Showing papers by "Washington State University published in 1979"
TL;DR: Chitosan, a deacetylated form of chitin, inhibited the growth of many fungi, including plant and animal pathogens, and was insensitive to its fungicidal effects.
518 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe five studies involving the evaluation of various traceroute designs, including those of Campbell & Stanley, 1963, 1970, and 1970, as well as their own experiments.
Abstract: True experimental designs (Designs 4, 5, and 6 of Campbell & Stanley, 1963) are thought to provide internally valid results. This paper describes five studies involving the evaluation of various tr...
434 citations
376 citations
238 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined the development of conceptual preference for either thematic (functional) or taxonomic relationships in a match-to sample task and found that the pervasive shift in conceptual responding from syntagmatic to paradigmatic, thematic to taxonomic, etc., represents a change in preference rather than a shift to a fundamentally new way of organizing knowledge.
235 citations
TL;DR: The U.S. daily press might seem to be in a strategic position to function as a claims-maker in the early construction of a social problem as mentioned in this paper, but in the case of the manufacture of environmentalism as a social reality in the 1960's and 70's, the press was fairly slow to adopt a holistic environmental lexicon.
Abstract: The U.S. daily press might seem to be in a strategic position to function as a claims-maker in the early construction of a social problem. But in the case of the manufacture of environmentalism as a social reality in the 1960's and 70's, the press was fairly slow to adopt a holistic environmental lexicon. Its reporting of environmental news even now only partially reflects concepts promoted by positive environmental claims-makers, such as planet-wide interdependence, and the threats to it by destructive technologies. The movement of environmental claims seems to have started with interest-group entrepreneurship using interpersonal communication and independent publication, gone on to attention in government, then finally—and incompletely—been put on the agenda of the daily press. Once on the press agenda, coverage of environmental issues may have improved. But there are some constraints, possibly inherent in the press as an institution, that limit its role in the incipient construction of some social problems.
187 citations
TL;DR: The Xylariaceae: Systematic, Biological and Evolutionary Aspects as discussed by the authors is a family of Xylaris that includes a number of related taxa, such as:
Abstract: (1979). The Xylariaceae: Systematic, Biological and Evolutionary Aspects. Mycologia: Vol. 71, No. 1, pp. 1-42.
136 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review and critically evaluate the current state of knowledge on risk preference measurement methods and empirical results for individual agricultural producers and suggest directions for future research and extension applications requiring information on risk preferences of individual producers.
Abstract: The specific objectives of this paper are: (1) to review and critically evaluate the current state of knowledge on risk preference measurement methods and empirical results for individual agricultural producers and (2) to suggest directions for future research and extension applications requiring information on risk preferences of individual producers. The Implications of aggregate (industry) risk preferences as in risk supply response studies will not be included in this review.
120 citations
TL;DR: Electron-microscopic examination and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results strongly indicate that the waxes associated with the suberin polymer, rather than the polymer itself, consitute the major diffusion barrier formed during wound healing.
Abstract: Combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that C21, C23, and C25 n-alkanes accumulated in the suberized layers during wound healing of cores of potato tuber tissue. Treatment (10 min) of freshly-cut tissue with trichloroacetate (TCA), an inhibitor of fatty-acid chain elongation, severely inhibited accumulation of hydrocarbons and fatty alcohols associated with the suberized layer in the wound healing tissue (maximum inhibition at 4 mM) but had very little effect on the deposition of the major aliphatic components of the suberin polymer. This preferential inhibition of wax synthesis resulted in severe inhibition of the development of diffusion resistance of the tissue to water vapor. These results strongly indicate that the waxes associated with the suberin polymer, rather than the polymer itself, consitute the major diffusion barrier formed during wound healing. Electron-microscopic examination showed that inhibition of wax synthesis by TCA disrupted the formation of the lamellar structure of suberin specifically by preventing the formation of the light bands. This evidence strongly suggests that the light bands in the suberin complex are composed of waxes.
116 citations
TL;DR: Specific antibodies prepared against cutinase from Fusarium solani pisi and diisopropylfluorophosphate, a potent inhibitor of this enzyme, prevented infection of the host by this organism, without affecting the viability of the spores.
