Showing papers by "York University published in 1982"
TL;DR: The authors describe a Global Deterioration Scale for the assessment of primary degenerative dementia and delineation of its stages and have used it successfully for more than 5 years and validated it against behavioral, neuroanatomic, and neurophysiologic measures in patients with primary degeneratives dementia.
Abstract: Cognitive decline associated with old age and consistent with the diagnosis of primary degenerative dementia is a unique clinical syndrome with characteristic phenomena and progression The authors describe a Global Deterioration Scale for the assessment of primary degenerative dementia and delineation of its stages The authors have used the Global Deterioration Scale successfully for more than 5 years and have validated it against behavioral, neuroanatomic, and neurophysiologic measures in patients with primary degenerative dementia
4,510 citations
1,435 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined the possibility that information relevant to a trait category (hostility) presented outside of conscious awareness can temporarily increase that category's accessibility and found that the amount of processing subjects gave to the hostile information and the negativity of their ratings of the stimulus person were reliably and positively related to the proportion of hostile words to which they were exposed.
Abstract: The accessibility of a category in memory has been shown to influence the selection and interpretation of social information. The present experiment examined the possibility that information relevant to a trait category (hostility) presented outside of conscious awareness can temporarily increase that category's accessibility. Subjects initially performed a vigilance task in which they were exposed unknowingly to single words. Either 0%, 20%, or 80% of these words were semantically related to hostility. In an ostensibly unrelated second task, subjects read a behavioral description of a stimulus person that was ambiguous regarding hostility, and then rated the stimulus person on several trait dimensions. The amount of processing subjects gave to the hostile information and the negativity of their ratings of the stimulus person both were reliably and positively related to the proportion of hostile words to which they were exposed. Several control conditions confirmed that the words were not consciously perceived. It was concluded that social stimuli of which people are not consciously aware can influence conscious judgments.
673 citations
634 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that self-relevant information required less attentional resources when presented to the attended channel, but more relative to neutral words, despite subjects' lack of awareness of the contents of the rejected channel.
Abstract: A neglected aspect of the study of social cognition has been the way in which people select information for further processing from the vast amount available in social environments. A major contemporary model of attention holds that there are two separate types of processes that operate concurrently: a flexible but resource-limited control process that regulates the contents of conscious awareness, and a relatively inflexible automatic process that can attract attention to stimuli without conscious intent. Passive automatic processes, can either facilitate or inhibit active attentional processing, necessitating either less or more attentional effort, depending on the characteristics of the information that is currently present. On a dichotic listening task in which subjects attended to or ignored self-relevant stimuli, it was found that self-relevant information required less attentional resources when presented to the attended channel, but more when presented to the rejected channel, relative to neutral words. This differential capacity allocation occurred despite subjects' lack of awareness of the contents of the rejected channel. The results supported the existence and interaction of the two processes of attention in social information processing.
529 citations
TL;DR: Imagery and concreteness norms and percentage noun usage were obtained on the 1,080 verbal items from the Toronto Word Pool and the degree to which a word was functionally a noun was estimated in a sentence generation task.
Abstract: Imagery and concreteness norms and percentage noun usage were obtained on the 1,080 verbal items from the Toronto Word Pool. Imagery was defined as the rated ease with which a word aroused a mental image, and concreteness was defined in relation to level of abstraction. The degree to which a word was functionally a noun was estimated in a sentence generation task. The mean and standard deviation of the imagery and concreteness ratings for each item are reported together with letter and printed frequency counts for the words and indications of sex differences in the ratings. Additional data in the norms include a grammatical function code derived from dictionary definitions, a percent noun judgment, indexes of statistical approximation to English, and an orthographic neighbor ratio. Validity estimates for the imagery and concreteness ratings are derived from comparisons with scale values drawn from the Paivio, Yuille, and Madigan (1968) noun pool and the Toglia and Battig (1978) norms.
