradigm, the same morkevs continued to respond to the familiar lored disks.
TL;DR: The effect of two shock intensities were studied in the acquisition, maintenance, and extinction of unsignalled avoidance by albino rats, with shock intensity being the principal condition that differed between schedule components.
Abstract: The effect of two shock intensities (100 and 200 mA) were studied in the acquisition, maintenance, and extinction of unsignalled avoidance by albino rats Single and multiple avoidance schedules were employed, with shock intensity being the principal condition that differed between schedule components The higher shock intensity was generally more effective in producing avoidance Higher response rates and lower shock rates were observed under high-intensity shock when performance stabilized When the multiple schedule was introduced, the six rats trained under a single shock intensity all showed poorer performance under the new shock intensity, whether it was higher or lower than the training intensity Performance under the original shock intensity did not change substantially with the introduction of a different shock intensity in the other multiple schedule component Performance under the new shock intensity showed gradual improvement with continued exposure to it All of the rats showed persistent “warm-up”, receiving approximately 40% of the total session shocks in the first one-sixth of the session The degree of warm-up was unrelated to avoidance shock intensity
TL;DR: The results verify the previous observations based on absorption measurements that Feulgen dye binding increases with nuclear size and in discrete increments with differentiation of the parenchyma up to values of 8C.
TL;DR: This paper used a 7-category graphic scale on which degrees of similarity were specified by verbal labels to measure the similarity in sound for pairs of words sharing letters in various ordinal positions.
Abstract: Ratings of “similarity-in-sound” for pairs of words sharing letters in various ordinal positions were obtained using a 7-category graphic scale on which degrees of similarity were specified by verbal labels. Judged acoustic (articulatory) similarity increased as number of shared letters increased from zero to one, two, and three letters. Pairs overlapping in first letters were rated significantly more similar than pairs sharing middle or last letters. For pairs sharing letters within two ordinal positions, judged similarity increased in the order of first-and-middle, first-and-last, middle-and-last. Implications for the hypothesis that verbal Stimuli are coded by pronunciation were discussed.
TL;DR: The authors found that same-different judgments were made essentially on the basis of visual characteristics, with letter pairs of high visual similarity having slower RTs than pairs of low visual similarity, left-to-right order of letters in a pair had no effect, nor did auditory similarity.
Abstract: Twenty-three pairs of capital letters representing the four combinations of high and low visual and auditory similarity, and 17 pairs of identical letters were used as stimuli in a same-different choice-reaction time task Eight Ss (four of each sex) performed on 780 discrimination trials Results indicated that same-different judgments were made essentially on the basis of visual characteristics, with letter pairs of high visual similarity having slower RTs than pairs of low visual similarity Left-to-right order of letters in a pair had no effect, nor did auditory similarity "Same" judgments had a more restricted range of RT and tended to be slower than "different" judgments
TL;DR: A live-trapping study of the western jumping mouse was conducted in a willow-sedge bog adjacent to a montane stream in the Laramie Mountain Range of southeastern Wyoming from August 1965 through June 1969, where some jumping mice exhibited remarkable longevity for small rodents, surviving as long as 4 years.
Abstract: A live-trapping study of the western jumping mouse ( Zapus princeps ) was conducted in a willow-sedge bog adjacent to a montane stream in the Laramie Mountain Range of southeastern Wyoming from August 1965 through June 1969. Population densities were quite stable during the 4 years and varied from a high of 1.8 mice per acre in August 1967 to a low of 0.9 mouse per acre in June 1966. Insufficient energy stores appeared to be a major source of juvenile mortality during the long period of winter hibernation, with an average of 55.6 per cent of young not being taken in traps the following spring. the over-winter loss of adults was much lower, averaging only 16.5 per cent. Summer disappearance rates for adults and young adults were nearly identical, averaging 27.3 and 30.0 per cent, respectively. Some jumping mice exhibited remarkable longevity for small rodents, surviving as long as 4 years. the estimated mean life span of 28 jumping mice was 16.5 months. the average home range length of 32 adults was 572 feet, with males averaging 691 feet and females 510 feet. Home ranges of most jumping mice tended to be extremely elongate and to parallel a stream that crossed the study area. the seasonal, cyclic weight changes of the species were of considerable magnitude. At least 10 other species of small mammals were associated with Zapus on the study plot.
TL;DR: Preliminary studies showed that this inhibitory fraction was also capable of retarding Ehrlich ascites tumor cell growth in mice, and there was a correlation between the degree of inhibition of reductase activity and the degreeof inhibition of 14C-Thymidine incorporation into DNA of intact cells.
TL;DR: Responses of two pigeons were maintained by multiple variable-interval, variable-ratio schedules of food reinforcement and Concurrent punishment was introduced, which consisted of a brief electric shock after each tenth response.