Abstract: Specific antibodies prepared against cutinase from Fusarium solani pisi and diisopropylfluorophosphate, a potent inhibitor of this enzyme, prevented infection of the host (pea epicotyl) by this organism, without affecting the viability of the spores. This finding shows that enzymatic penetration of cuticle is involved in pathogenesis.
103 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1979TL;DR: This paper reviewed the book "People Skills: How to Assert Yourself, Listen to Others, and Resolve Conflicts" by Robert Bolton and found that it is a good book to read.
Abstract: The article reviews the book “People Skills: How to Assert Yourself, Listen to Others, and Resolve Conflicts,” by Robert Bolton.
TL;DR: Bornyl pyrophosphate synthetase is the first monoterpene synthet enzyme to be isolated free from competing phosphatases, and the first to show a strong preference for geranyl pyroph phosphate as substrate.
TL;DR: Abdominal fat weight was a better (higher r2) predictor of total fat, total fat minus abdominal fat, percent carcass fat, and percent intestinal fat, than percent backskinFat, and selection against percent abdominal fat would probably result in a reduction of fat in other locations and little change in fat free live weight.
TL;DR: The Sertoli cell secreted proteins were shown to be glycoproteins which can bind to ConA-Sepharose and can be labeled with [3H]fucose, and the synthesis of a polypeptide of molecular weight 48 000 was increased relative to the other secreted peptides if the cells were maintained in FSH and testosterone.
TL;DR: This article found that the first speaker in the Bales group usually emerges as highest in the hierarchy and that people use subtle cues, obtained during the first few seconds of interaction, to rank themselves in the status hierarchy.
Abstract: Unacquainted individuals, placed together in a Bales-type discussion group, quickly form a participation hierarchy that indicates status differentiation. This rapid structuring of status, similar to the rapid structuring of status hierarchies in groups of Rhesus monkeys, suggests some subtle form of dominance and submission signalling may be operating. Two experimental conditions test this possibility. In one condition a measure of subjects' initial eye glance rank is taken. Eye glance rank predicts their eventual positions in the status hierarchy of the group. In the second condition, subjects are prevented from having eye contact in their initial interaction. Here, the first speaker in the Bales group usually emerges as highest in the hierarchy. These results support the view that people use subtle cues, obtained during the first few seconds of interaction, to rank themselves in the status hierarchy. The findings also represent a further criticism of several prevailing theories of status in small groups.
TL;DR: It is suggested that apple sorbitol dehydrogenase contains sulfhydryl groups and requires a metal ion for full activity when oxidizing NADH, as well as other polyols that did not serve as substrate.
Abstract: Sorbitol dehydrogenase (l-iditol:NAD + oxidoreductase, EC 11114) has been detected and characterized from apple ( Malus domestica cv Granny Smith) mesocarp tissue cultures The enzyme oxidized sorbitol, xylitol, l-arabitol, ribitol, and l-threitol in the presence of NAD NADP could not replace NAD Mannitol was slightly oxidized (8% of sorbitol) Other polyols that did not serve as substrate were galactitol, myo -inositol, d-arabitol, erythritol, and glycerol The dehydrogenase oxidized NADH in the presence of d-fructose or l-sorbose No detectable activity was observed with d-tagatose NADPH could partially substitute for NADH Maximum rate of NAD reduction in the presence of sorbitol occurred in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane-HCl buffer (pH 9), or in 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol buffer (pH 95) Maximum rates of NADH oxidation in the presence of fructose were observed between pH 57 and 70 with phosphate buffer Reaction rates increased with increasing temperature up to 60 C The K m for sorbitol and xylitol oxidation were 86 millimolar and 37 millimolar, respectively The K m for fructose reduction was 15 molar Sorbitol oxidation was completely inhibited by heavy metal ions, iodoacetate, p -chloromercuribenzoate, and cysteine ZnSO 4 (025 millimolar) reversed the cysteine inhibition It is suggested that apple sorbitol dehydrogenase contains sulfhydryl groups and requires a metal ion for full activity
TL;DR: Seasonal changes in several blood components (cholesterol, phospholipid phosphorus, glyceride glycerol, free fatty acids, and calcium), hematocrit, and body mass were studied in captive and free-living groups of White-crowned Sparrows over a 2 year period.
