Showing papers by "Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences published in 2023"

Conjugates of 1,3‐ and 1,2‐Acylglycerols with Stigmasterol ‐ Synthesis, NMR Characterization and Impact on Lipid Bilayers

Abstract: The main aim of research was synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of new conjugates in which stigmasterol was linked via carbonate or succinyl linker with 1,3- and 1,2-acylglycerols of palmitic and oleic acid. Acylglycerols containing stigmasterol residue at internal position have been synthesized from 2-benzyloxypropane-1,3-diol or dihydroxyacetone. Their asymmetric counterparts containing stigmasterol residue attached to sn-3 position have been obtained from (S)-solketal. Eight synthesized conjugates were used to create the liposomes as nanocarriers of phytosterols to increase their stability and protect them from degradation during thermal-oxidative treatments. Fluorimetric and ATR-FTIR methods were used to determine the impact of synthesized conjugates on the physicochemical properties of the lipid bilayer. The results indicate that conjugates with palmitic acid are better candidates for use as the potential stigmasterol nanocarriers compared to those with oleic acid because they increase the stiffness of the lipid bilayer and temperature of the main phase transition. The obtained results are the first step in designing of stigmasterol-enriched liposomal carriers with higher thermo-oxidative stability for their potential use in the food industry.

In Vitro Evaluation of Antiprotozoal Properties, Cytotoxicity Effect and Anticancer Activity of New Essential-Oil Based Phytoncide Mixtures

Abstract: Protozoa, in both humans and animals, are one of the leading causes of disease. International programmes introduced in many countries have helped reduce the incidence of disease. However, it has recently become increasingly difficult to achieve the goals set for the coming years. One of the main reasons for this, as with other pathogenic organisms, such as bacteria and fungi, is the increasing resistance to current methods of treating and preventing infection. Therefore, new therapies with high efficacy are needed. In the present study, the novel mixtures of essential oils (EOs), clove, garlic, Ceylon cinnamon, and rosemary with organic acids (acetic, propionic, lactic) and metal ions (Cu, Mn, Zn) were tested against five selected model protozoa (Euglena gracilis, Gregarina blattarum, Amoeba proteus, Paramecium caudatum, Pentatrichomonas hominis). The cytotoxicity and potential anticancer activity of the obtained combinations were tested on the human fibroblasts (NHDF) and human cancer cell lines (A549, MCF7, LoVo, HT29). All of the mixtures showed very good antiprotozoal properties. The most efficient were the combination of clove and rosemary essential oils, mixtures of acids, and Mn ions. The LD50 values were in the range of 0.001–0.006% and the LD100 values were 0.002–0.008%. All of the tested mixtures did not show cytotoxicity against normal cells, but did show growth inhibition against cancer cell lines. The most cytotoxic against cancer cells were combinations with cinnamon essential oil. Nevertheless, the proposed combinations containing essential oils, organic acids, and metal ions have high antiprotozoal activity, with low toxicity to healthy human cells.

Inverse identification of soil properties at catchment scale via pilot point calibration of an integrated surface-subsurface hydrological model

Abstract: For water managers, extreme weather events such as droughts and heavy rainfall can pose severe challenges. Both sudden and longer term surpluses or shortages of water are operationally challenging to deal with. Investigating the effects of extreme hydrological events at the catchment scale requires the development of hydrological models capable of simulating such events. The present study is focused on developing such a model for an agricultural catchment using the integrated surface-subsurface hydrological flow model (ISSHM) HydroGeoSphere. For robust simulation of the impact of heavy rainfall and drought events on water availability and crops, an accurate representation of the spatially highly variable soil hydraulic properties has been identified as crucial. To identify effective soil hydraulic properties at the catchment scale, we propose a method combining real time observations of soil moisture, groundwater levels and catchment outflow with an ISSHM of the catchment via pilot point-based model inversion. The applicability of the method is demonstrated on a 17 km2 tributary agricultural catchment of the Odra River located 20 km north of Wrocław, Poland. The validation data for the approach consist of soil samples analysed both before and after the vegetation period.