331 citations
TL;DR: The first formal statement of the.05 criterion for statistical significance dates back much further than the one made by Fisher as discussed by the authors, and it is generally understood that the conventional use of the 5% level as the maximum acceptable prob- ability for determining statistical significance was established, somewhat arbitrarily, by Sir Ronald Fisher when he developed his procedures for the analysis of variance.
Abstract: Examination of the literature in statistics and probability that predates Fisher's Statistical Meth- ods for Research Workers indicates that although Fisher is responsible for the first formal statement of the .05 criterion for statistical significance, the concept goes back much further. The move toward conventional lev- els for the rejection of the hypothesis of chance dates from the turn of the century. Early statements about statistical significance were given in terms of the prob- able error. These earlier conventions were adopted and restated by Fisher. It is generally understood that the conventional use of the 5% level as the maximum acceptable prob- ability for determining statistical significance was established, somewhat arbitrarily, by Sir Ronald Fisher when he developed his procedures for the analysis of variance. Fisher's (1925) statement in his book, Statistical Methods for Research Workers, seems to be the first specific mention of the p = .05 level as deter- mining statistical significance. It is convenient to take this point as a limit in judging whether a deviation is to be considered significant or not. Deviations exceeding twice the standard deviation are thus formally regarded as significant, (p. 47) Cochran (1976), commenting on a slightly later, but essentially similar, statement by Fisher (1926), says that, "Students sometimes ask, 'how did the 5 per cent significance level or Type I error come to be used as a standard?' ... I am not sure but this is the first comment known to me on the choice of 5 per cent" (p. 15). In the 1926 article Fisher acknowledges that other levels may be used:
219 citations
TL;DR: Combined analysis of helium (584 angstroms) airglow and the atmospheric occultations of the star δ Scorpii imply a vertical mixing parameter in Saturn's upper atmosphere of K (eddy diffusion coefficient) ∼ 8 x 107 square centimeters per second, an order of magnitude more vigorous than mixing in Jupiter'supper atmosphere.
Abstract: Combined analysis of helium (584 A) airglow and the atmospheric occultations of the star delta Scorpii imply a vertical mixing parameter in Saturn's upper atmosphere of K (eddy diffusion coefficient) of approximately 8 x 10 to the 7th sq cm per second, an order of magnitude more vigorous than mixing in Jupiter's upper atmosphere. Atmospheric H2 band absorption of starlight yields a preliminary temperature of 400 K in the exosphere and a temperature near the homopause of 200 K. Certain auroral emissions can be fully explained in terms of electron impact on H2, and auroral morphology suggests a link between the aurora and the Saturn kilometric radiation. Absolute optical depths have been determined for the entire C ring and parts of the A and B rings. A new eccentric ringlet has been detected in the C ring. The extreme ultraviolet reflectance of the rings is fairly uniform at 3.5 to 5 percent. Collisions may control the distribution of H in Titan's H torus, which has a total vertical extent of about 14 Saturn radii normal to the orbit plane.
212 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a questionnaire study was undertaken to investigate if different aspects of self-consciousness related to clothing attitudes and strategic use of clothing, and the results showed that the magnitude of these relationships was greater for men than for women.
Abstract: A questionnaire study was undertaken to investigate if different aspects of self-consciousness related to clothing attitudes and strategic use of clothing. The major purpose was to determine if the trait of public self-consciousness, as delineated by Buss, would be systematically related to clothing measures. A secondary goal was to investigate sex differences, with the expectation that the linkage between clothing measures and self-consciousness would be stronger for women. Participating in the study were 104 subjects. Clothing measures showed a consistent and pervasive correlation with scores on public self-consciousness. Contrary to expectations, the magnitude of these relationships was greater for men than for women. The results are discussed in terms of the tactical use of such social and symbolic products as clothing for self-definition.
187 citations
TL;DR: The authors describe the clinical features of the various stages of Alzheimer’s disease and discuss the differential diagnosis, and describe the characteristic neuropathology and neurochemical abnormalities of the disease and their etiological implications.