Abstract: Seasonal changes in several blood components (cholesterol, phospholipid phosphorus, glyceride glycerol, free fatty acids, and calcium), hematocrit, and body mass were studied in captive and free-living groups of White-crowned Sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys gambelii) over a 2-year period. Cholesterol, phospholipid phosphorus, and glyceride glycerol levels were correlated with body mass and all of them changed in parallel during the year (Table 2 and Figs. 1–3). These lipids were elevated during premigratory and migratory periods, minimal during the summer breeding period, and reduced during periods of body molt. Concentrations of them were consistently higher in captive birds than in free-living ones. Free fatty acid levels were highly variable and not correlated with levels of other blood lipids or with body mass (Fig. 4). However, they too increased during premigratory periods. On the other hand, they were consistently higher in free-living sparrows than in captives. Plasma calcium was relatively constant at 3–5 mEq/l between July and the following March (Fig. 5). It increased during the spring, but earlier than preparations for migration by 2–3 weeks. It was also elevated in egg-laying females. The hematocrit rose during the vernal migratory period, but not during the autumnal one; was minimal in breeding birds; and declined during periods of body molt (Fig. 6). Calcium and hematocrit levels were similar in captive and free-living birds. It appears that captive populations of White-crowned Sparrows generally provide relibale information concerning changes in blood composition that are taking place concurrently in the field.
TL;DR: The crystal structures of the title compounds [${\mathrm{C}}_{4}$${\mathm{H}}_{8}$SO (TMSO), ${m{c}}_{2}$${m{h}}_{6} $SO (DMSO)] have been determined as mentioned in this paper, and the best fit is obtained with an Heisenberg linear chain with ferromagnetic interaction.
Abstract: The crystal structures of the title compounds [${\mathrm{C}}_{4}$${\mathrm{H}}_{8}$SO (TMSO), ${\mathrm{C}}_{2}$${\mathrm{H}}_{6}$SO (DMSO)] have been determined. The TMSO salt is orthorhombic [space group $\mathrm{Pbca}$, $a=13.844(10)$, $b=6.418(12)$, and $c=17.480(16)$ \AA{}] while the DMSO salt is monoclinic [space group $\frac{P{2}_{1}}{c}$, $a=7.774(1)$, $b=13.557(3)$, $c=6.475(1)$ \AA{}, and $\ensuremath{\beta}=103.83(1)\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$]. Each contain linear chains of Cu ions with three bridging ligands (2 C1, 1 O) between each pair of Cu ions. The bridging Cu-$L$-Cu angles are \ensuremath{\sim} 87\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for the symmetrical bridges and \ensuremath{\sim} 80\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} for the asymmetrical bridges. In each salt, the copper coordination geometry is severely distorted from octahedral with four short Cu-ligand bonds (three chlorine and one oxygen) and two long Cu-ligand bonds (one chlorine and one oxygen). Adjacent chains are well isolated from each other by the sulfoxide groups in one direction, but short sulfur-sulfur contacts occur between adjacent chains in the other direction. The susceptibility of the salts has been measured between 2.0 and 300 K on a PAR vibrating-sample magnetometer and on a Faraday balance. The high-temperature data show positive deviation from Curie behavior, indicative of ferromagnetic coupling. However, considerable magnetic interactions between chains exist and the $\ensuremath{\chi}T$ vs $T$ plots show maxima at low temperature. The data have been analyzed with several one-dimensional models. The best fit is obtained with an Heisenberg linear chain with ferromagnetic interaction ($\frac{J}{k}=39\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K, TMSO; $\frac{J}{k}=45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K, DMSO) with a mean-field correction for the antiferromagnetic interchain interactions ($\frac{Z{J}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{k}=\ensuremath{-}1.6\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K, TMSO; $\frac{Z{J}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{k}=\ensuremath{-}4.0\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K, DMSO). Thus, the relevant ratio defining the ideality of the system, $\frac{J}{{J}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$, is \ensuremath{\sim} 50 for the TMSO salt and \ensuremath{\sim} 25 for the DMSO salt.