Molluscicidal activity of plant alkaloids

Abstract: Some snail species pose a serious threat for human health, economy, and the environment due to their widespread distribution and the transmission of dangerous parasites causing, among others, schistosomiasis and fascioliasis. Scientists from around the world have been studying the effects of plant extracts on snails for many years in order to find an alternative to molluscicides of synthetic origin. The main purpose of this study was to collect the results obtained so far on the effect of plant alkaloids on snails in the context of their molluscicidal properties. This work presents the results of publications on the effect of plant alkaloids on snails, which were published in the years 1974–2021. The Solanaceae, Papaveraceae, and Asteraceae are the plant families most frequently cited for containing alkaloids with molluscicidal activity. The alkaloids identified as molluscicidal belonged to various groups, of which the most numerous were pseudoalkaloids and tyrosine-derived alkaloids. Most of the tested alkaloids were characterized by a high mortality rate among the studied groups of snails. Based on the collected research results, it was found that plant alkaloids can be extremely useful in the fight against problematic species of snails and cause much lower harm to the environment than synthetic molluscicides.

Precise orbits for the lunar navigation system: challenges in the modeling of perturbing forces and broadcast orbit representation

Abstract: In the framework of the European Space Agency’s Moonlight program, a satellite navigation system is planned for positioning, navigation, timing, and communication on the Moon.  The constellation will consist of three or four lunar orbiters in eccentric orbits – with periselene above the northern hemisphere and aposelene above the southern hemisphere; the latter is of special interest in terms of future lunar missions. The eccentric orbits introduce a challenge for precise orbit determination, because large gravity perturbations due to the lunar gravity field occur in the periselene passes, whereas the aposelene passes are associated with the smallest gravity gradients and thus the largest errors in orbit determination.We evaluate the non-gravitational and gravitational perturbing forces acting on lunar orbiters in eccentric orbits. The simulated orbits consider lunar gravity field based on the GRAIL mission, gravity perturbations from the Sun, Earth, and planets considering Earth’s oblateness, tidal deformations, direct solar radiation pressure with lunar and Earth eclipses, albedo, antenna thrust, and relativistic effects. We discuss three methods of proposed representation of the broadcast orbits: based on Keplerian parameters and a set of one-per-revolution corrections (GPS-like or Galileo-like), based on Chebyshev polynomials with a variable number of coefficients and arc-length representation, and based on a series of positions and velocities (GLONASS-like). We discuss the advantages and limitations of all three representations and accuracies provided by different approaches depending on the number of assumed coefficients and arc lengths. Finally, we discuss the impact of inconsistent treatment of the origin, scale, and orientation of the lunar reference frame on the determined positions on the Moon. 

Improving GNSS meteorology by fusing measurements of multi-receiver sites on the observation level

Abstract: In GNSS analysis, tropospheric modelling is done in the form of Zenith Hydrostatic Delay (ZHD), which can be empirically computed from surface pressure and temperature, and Zenith Wet Delay (ZWD), which is estimated together with the other unknown parameters.  Analysis methods based on undifferenced GNSS code- and carrier-phase observations like Precise Point Positioning (PPP), which can achieve millimeter-accurate positioning results, provide therefore also time-series of ZWD, which can be used for meteorologic applications. However, due to receiver noise and system characteristics like cycle-slips the accuracy as well as the precision of such ZWD estimates is limited. Thus, we propose a novel approach for sites, which have several receivers connected to a single antenna or which are separated horizontally by only a few meters. For such sites, one can simultaneously process multi-frequency GNSS data by fusing observations from several receivers, while estimating a common ZWD parameter.For this purpose, we have implemented a PPP algorithm based on an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) approach, which has the advantage that ZWD estimates are available in real-time for meteorologic applications. We demonstrate that those combined ZWD estimates are superior to single receiver estimates in term of precision and accuracy. For the latter measure, we make use of a GNSS hardware simulator and show that the RMS between the simulated and estimated ZWD significantly decreases when having two or more receivers at that site. Based on real-data we show that this concept provides less noisy ZWD estimates which agree better with physical properties of the local wet refractivity field.Moreover, we demonstrate that fusing data from several receivers by estimating a common ZWD parameter improves also positioning accuracy and precision, in particular in the up-component. In order to properly combine observations from geodetic-grade and low-cost GNSS receivers, we present our adaptive Kalman filter approach, which adjusts the observation noise covariance matrix automatically during processing. The presentation concludes with an outlook on the usage of this approach for larger networks and answers the question how arrays of low-cost GNSS receivers can compete against geodetic-grade GNSS hardware in term of providing ZWD estimates for meteorology.