Abstract: The authors review the literature on Alzheimer’s disease, the major cause ofsenile dementia, and present a historical overview of senile dementia and its morbidity and mortality rates. They describe the clinicalfeatures of the various stages ofAlzheimer’s disease and discuss the differential diagnosis. They also describe the characteristic neuropathology and neurochemical abnormalities of the disease and their etiological implications. Finally, the authors discuss possible future directions for psychiatric research in the area ofAlzheimer’s disease.
169 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a synthesis of the various studies which attempt to quantify the trans-Atlantic slave trade, including the work of Inikori and Rawley, and conclude that the initial estimate of the slave trade was remarkably accurate.
Abstract: This article provides a synthesis of the various studies which attempt to quantify the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Since the publication of Philip D. Curtin's pioneering estimates in 1969 (The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census), there have been numerous revisions of different sectors of the trade, and some scholars – notably J. E. Inikori and James Rawley – have argued that Curtin's global estimate for imports into the Americas is too low. When the revisions are examined carefully, however, it is apparent that Curtin's initial tabulation was remarkably accurate. The volume of exports from Africa across the Atlantic is here calculated at 11,698,000 slaves, while imports into the Americas and most other parts of the Atlantic basin are estimated to have been 9·8–9·9 million slaves – well within range of Curtin's original Census. Many of the revisions are based on shipping data by national carrier, rather than on series derived from estimated imports into different colonies in the Americas. Hence it is possible to substitute new data for much of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries for many of the import-derived series used by Curtin. The results of these substitutions shift the distribution of slave exports over time but do not affect estimates of the relative scale of the trade by more than 2–3 per cent – hardly significant considering the quality of the data. Inikori and Rawley have failed to distinguish clearly between imports by colony and exports by national carrier; hence their global estimates have resulted in double counting. Further revisions are likely, nonetheless, but until the completion of detailed research comparable to the studies of David Eltis, Roger Anstey, Johannes Postma, and a dozen other scholars it is not possible to estimate the extent of future modifications. In the meantime, the current state of research on the volume of the Atlantic slave trade is summarized in a series of tables which analyse the export trade by time period, national carrier, and coastal origin. It is expected that the present synthesis will challenge historians to examine the impact of the slave trade on different parts of Africa, both to test the regional breakdown of slave exports and to assess the demographic, political, economic and social repercussions on Africa.
TL;DR: Effective social indicators must be stable when individual or societal characteristics are unchanged and dynamic when circumstances alter and highly reliable measures may be poor indicators because they are insensitive to change.
Abstract: Effective social indicators must be stable when individual or societal characteristics are unchanged and dynamic when circumstances alter. Highly reliable measures may be poor indicators because they are insensitive to change. Little evidence is available on the sensitivity or validity of objective and subjective indicators. A lack of panel data has restricted the assessment of the stability of subjective measures.
TL;DR: A survey methodology was used to examine girls' reactions to menarche and the subsequent effects of this experience as a function of preparation for and timing of menarace as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A survey methodology was used to examine girls' reactions to menarche and the subsequent effects of this experience as a function of preparation for and timing of menarche. A questionnaire including measures of responses to first menstruation, current symptoms, and self-image was completed by 639 public school girls at 3 grade levels: 5-6, 7-8, and 11-12. In addition, 120 premenarcheal fifth and sixth graders were followed longitudinally, half of whom were recruited from the public school sample and half from Girl Scout troops in the area. Girls' reactions to menarche reflected mixed emotional reactions, immediate though not subsequent concern with secrecy, and moderate though not debilitating or restrictive symptomatology. Girls who were unprepared or reached menarche early were more likely than average maturers to be negative on these measures. Based on the overall pattern of results, we suggest that, initially, menarche may create inconvenience, ambivalence, and confusion, particularly for early-maturing and unprepared girls, but that it may not be as traumatic as portrayed in previous articles.
TL;DR: Testosterone secretion appears to decline slowly and continuously throughout adult life in men, but this decline cannot be explained by changes in testosterone or estrogen production, but might be due to a decline of inhibin production with age.