TL;DR: The Fraunhofer diffraction for scattering angles ϕ≤ϕc is estimated using a simplified physical-optics approximation in this article, and a ringing and decay of the far-field intensity is predicted that is formally similar to the near-field diffraction of a straight edge.
Abstract: The intensity of light scattered by an air bubble in water is predicted by the geometric-optics calculation of Davis (1955) to have a divergent angular derivative as the critical scattering angle ϕc is approached. Effects of diffraction in the angular region near ϕc are described here. The Fraunhofer diffraction for scattering angles ϕ≤ϕc is estimated using a simplified physical-optics approximation. A ringing and decay of the far-field intensity is predicted that is formally similar to the near-field diffraction of a straight edge. Observation of millimeter radius bubbles in water with collimated monochromatic illumination confirm the existence of this ringing which has a quasi period ≃ 25 mrad. The diffraction calculation gives an approximate description of the relative ϕ of the observed maxima and minima. Fringes with a lower contrast and spacing ≃ 0.3 mrad were also observed; they appear to be caused by the interference of rays with distinct paths. Implications for the critical angle scattering of white light are discussed.
TL;DR: Watching monoterpene production, inner bark carbohydrate concentrations, and fir engraver attacks on grand fir were monitored for 3 years following Douglas-fir tussock moth defoliation found the trees which produced the least amounts of monoterpenes were the ones successfully attacked by the firEngraver.
Abstract: Monoterpene production, inner bark carbohydrate concentrations, and fir engraver attacks on grand fir were monitored for 3 years following Douglas-fir tussock moth defoliation. Monoterpenes were reduced for 2 years following defoliation. Defoliation caused a reduction in total sugars the first year following defoliation and a reduction in starch the second year. Total sugars and the previous year’s starch concentrations were positively correlated with monoterpene production. The trees which produced the least amounts of monoterpenes were the ones successfully attacked by the fir engraver.
TL;DR: A brief review of the literature on humorous advertising research is presented in this paper, where the authors argue that previous unsuccessful applications of light-hearted messages are attributable to our incomplete knowledge of how consumers process humorously conveyed information.
Abstract: Humorous appeals are used extensively in television, radio, and print advertising. This article examines the effectiveness of humor in accomplishing specific communications and sales objectives. A brief review of the literature on humorous advertising research is presented. The author argues that previous unsuccessful applications of light-hearted messages are attributable, in part, to our incomplete knowledge of how consumers process humorously conveyed information. The discussion focuses on the importance of recognizing and managing variables which mediate the impact of humor on audience response and on the need for further development and testing of behavioral theory as keys to the effective utilization of humor in advertising.
TL;DR: This is the first report on the occurrence of a neomenthyl glycoside, and the first evidence implicating glycosylation as an early step in monoterpene catabolism.
Abstract: (−)-Menthone, the major monoterpene component of the essential oil of maturing peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) leaves (6 micromoles per leaf) is rapidly metabolized at the onset of flowering with a concomitant rise in the level of (−)-menthol (to about 2 micromoles per leaf). Exogenous (−)-[G-3H]menthone is converted into (−)-[3H]menthol as the major steam-volatile product in leaf discs in flowering peppermint (10% of incorporated tracer); however, the major portion of the incorporated tracer (86%) resided in the nonvolatile metabolites of (−)-[G-3H]menthone. Acid hydrolysis of the nonvolatile material released over half of the radioactivity to the steamvolatile fraction, and the major component of this fraction was identified as (+)-neomenthol by radiochromatographic analysis and by synthesis of crystalline derivatives, thus suggesting the presence of a neomenthyl glycoside. Thin layer chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, and gel permeation chromatography on Bio-Gel P-2 allowed the purification of the putative neomenthyl glycoside, and these results suggested that the glycoside contained a single, neutral sugar residue. Hydrolysis of the purified glycoside, followed by reduction of the resulting sugar moiety with NaB3H4, generated a single labeled product that was subsequently identified as glucitol by radio gas-liquid chromatography of both the hexatrimethylsilyl ether and hexaacetate derivative, and by crystallization to constant specific radioactivity of both the alditol and the corresponding hexabenzoate. These results, along with studies on the hydrolysis of the glycoside by specific glycosidases, strongly suggest that (+)-neomenthyl-β-d-glucoside is a major metabolite of (−)-menthone in flowering peppermint. This is the first report on the occurrence of a neomenthyl glycoside, and the first evidence implicating glycosylation as an early step in monoterpene catabolism.