Simulation of GNSS observations for Genesis-

Abstract: A global Terrestrial Reference Frame (TRF) is realized today by four space geodetic techniques, i.e., Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR), Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), and Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite (DORIS). The current goals for the TRF realization are specified with an accuracy of 1 mm and long-term stability of 0.1 mm/year according to the Global Geodetic Observing System requirements.Differences in the characteristics of each space geodetic technique might introduce systematic effects into TRF realization. Among the crucial systematics, we can distinguish modeling and calibration deficiencies, i.e., direct solar radiation pressure (SRP) modeling for GNSS and DORIS, GNSS antenna calibration uncertainties, South Atlantic Anomaly handling for DORIS, and time and range bias handling for SLR. The current realization of the TRF is based on independent solutions for each of the four contributing space geodetic techniques that are just connected on the ground via local ties and the Earth Rotation Parameters. A new opportunity to challenge the systematic errors is to co-locate space techniques onboard one satellite, as it is planned for the Genesis-1 mission. The Genesis-1 satellite is the first ever satellite co-locating sensors related to GNSS, SLR, DORIS, and VLBI.In this study, we present preliminary results for orbit reconstruction using simulated GNSS observations for the Genesis-1 satellite. We use the Bernese GNSS Software for different orbital altitudes, including the currently planned altitude of 6000 km. We assess the quality of the orbit reconstruction using simulated GNSS data from observations of the zenith-, nadir-, and both zenith and nadir-looking antennas. Additionally, we assess the visibility from the ground tracking network of VLBI, SLR, and DORIS, for the different satellite altitudes.

Impact of parent material, pedogenesis and plant cover on various P forms in soils developed in the foreland of the Uisu glacier in the Eastern Pamir, Tajikistan

Abstract: Global models of ecosystem limitation maintain that in the early stages of pedogenesis, low nitrogen availability limits the earliest stages of primary succession. However, high-altitude arid and hyperarid areas are underrepresented in these models. Significantly, the areas combining aridity with glaciation/deglaciation processes (i.e. Himalayas, Eastern Pamir, dry Antarctic), where soil development and ecological succession are still challenging for research. Therefore, our studies focused on the deposition of various forms of phosphorus in soil chronosequence developed in the foreland of the Uisu glacier in the Eastern Pamir in relation to soil physiochemical properties and vegetation cover. Our previous studies performed on a sequence of terraces, alluvial cones, and terminal moraines developed later from the late Pleistocene in the foreland of the Uisu glacier showed extreme cold and dryness noticeably slowed down soil development in the area, even if permafrost was not preserved in the soil profiles. Thus, soil development, manifested in the transformation of physicochemical soil properties and diagnostic horizons, had very low intensity and led to relatively little spatial soil differentiation in the foreland. In the presented research, soils from the locations mentioned above were sampled, and a modified Hedley fraction extraction technique was used to separate phosphorus into (1) an easily bioavailable fraction extracted with NaHCO3 (NaHCO3- Pt), (2) a moderately bioavailable fraction extracted with NaOH (NaOH-Pt) and (3) a fraction unavailable for plants extracted with HCl (CHCl- Pt).Moreover, total nitrogen (TN), total carbon (TC) and total organic carbon (TOC) contents were analyzed in the samples with standard analytical methods. We found shallow P content in all studied soil samples. For the samples from the terraces with high vegetation cover, we found significant solid positive correlations between both bioavailable phosphorus fractions and TN (r2=0.78 for NaHCO3- Pt and r2=0.80 for NaOH-Pt, in both cases p<0.001); &#160;and between these fractions and TOC (r2=0.49 for NaHCO3- Pt and r2=0.53 for NaOH-Pt, in both cases p<0.001). For the samples from the moraine located 14 kilometres from the glacier and covered with sparse desert plants, we recorded no significant correlations between any bioavailable fractions of phosphorus and TN or TOC. However, the fraction of phosphorus unavailable for plants (CHCl- Pt) was strongly positively correlated with TOC (r2=0.70, p<0.01). It seems that the availability of P depends more on the decomposition process of organic matter than on the biochemical mineralization of minerals.&#160;This work was supported by the Polish National Science Centre (Grant No 2017/ 25/B/ST10/00468)

Geographies of knowledge: centres and peripheries of local government studies in Europe

Abstract: Chapter 33: In this chapter we look at studies on local governments through the lenses of dependence theory, identifying centre, peripheries and semi-peripheries in the geography of knowledge production. Similarly to economic life, academic research has its global core (mostly USA and part of Western Europe) which imposes theoretical concepts and methodological standards uponperipheral and semi-peripheral areas. Symbolic domination of the core demonstrates itself not only in imposing a dominant academic paradigm but also through definition of reputable international journals and right of scholars from core scientific institutions to present new concepts and synthesis of existing empirical studies. Analysis of local government studies (LGS) is especially interesting, since in that case we deal with double-periphery position. One dimension is related to the position of some of the countries in global geography of knowledge production, and the second to the fact that the subject of LGS is peripheral for respective mother disciplines (political science, public administration, economics etc.). In the empirical part of the chapter we will analyse patterns of collaboration among scholars from research institutions in different countries, which often follows the hierarchy from the centre to periphery. The chapter will rely on the database of articles in international journals published during the last decades by scholars from over 20 European countries.