Abstract: In the first of two experiments, responses of two pigeons were maintained by multiple variable-interval, variable-ratio schedules of food reinforcement. Concurrent punishment was introduced, which consisted of a brief electric shock after each tenth response. The initial punishment intensities had no lasting effect upon responding. Then, as shock intensity increased, variable-ratio response rates were suppressed more quickly than variable-interval response rates. When shock intensity decreased, variable-interval responding recovered more quickly, but the rates under both schedules eventually returned to their pre-punishment levels. In the second experiment, the following conditions were studied in three additional pigeons: (1) With each shock intensity in effect for a number of sessions, punishment shock intensity was gradually increased and decreased and responding was maintained by multiple variable-ratio, fixed-ratio schedules of food reinforcement; (2) Changes in punishment shock intensity as described above with responding maintained by either a variable-ratio or a fixed-ratio schedule, which were presented on alternate days; (3) Session-to-session changes in shock intensity with responding maintained by multiple variable-ratio, fixed-ratio schedules. Responding under the two schedules was suppressed to approximately the same extent by a particular shock intensity. Also, post-reinforcement pauses under the fixed-ratio schedule increased as response suppression increased.
TL;DR: Conversion was completely inhibited without preventing germination indicating that conversion is not involved in the breaking of dormancy in Neurospora ascospores.
Abstract: The metabolism of furfural was studied with regard to possible mechanisms by which the chemical induces germination in ascospores. Incubation of ascospores in furfural resulted in the uptake of a small percent of the furfural, and the conversion of the bulk of it to furoic acid which was in turn converted to furfuryl alcohol. Conversion also occurred in Neurospora mycelium and conidia with the order being furfural to furfuryl alcohol to furoic acid. Conversion appears to be a noninducible enzymatic process localized on the outer surface of the cell. Conversion was completely inhibited without preventing germination indicating that conversion is not involved in the breaking of dormancy in Neurospora ascospores.
TL;DR: In this article, the transformation kinetics of aragonite to calcite have been measured for the heterogeneous system of solids in contact with solutions of alkaline-earth metal ions at 50°C.
TL;DR: This paper found that the risky-shift effect is an artifact of the laboratory conditions under which it has been obtained, and that a significant proportion of those Ss who changed their individual preferences after discussion shifted in a conservative direction.
Abstract: Five discussion sections of an introductory psychology course (containing 16-18 students each) were asked to select an examination schedule from a set of eight alternatives. The choices had been scaled by students in a previous course on a risk-safety continuum and were selected for maximum dispersion on the continuum as well as for consistency in placement on the continuum. Individual preferences for schedule were obtained both before and after the group decision. Four of five groups shifted in a conservative direction from the average of initial individual choices. A significant proportion (.9) of those Ss who changed their individual preferences after discussion shifted in a conservative direction. The results suggest that the “risky-shift” effect is an artifact of the laboratory conditions under which it has been obtained.
TL;DR: Offensichtlich besteht kein Zusammenhang zwischen der Umgebungstemperatur und den Lipid-Anteilen in den Organen von B. latro.
Abstract: Die Anteile der totalen und neutralen Lipide an den Organen des tropischen Birgus latro wurden gemessen. Beide Anteile waren niedrig in Kiemen und Darmen. In Kopfbrust and Scherenmuskeln war der totale Lipid-Anteil niedrig, der neutrale jedoch hoch. Die totalen und neutralen Lipid-Anteile waren hoch im Hepatopankreas und im Hoden. Offensichtlich besteht kein Zusammenhang zwischen der Umgebungstemperatur und den Lipid-Anteilen in den Organen von B. latro.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the contribution of visual observation to learning in rats is relatively minor and does not involve a high degree of visual acuity.
Abstract: Albino rats learned to leverpress for food reinforcement through observation as quickly as hooded rats. Hooded rats, observing a trained rat through a screen, which reduced visibility, learned just as quickly as hooded rats which observed the trained rat through Plexiglas. Leverpressing was more quickly acquired by hooded rats that were shaped than hooded rats learning through observation. The results suggest that the contribution of visual observation to learning in rats is relatively minor and does not involve a high degree of visual acuity.
TL;DR: Diverse, culturally appropriate approaches are needed to improve numeracy confidence for specific racial and ethnic groups.
Abstract: Health numeracy skills help people interpret health risks, and make effective medical decisions. Lower health numeracy confidence was observed for blacks and Hispanic groups than whites. Little is known about the important factors that explain racial differences in health numeracy confidence. For this study, we used a nationally representative, cross-sectional data sample of 4,610 U.S. adults from the National Cancer Institute’s 2007 Health Information National Trends Survey. Bivariate (Chi-squares) and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify the contribution factors that predict health numeracy confidence.Non-linear Fairlie decompositions were used to quantify the factor contributions to racial differences in health numeracy confidence. The priority rankings of the important factors to explain the health numeracy confidence racial and ethnic disparities are different depending on the particular racial and ethnic group. Diverse, culturally appropriate approaches are needed to improve numeracy confidence for specific racial and ethnic groups.
TL;DR: A shaping procedure was used with wild wood rats to initiate leverpressing under a free-operant avoidance procedure, which eventually developed very effective avoidance, but much higher shock intensities were required than have been employed with domesticated rats to produce similar behavior.
Abstract: A shaping procedure was used with wild wood rats to initiate leverpressing under a free-operant avoidance procedure. The wood rats eventually developed very effective avoidance, but much higher shock intensities were required than have been employed with domesticated rats to produce similar behavior. The wood rats did not display warm-up during avoidance, with shocks being rather evenly distributed over time.