Showing papers by "Yale University published in 1976"
TL;DR: In this paper, a model is proposed that specifies the conditions under which individuals will become internally motivated to perform effectively on their jobs, focusing on the interaction among three classes of variables: (a) the psychological states of employees that must be present for internally motivated work behavior to develop; (b) the characteristics of jobs that can create these psychological states; and (c) the attributes of individuals that determine how positively a person will respond to a complex and challenging job.
7,444 citations
TL;DR: A more sensitive method of conductance measurement is reported, which, in appropriate conditions, reveals discrete changes in conductance that show many of the features that have been postulated for single ionic channels.
Abstract: THE ionic channel associated with the acetylcholine (ACh) receptor at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle fibres is probably the best described channel in biological membranes. Nevertheless, the properties of individual channels are still unknown, as previous studies were concerned with average population properties. Macroscopic conductance fluctuations occurring in the presence of ACh were analysed to provide estimates for single channel conductance and mean open times1–3. The values obtained, however, depended on assumptions about the shape of the elementary conductance contribution—for example, that the elementary contribution is a square pulse-like event2. Clearly, it would be of great interest to refine techniques of conductance measurement in order to resolve discrete changes in conductance which are expected to occur when single channels open or close. This has not been possible so far because of excessive extraneous background noise. We report on a more sensitive method of conductance measurement, which, in appropriate conditions, reveals discrete changes in conductance that show many of the features that have been postulated for single ionic channels.
2,377 citations
Book•
01 Sep 1976TL;DR: In this article, a theory about human cognitive functioning, a set of experiments testing that theory, and a review of some of the literature relevant to the theory are presented, embodied in a computer simulation model called ACT.
Abstract: Published in 1976, Language, Memory, and thought is a valuable contribution to the field of Cognitive Psychology. This book presents a theory about human cognitive functioning, a set of experiments testing that theory, and a review of some of the literature relevant to the theory. The theory is embodied in a computer simulation model called ACT.
1,965 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that such a stochastic law is governed by the Beta Function, containing only one free parameter, and this is approximated by a skew or hyperbolic distribution of the type that is widespread in bibliometrics and diverse social science phenomena.
Abstract: A Cumulative Advantage Distribution is proposed which models statistically the situation in which success breeds success. It differs from the Negative Binomial Distribution in that lack of success, being a non-event, is not punished by increased chance of failure. It is shown that such a stochastic law is governed by the Beta Function, containing only one free parameter, and this is approximated by a skew or hyperbolic distribution of the type that is widespread in bibliometrics and diverse social science phenomena. In particular, this is shown to be an appropriate underlying probabilistic theory for the Bradford Law, the Lotka Law, the Pareto and Zipf Distributions, and for all the empirical results of citation frequency analysis. As side results one may derive also the obsolescence factor for literature use. The Beta Function is peculiarly elegant for these manifold purposes because it yields both the actual and the cumulative distributions in simple form, and contains a limiting case of an inverse square law to which many empirical distributions conform.
1,865 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the solvophobic theory of solvent interaction with non-polar stationary phases in liquid chromatography is examined on the basis of solvophobia theory and a detailed analysis of the effect of the solvent on this process yields an expression for the capacity factor with essentially no adjustable constants.
1,195 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1976TL;DR: Roediger and Nairne as discussed by the authors discuss the effects of repetition on memory and the organization of memory in free recall, and the effect of repeated speech in short-term memory.
Abstract: Foreword to the Classic Edition by Henry L. Roediger, III, and James S. Nairne. Background Comments and Three Analytic Concepts. Iconic Memory. Echoic Memory. Recoding by Speech in Short-Term Memory. Nonverbal Memory. Primary Memory. Forgetting in Short-Term Memory. The Interference Theory of Forgetting in Long-Term Memory. The Effects of Repetition on Memory. The Organization of Memory in Free Recall. Retrieval. Serial Organization in Learning and Memory.
1,145 citations
955 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a postulated basis for illusory correlation is the co-occurrence of events which are statistically infrequent; i.e., observers would overestimate the frequency that that type of behavior was performed by members of that group.
690 citations
TL;DR: The model suggests a mechanism by which neurotransmitter signals may be converted into electrophysiological responses in postsynaptic cells.
Abstract: The postsynaptic actions of some neurotransmitters may be mediated through cyclic nucleotides and cyclic nucleotide-dependent phosphorylation of specific membrane proteins in postsynaptic cells. In addition to providing a molecular basis for the actions of several neurotransmitters and of certain drugs affecting behaviour, the model suggests a mechanism by which neurotransmitter signals may be converted into electrophysiological responses in postsynaptic cells.