Different approaches in determining global geodetic parameters from SLR data - a simulation study

Abstract: Satellite laser ranging (SLR) is currently one of the four space geodetic techniques that provide a relevant contribution to the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) realization as well as to the determination of global geodetic parameters including the low-degree harmonics of the Earth's gravity potential. ITRF realizations are mostly based on the observations to the two LAGEOS and two Etalon satellites, however, the impact of observations to Etalon satellites is marginal when compared to LAGEOS. Currently under consideration is an extension of the ITRF solution to include the LAser RElativity Satellite (LARES) and LARES-2 developed by the Italian Space Agency ASI and launched on July 13, 2022. The contribution of other satellites with retroreflectors is still being investigated.This study aims to verify various approaches to estimating geodetic parameters depending on the number of determined empirical once-per-revolution parameters for satellite orbits and different approaches of parametrization for the Earth rotation parameters (ERP), including piecewise linear and piecewise constant parametrization. We analyze six parametrizations, where three of them are proposed in this study and the other three are used by research centers, such as the Center for Space Research (CSR), the International GNSS Service (IGS), and the International Laser Ranging System (ILRS). For IGS and ILRS, these are the approaches used in determining the ERPs based on GNSS and SLR data, respectively. To the constellation of geodetic satellites such as LAGEOS-1/-2, Etalon-1/-2, and LARES-1/-2, we add hypothetical SLR satellites such as LARES-3/-4 and LARES-5/-6 which supplement the current constellation in the simulation study. We check whether satellite parameters, such as satellite altitudes and inclination angles affect individual global geodetic parameters when using different approaches to ERP parameterization and the set of estimated empirical orbit parameters.The obtained results show that the value of the obtained formal errors may depend not only on the choice of the estimated geodetic parameters but also on the number of satellites or satellite orbit parameters involved in the calculations.

Soil management effects on soil organic matter properties and carbon sequestration (SOMPACS)

Abstract: PurposeSOMPACS is a project recommended by EJP SOIL for funding under the 1st External Call "Towards Healthy, Resilient and Sustainable Agricultural Soils". The purpose of SOMPACS is to disclose management practices enriching soils with the organic matter pools that are most resistant to microbial decomposition. The project started in 2022 and will be implemented by a consortium of 12 research institutions from Poland, Germany, Ireland, Lithuania, UK, Italy and the USA until 2025.MethodsSoil samples from eight long-term field experiments with different soil management and cultivation systems (conventional tillage vs. no-tillage; mineral vs. organic fertilization; management with and without catch crop; arable land vs. grassland; and cultivated vs. non-cultivated soils) will be investigated. Field experiments will include trials of increasing duration: 22-year (Lithuania); 26-year (Italy); 30-year (Poland, Ireland); 46-year (Poland); 54-year (Lithuania); 100-year (Poland), and 178-year Broadbalk experiment (UK). Experiments will also be carried out in production fields, where additives that stimulate root growth and provide very stable C (commercial humic products, biochar, and biogas digestate) will be applied. The effects of these additives on the content and properties of SOM will be investigated also in experimental plots accompanied by the incubation studies on the microbial decomposition of SOM and these additives. In parallel with soil sampling, plant productivity will be measured in all field experiments. Basic soil properties will be supplemented by the following investigations based on state-of-the-art approaches: SOM composition and stability by Py-GC-MS; aggregate size classes and C pools of increasing physicochemical protection; analysis of &#948;13C and &#948;15N of the separated SOM pools; microbiological properties (community-level physiological profiling, selected functional genes involved in C and N cycles, microbiome and mycobiome analyzes by next-generation sequencing, genetic diversity using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism);&#160; enzymatic activity; soil water retention and soil water repellency; mineral composition of clay fraction; soil structure stability. The most resistant SOM pool (humin) will be isolated by different methods (isolation vs. extraction) and examined for chemical composition and structure, using spectrometric and spectroscopic techniques (mass spectrometry, NMR, FTIR, EPR, UV-Vis-NIR, fluorescence). The C stocks in the soil profile will be evaluated and the extractable C in cold water will be determined to assess the potential leaching and microbial availability of C. Additionally, CO2 emissions from the soil of chosen experiments will be measured directly under field conditions.ResultsIn the first stage of the research, soil samples were collected from a depth up to 100 cm and the humin fraction from surface horizons was isolated for spectroscopic studies. Meantime, the impact of various types of cultivation on the yield was determined.&#160;ConclusionsA closer understanding of the persistence of SOC in top- and subsoil, as well as identifying management practices that contribute to minimizing greenhouse gas emissions, will show the possibilities of increasing the stable SOM pools, thus improving the potential of C sequestration. Understanding the impact of soil management on sustainable agricultural production and the environment, and in particular on climate change mitigation, should be widely promoted and put into practice.