TL;DR: The author discusses the role of residential preferences and the search for a better quality of life as determinants of urban-rural migration in the United States.
Abstract: The author discusses the role of residential preferences and the search for a better quality of life as determinants of urban-rural migration in the United States (ANNOTATION)
TL;DR: It is shown that normally distributed deviations in the quality of the environment should lead to normally distributed deviation in the logarithm of year-to-year survival probabilities, which leads to interesting consequences for the evolution of annual and perennial strategies and reproductive effort.
Abstract: We reexamine the role of environmental variability in the evolution of life history strategies. We show that normally distributed deviations in the quality of the environment should lead to normally distributed deviations in the logarithm of year-to-year survival probabilities, which leads to interesting consequences for the evolution of annual and perennial strategies and reproductive effort. We also examine the effects of using differing criteria to determine the outcome of selection. Some predictions of previous theory are reversed, allowing distinctions between r and K theory and a theory based on variability. However, these distinctions require information about both the environment and the selection process not required by current theory.
TL;DR: The effect of calcium on senescencse was additive to the cytokinin deferral of senescence, and an increase in hydraulic permeability to [3H] water during senescences was demonstrataed and this increase was deferred by calcium; calcium plus benzyladenine was even more effective.
Abstract: In view of the possibility that senescence may be a consequence of the deterioration of cell walls and membrane compartments, calcium was studied as a possible agent which might defer senescence. Calcium treatment delayed leaf senescence in corn leaf discs. The effect of calcium on senescencse was additive to the cytokinin deferral of senescence. An increase in hydraulic permeability to [3H] water during senescence was demonstrataed and this increase was deferred by calcium; calcium plus benzyladenine was even more effective. Analysis of inorganic ions in the pericarp of nonripening rin mutant tomajc fruits and isogenic Rutgers revealed higher levels of bound Ca in rin at advanced stages of maturity. In the normal fruits, bound Ca decreased about 3‐fold during maturity. In rin fruits, no change in polygalacturonase (PG) activity was detected, whereas in Rutgers, an increase in PG activity was observed at advanced stages of maturity. Each of the measured changes associated with senescence (pigment...
TL;DR: The degus studied here seem to be more fully developed at birth than those studied in Britain, with increased activity and exploration, with repeated testing while decreasing distress vocalization after the 4th or 5th day.
Abstract: Summary6 litters of Octodon degus were studied from birth to 10 days of age. Newly-born degus (mean weight 14·6 g) had open eyes, upper and lower pigment, fur, and teeth. Within 3–4 hours of birth they were able to walk supporting their full weight, right themselves rapidly, sit upright on their haunches, or rear upright with support, and vocalize. By the 1st or 2nd day, the young animals displayed functional grooming (face washing, hind-paw scratching, rapid head-shake). Solid food was ingested from day 6, although newborns chewed wood chips and 3–day olds gnawed dried faeces. Young degus were tested daily in an open field apparatus and showed increased activity and exploration, with repeated testing while decreasing distress vocalization after the 4th or 5th day. Degus are proposed for the study of developmental topics since their degree of development at birth allows for immediate testing. The degus studied here seem to be more fully developed at birth than those studied in Britain.
TL;DR: Findings may be important for treating obesity, if modeling also occurs in natural situations and subjects who ate with a high consumption male or female confederate-model did not differ from the other groups in number of crackers eaten.
TL;DR: Soluble enzyme preparations from sage leaves catalyze the hydrolysis of (+)-bornyl pyrophosphate to (+)-borneol, which is an essential step in the biosynthesis of the cyclic monoterpene (+)-camphor in this tissue, and each activity was distinctly different with regard to molecular weight, pH optimum, response to inhibitors, and substrate specificity.