Abstract: The 24-h mean plasma concentrations of androgens (dihydrotestosterone and total and free testosterone), estrogens (estrone and estradiol), and gonadotropins (LH and FSH) were measured in 35 healthy mean, aged 21–85 yr, who were rigorously screened to exclude factors known or suspected to alter endocrine function. The plasma total testosterone concentration showed a slow continuous decline with age, decreasing about 35% between 21 and 85 yr of age; the free testosterone level was closely correlated with that of total testosterone over the entire observed concentration range. The concentrations of dihydrotestosterone, estrone, estradiol, and LH were age invariant. The concentration of FSH showed a continuous linear increase with age; the level at age 85 was about 2.5 times the level at age 21. The following conclusions were drawn. 1) Testosterone secretion appears to decline slowly and continuously throughout adult life in men. 2) Measurement of the plasma free testosterone level adds no independent informa...
TL;DR: In this paper, the Borda-Kendall method does not perform as claimed in the case of ties and a "minimum variance" method for determining the consensus ranking is proposed and its properties examined.
Abstract: This paper investigates the Borda-Kendall method for the determination of a consensus ranking. It is shown that in the case of ties the method does not perform as claimed. A "minimum variance" method for determining the consensus ranking is proposed and its properties examined. It is shown to be equivalent to the Borda-Kendall method if ties are not allowed. An algorithm to determine the "minimum variance" consensus ranking in the case of ties is described. Results obtained from the solution of problems of various sizes are discussed.
TL;DR: Because of its flexibility and generality, beyond its capacity to handle the standard multivariate methods as special cases, set correlation offers some useful novel data-analytic techniques, among which are illustrated a hierarchical analysis of common and unique aspects of a battery, multivariate contrasts among outcomes, the multivariate analysis of partial variance, and contingency table analysis.
Abstract: Set correlation is a multivariate generalization of multiple regression/correlation analysis that features the employment of overall measures of association interpretable as proportions of variance and the use of set-partialled sets of variables, e.g. D·C with B·A. Partialling is a powerful device that may be used for statistical control and for representing non-linear and conditional (interactive) relationships, contrast functions, and the uniqueness of a variable or subset of variables. Generally, it offers a means for specifying functional components of sets. Since information in virtually any form can be represented as a set, partialled if necessary, the extension of partialling to sets of dependent variables makes it possible, within a single framework, to study relationships that are currently handled by diverse methods. Because of its flexibility and generality, beyond its capacity to handle the standard multivariate methods as special cases, set correlation offers some useful novel data-analytic techniques, among which are illustrated a hierarchical analysis of common and unique aspects of a battery, multivariate contrasts among outcomes, the multivariate analysis of partial variance, and contingency table analysis.
TL;DR: In this article, an evaluation of the evidence and arguments advanced in support of the effectiveness of various subliminal advertising techniques is provided, and the authors conclude that such practices are purported to influence cons...
Abstract: This paper provides an evaluation of the evidence and arguments advanced in support of the effectiveness of various subliminal advertising techniques. Such practices are purported to influence cons...
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the concept of difficult temperament is reviewed in the light of a recent suggestion that it be recast as a social perception rather than as a within-the individual characteristic.
Abstract: The concept of difficult temperament is reviewed in the light of a recent suggestion that it be recast as a social perception rather than as a within-the individual characteristic. The basis for the definition of difficult temperament as a characteristic of the individual is reviewed, and the literature on the func tional significance of this constellation summarized. The evidence cited to sup port the alternative formulation of difficult temperament as a social perception is examined critically, with special attention to the issue of distortions of paren tal reports. It is concluded that the evidence does not justify such an alternative concept. The theoretical and practical implications of viewing difficult temper ament as a characteristic of the individual rather than as a social perception are discussed, with an emphasis on an interactionist (transactional) view of the de velopmental process.
TL;DR: The extent of belief in a wide variety of extraordinary phenomena was examined among people of different educational backgrounds as discussed by the authors, and a questionnaire, which included a 30-item extraordinary belief inventory, as well as demographic and personal questions, was completed by 113 students, 352 university professors, and 251 members of the general public.