Orbit Determination and Time Transfer for a Lunar Radio Navigation System

Abstract: Within the pre-phase A of the Moonlight project proposed and funded by the European Space Agency (ESA), the ATLAS consortium has proposed an architecture to support a Lunar Radio Navigation System (LRNS) capable of providing PNT (Positioning, Navigation, and Timing) services to various lunar users. The Moonlight LRNS will be a powerful tool in support of the lunar exploration endeavors, both human and robotic.The ESA LRNS will consist of a small constellation of 3-4 satellites put in Elliptical Lunar Frozen Orbits (ELFO) with the aposelene above the southern hemisphere to better cover this region, given its interest for future lunar missions. This LRNS will be supported by a ground station network of small dish antennas (~30 cm), which can establish Multiple Spacecraft Per Aperture (MSPA) tracking at K-band. Any Earth station will be capable of sending a single uplink signal to multiple spacecraft thanks to Code Division Multiplexing modulation, while in the downlink multiple carriers can share the same K-band bandwidth by implementing Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) on the onboard transponders. This allows the implementation of the Same Beam Interferometry (SBI) technique [1], which adds to spread spectrum ranging and Doppler measurements. In the scope of disseminating accurate PNT services to end users, the constellation will also be capable of maintaining a synchronization to the Earth station clocks to the ns level.The performances of the proposed architecture have been validated through numerical simulations performed with the ESA GODOT software, enhanced with additional user-defined features and capabilities. For each satellite of the LRNS constellation, the attainable orbital accuracy is at level of a few meters for most orbit mean anomalies and it has been computed considering a setup which includes a perturbed dynamical model (mainly coming from uncertainties in the accelerations induced by the solar radiation pressure and orbital maneuvers) and a realistic error model for Doppler, ranging and SBI measurements.REFERENCE:Gregnanin, M. et al. (2012). Same beam interferometry as a tool for the investigation of the lunar interior. Planetary and Space Science 74, 194-201

Intelligent sewage discharge control in a wastewater treatment plant during rainfall periods

Abstract: Uncontrolled wastewater discharges have social and environmental consequences and generate increased operational costs. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are vulnerable infrastructure and require the implementation of risk and safety analyses in the context of climate change and flooding. Therefore, making decisions in changing weather conditions is one of the most important but also most difficult tasks for operators to maintain proper management of wastewater infrastructure facilities. The aim of the research was to develop a decision-making tool based on soft sensor methods to allow inflows to be classified into two classes of WTTP operating conditions. The quality of the regression models was maintained at 90.0%, while the classifier based on the coarse decision tree had a testing accuracy of 92.4%. The results can contribute to a reduction in wastewater load, which is significant in the context of ongoing climate change, and to an improvement in WWTP operation through automation.

3D ground and space-based ray tracing tomography model – methodology and implementation