662 citations
TL;DR: These results were interpreted within the framework of a two-factor theory of attention proposed by Posner and Snyder (1975a).
Abstract: Immediately prior to each visually presented target letter string to which the subject made a speeded word-nonword classification response, a visually presented prime to which no overt response was required was shown for 360, 600, or 2,000 msec. For word (W) target trials, the priming event was either a semantically neutral warning signal (Condition NX), a word semantically related to the target word (Condition R), or a word semantically unrelated to the target word (Condition U); for nonword (N) target trials, the priming event was either the neutral warning signal (Condition NX) or a word prime (Condition WP). For the W target trials, reaction times (RTs) were slower in Condition U than in Condition NX and equally so for all three prime durations; RTs were faster in Condition R than in Condition NX and to a greater degree for the 600- and 2,000-msec prime durations than for the 360-msec prime duration. For the N targets, RTs were faster in Condition WP than in Condition NX and equally so for all prime durations. These results were interpreted within the framework of a two-factor theory of attention proposed by Posner and Snyder (1975a).
558 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a universal gauge theory based on E6 is suggested as a model for the unification of strong, electromagnetic and weak interactions, and the Weinberg angle and the R ratio are derived and the stability of the proton is discussed.
TL;DR: A discrimination theory of selective perception was used to predict that a given trait would be spontaneously salient in a person's self-concept to the exten that this trait was distinctive for the person within her or his social groups.
Abstract: A discrimination theory of selective perception was used to predict that a given trait would be spontaneously salient in a person's self-concept to the exten that this trait was distinctive for the person within her or his social groups. Sixth-grade students' general and physical spontaneous self-concepts were elicited in their classroom settings. The distinctiveness within the classroom of each student's characteristics on each of a variety of dimensions was determined, and it was found that in a majority of cases the dimension was significantly more salient in the spontaneous self-concepts of those students whose characteristic on thedimension was more distinctive. Also reported are incidental findings which include a description of the contents of spontaneous self-comcepts as well as determinants of their length and of the spontaneous mention of one's sex as part of one's self-concept.
TL;DR: New proofs of two properties of the polynomial-time hierarchy are given, where the classes in the hierarchy are characterized using polynomially bounded quantifiers.
TL;DR: The results emphasize the importance of striatonigral projections which recent studies have suggested contain a GABAergic link.
TL;DR: Administration of 6-hydroxydopamine to neonatal rats produces a rapid and profound depletion of brain dopamine, which suggests a functional deficiency ofbrain dopamine in the pathogenesis of minimal brain dysfunction.
Abstract: Administration of 6-hydroxydopamine to neonatal rats produces a rapid and profound depletion of brain dopamine. Total activity of treated animals is significantly greater than that of controls between 12 and 22 days of age, but then declines, an activity pattern similar to that seen in affected children. This suggests a functional deficiency of brain dopamine in the pathogenesis of minimal brain dysfunction.
TL;DR: It is concluded that short-term changes in brain levels of DOPAC appear to provide a useful index of alterations in the functional activity of central dopaminergic neurons.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of decentralized feedback on the closed-loop properties of jointly controllable, jointly observable k-channel linear systems is studied by means of suitably defined directed graphs.
TL;DR: It was found that administration of the dopamine agonists, apomorphine or ET-495 [1-(2′-pyrimidyl)-piperonyl-piperazine], modified the apparent activity of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase when impulse flow was blocked in dopamine neurons.
Abstract: An in vivo system has been used to investigate the ability of dopamine agonists and antagonists to alter dopamine synthesis by acting at what appear to be presynaptic dopamine receptors. In order to eliminate postsynaptically induced changes in dopamine synthesis caused by the effects of these drugs on the firing rate of dopamine neurons, gammabutyrolactone was administered to block impulse flow in the nigro-neostriatal pathway. The accumulation of Dopa in the rat striatum after administration of Dopa decarboxylase inhibitor was used as an index of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase activity. It was found that administration of the dopamine agonists, apomorphine or ET-495 [1-(2′-pyrimidyl)-piperonyl-piperazine], modified the apparent activity of striatal tyrosine hydroxylase when impulse flow was blocked in dopamine neurons. This presynaptic effect of apomorphine could be prevented by low doses of loxapine haloperidol and spiroperidol. Chlorpromazine, fluphenazine, and thioridizine were much less effective than the butyrophenones in blocking the effects of apomorphine. Molindone and (+) butaclamol, but not (-) butaclamol, reversed the presynaptic agonist effects, pimozide was a weak blocker and clozapine had no effect at all. All these neuroleptics except (-) butaclamol caused a significant increase in Dopa accumulation when impulse flow was intact. Compared with haloperidol the phenothiazines and pimozide appeared less potent in reversing the presynaptic effects of apomorphine than in blocking the behavioral effects of this agonist. Possible functional significance of the presynaptic dopamine receptors are considered.