Abstract: Summary The extent of belief in a wide variety of extraordinary phenomena was examined among people of different educational backgrounds. A questionnaire, which included a 30-item Extraordinary Belief Inventory, as well as demographic and personal questions, was completed by 113 students, 352 university professors, and 251 members of the general public. University professors were found to be significantly more skeptical than students and members of the general public regarding belief in extraordinary phenomena. Professors in the English department were significantly less skeptical with regard to some extraordinary beliefs than were professors in other departments. Correlations between a number of demographic factors and belief in extraordinary phenomena were generally low in all groups.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of octopamine on the fat body of locusts in vitro have been examined, and it is concluded that a release of lipid from fat body is probably mediated by a rapid activation of an octopus-sensitive adenylate cyclase.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The most likely future for most organizations, especially those in the public sector, is one of cutback and decline as mentioned in this paper, and the major changes such organizations face are those related to how to survive on less money.
Abstract: Writing on organizational change to date has been implicitly predicated on an assump tion of organizations either growing or remaining stable in size and resources. However, the most likely future for most organizations, especially those in the public sector, is one of cutback and decline. The major changes such organizations face are those related to how to survive on less money. On this particular matter, comparatively little is known though interest is, perhaps understandably, starting to grow among organization theor ists and, to a much lesser extent, among organization researchers.The present article reviews the existing literature on organizational decline in public sector organizations. It makes a conceptual distinction between (a) the strategic deci sion responses regarding what to cut, if one must cut. and how to prevent having to make further cuts, and (b) the behavioural responses within the organization to the cuts that are made. A second major distinction is made between the 'objective' condi...
TL;DR: It is concluded that in normal SC the extractable lipids are intimately involved in cellular adhesion/dyshesion and in barrier formation.
TL;DR: In this paper, Nitrate-N concentrations during the Summers of 1980 and 1981 exceeded 10 mg/1 in 68 of the 164 ground-water samples collected from a shallow water-table aquifer underlying a sand plain near Alliston, Ontario.
Abstract: Nitrate-N concentrations during the Summers of 1980 and 1981 exceeded 10 mg/1 in 68 of the 164 ground-water samples collected from a shallow water-table aquifer underlying a sand plain near Alliston, Ontario. Three extensive zones of nitrate contamination were associated with major potato-growing areas on the sand plain. Nitrate concentrations were positively correlated with both the percentage area of heavily fertilized crops (potatoes, corn, sod and asparagus) and nitrogen fertilizer application rates in the vicinity of ground-water sampling sites. Chloride levels in ground water exhibited a positive association with KCl fertilizer application rates. Ground water under potato fields had relatively consistent C1/NO3-N ratios despite considerable variations in nitrate-N and chloride concentrations. Ground water with a low nitrate content was found beneath forest and permanent pasture. These data suggest that the use of commercial nitrogen fertilizer is a major source of nitrate in the aquifer.
TL;DR: A 1% crosslinked divinylbenzene-styrene copolymer was used in the preparation of the unsymmetrical 2-(6'-hydroxyhexoxy)-9,16,23-triisopropoxyphthalocyanine, soluble in common organic solvents as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the issues and debates surrounding the selection of test for the "High School and Beyond" battery, and provide descriptive statistics on these tests by cohort.
Abstract: This paper presents an overview of the issues and debates surrounding the selection of test for the "High School and Beyond" battery, and provides descriptive statistics on these tests by cohort. Comparisons are made between the full tests and the subtests composed of common items utilized by Coleman, Hoffer and Kilgore (1981a). We conclude that a proper assessment of the usefulness of the tests as measures of cognitive growth must await the first follow-up results. The cross-sectional, private-public school differences observed by Coleman et al. persist, however, irrespective of the length of the test, or the specific subject matter analyzed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine how different images have shaped developments in financial accounting and consider the implications for future theory and research, and propose a framework for future research in accounting.
Abstract: Accounting theory elaborates imagery. Working within a framework defining a numerical view of reality, accountants draw on different images of the accounting process to elaborate different theories of accounting. This paper examines how different images have shaped developments in financial accounting and considers the implications for future theory and research.