Abstract: One of the indispensable elements of high-resolution weather forecast systems is the provision of reliable initial conditions using observations. Among the methods for collecting meteorological data, besides the quality of measurements, their time and space variability play a crucial role. Hence, GNSS observations stand out as stable, bias-free alternatives for weather stations, radiosondes, or microwave satellites.Current studies of GNSS observations in weather forecasting give promising results. However, the observations themselves are subject to errors due to their geometry, mainly caused by insufficient vertical and horizontal resolution. Therefore, applying them in an operational forecasting model is challenging. A possible way to solve this is to integrate space and ground-based observations into one tomography model.The solution should be able to detect local, extreme weather phenomena with repeatable uncertainty and high numerical stability. Hence, we propose a precise 3D ray tracing solution for effective simulations of the ray path between the GNSS satellite and the GNSS receiver (Low Earth Orbiting LEO satellite), along with the ground receiver. Although, the combination of these results in one computationally efficient and stable model is a complex task.The following step is the 3D ray tracing simulation integration into a modified TOMO2 operator dedicated to the tomography of 3D wet refractivity fields. The ray tracing module collects information on ray points&#8217; refractivity and distance traversed in models&#8217; voxels along the ray path. Then delivers it to mutual observational matrices for ground- and space-based simulations.&#160;This study focuses on the methodology of integrated tomography modeling.&#160; Results are compared to the ground-based only GNSS tomography solution and validated with radiosondes profiles. The case studies are based on severe weather events in Poland with RO data delivered by SPIRE company and GNSS ground-based observations produced by UPWr. Numerical Weather Model input comes from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA5.

SLR validation of the IGS Repro3 orbits for ITRF202

Abstract: The International GNSS Service (IGS) analysis centers (ACs) for the third time issued the results of the reprocessing campaign (IGS Repro3) of all the GNSS network solutions backward starting from 1994. The Repro3 products provided the IGS contribution to the latest International Terrestrial Reference Frame realization ITRF2020. Unlike the previous reprocessing campaigns, the IGS Repro3 includes for the first time not only GPS and GLONASS but also the Galileo constellation.&#160;In this study, we show results from the GLONASS and Galileo orbit validation of different IGS ACs, as well as the combined orbits generated by the IGS Analysis Centre Coordinator (IGS ACC) at Geoscience Australia. Individual multi-GNSS orbit solutions were provided by Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (COD), European Space Agency (ESA), GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ), Centre National d&#8217;&#201;tudes Spatiales (GRG), Graz University of Technology (TUG) and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Different IGS ACs use different orbit modeling strategies, e.g., estimating specific empirical orbit parameters and using or not using the a priori box-wing models for the Galileo satellites. The individual IGS Repro3 contributions have been combined by the IGS ACC combination software using a robust algorithm and a satellite-based weighting approach considering different qualities of GNSS orbits provided by different IGS ACs. We summarized the recent progress in GNSS precise orbit determination focusing on the impact of the orbit modeling aspects on the systematic effects in the SLR validation results, e.g., solar radiation pressure modeling and observable types.For all the defined Galileo and GLONASS satellite subtypes, the combined solutions do not perform worse (to the 1 mm level) than the best individual AC solutions for a specific satellite type. In terms of the standard deviation of SLR residuals, ESA, MIT, and TUG deliver the best Galileo-FOC orbits and ESA provides the best Galileo-IOV orbit solutions. Finally, ESA and TUG provide the best GLONASS products. Searching for patterns in SLR residuals for different satellite-Sun-Earth geometries reveals that some issues in the orbit modeling for the Galileo-FOC and IOV satellites still need to be fully diminished. The pattern dominates in COD, GFZ, and GRG solutions, and is mostly diminished in ESA and TUG solutions. The characteristic pattern is also noticeable in the combined solutions, but with a reduced magnitude.&#160;

GNSS-seismology for anthropogenic earthquakes

Abstract: The high-rate GNSS has been proven to be an effective tool to describe moderate and strong natural earthquakes, whereas the much less addressed application is monitoring anthropogenic earthquakes, such as mining tremors, where the noise and displacements have similar values. Although the anthropogenic events have small magnitudes (usually below 4.5), they also have much shallower epicentres (depths up to 1-2 km). Therefore, the vibrations they cause are often felt and may have a dangerous impact on the ground, structures and infrastructure nearby.Here we show that with the high-rate multi-constellation GNSS observations (GPS+Galileo), we can reliably detect the low-magnitude shallow anthropogenic earthquakes and characterise them in terms of displacements and velocities. Our filtering procedure is based on multiresolution analysis and successfully retrieves the small signal of ground vibrations. We analysed five mining tremors with magnitudes of 3.4-4.0 and presented the results from high-rate GNSS position changes calculated parallel with the PPP and variometric approach. The accuracy was very few millimetres for displacements and 1-2 cm/s for velocities. We obtained satisfying correlations with seismological data in correlation, peak values comparison and earthquake first epoch determination. Finally, considering the high-rate GNSS positioning noise level, we demonstrate the capacity to resolve the dynamic displacements from high-rate GNSS at the epicentral distance of about 7-8 km.