TL;DR: This paper found that men and women exhibit the same interpersonal style when interacting with members of the same sex and members of opposite sex, and that their differential socialization leads men to select more of a task emphasis and women to select a social-emotional emphasis in both family interaction and in mixed task groups.
Abstract: display the same interpersonal style when interacting with members of the same sex and members of the opposite sex. Through this endeavor we can gain a clearer understanding of the effects of sex role pressures on small group interaction. While common observation leads us to many stereotyped beliefs about how men and women behave in groups, research on small groups has paid relatively little attention to sex composition and group process. Several studies support the hypothesis that while men and women are capable of a wide range of behaviors, their differential socialization leads men to select more of a task emphasis and women to select more of a social-emotional emphasis in both family interaction and in mixed task groups (Parsons and Bales, 1955 ; Strodtbeck and Mann, 1956).
TL;DR: This paper found that meditators' stress reactivity pattern was in partial contrast to that of chronically anxious individuals, particularly those who were from the experienced meditator group, and the controls were instructed in a simple meditation technique modeled on transcendental meditation.
Abstract: Meditation may have clinical application in stress-related disorders or it may alleviate the adverse effects of normal daily stress, depending on the resiliency of demonstrated state effects. The significance of meditation as a stress intervention appropriate for daily life might prove major if these meditation state effects carry over and transform the meditator in a more permanent way, becoming traits. Meditation shares with certain relaxation procedures the induction of a generalized low arousal pattern of responses characterized by sympathetic inhibition, which may prove to inhibit the autonomic activation seen in the stress response. Subjects in the meditation condition were asked to do transcendental meditation if they were from the experienced meditator group, and the controls were instructed in a simple meditation technique modeled on transcendental meditation. The stress reactivity pattern found in meditators is in partial contrast to that of chronically anxious individuals, particularly the meditators' rapid stress recovery and lower state and trait anxiety levels.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Stress urinary incontinence was studied in 125 women who were subjected to simultaneous urodynamic and radiologic evaluation, finding a hypermobility of the proximal urethra with loss of its intraabdominal position during stress, associated with changes in the urethrovesical angle.
TL;DR: The addition of double-stranded RNA to an extract from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells which have been treated with an interferon preparation promotes the phosphorylation by [gamma-32P]ATP of at least two proteins: P1 and P2.
Abstract: We reported earlier that the addition of double-stranded RNA and ATP increases the endonuclease activity more in an extract of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells which have been treated with an interferon preparation than in a comparable extract from control cells. We report here that the addition of double-stranded RNA to an extract from Ehrlich ascites tumor cells which have been treated with an interferon preparation [or with the interferon inducer poly(I)-poly(C)] promotes the phosphorylation by [gamma-32P]ATP of at least two proteins: P1 (molecular weight of 64,000) and P2 (molecular weight of 37,000). Double-stranded RNA also promotes the phosphorylation of at least one (i.e., P1) of these two proteins in an extract from cells which have not been treated with interferon, but the extent of phosphorylation is much smaller. Double-stranded RNA which has been degraded by RNase III, or DNA, does not promote the phosphorylation.
TL;DR: In this paper, four major types of interaction of stimulus dimensions based on perceptual research are described: integral, configural, separable, and asymmetric separable; the importance of these interactions for concept and choice processes are discussed.
TL;DR: Mathematical models of the human spine structure are useful in predicting biomechanical behaviour of the spine where actual experiments may never be performed, and the variation of the mechanical properties with the spine level are presented.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors distinguish between two separate questions: 1) must the universe be symmetric and 2) does an application of the microscopic laws of physics to the macroscopic scale of the universe require that there be exactly equal numbers of particles and antiparticles.
Abstract: In approaching the problem of the amount and astrophysical role of antimatter in the Universe, it is valuable to distinguish between two separate questions. First, must the universe be symmetric. Does an application of the microscopic laws of physics to the macroscopic scale of the Universe require that there be exactly equal numbers of particles and antiparticles. In contrast, is the Universe symmetric. The extent to which these questions can be or have been answered is the subject of this review. 2 tables, 118 refs. (GHT)
TL;DR: The distribution of 234Th(t 1/2 = 24.1 days) in excess of its parent 238U in the upper layers of near-shore sediment makes possible the evaluation of short-term sediment reworking and diagenetic rates as mentioned in this paper.