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Showing papers in "Annales Des Télécommunications in 1979"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a method for the analysis of measurements of n components of a random electromagnetic wave field (n ⩽6) is developed for describing statistically the distribution of wave energy with respect to the variables frequency and wave-normal direction.
Abstract: A method is developed for the analysis of measurements of n components of a random electromagnetic wave field (n ⩽6). This field observed at a fixed point in a magnetoplasma is described statistically by the distribution of wave energy with respect to the variables frequency and wave-normal direction. The frequency is supposed to be fixed. The distribution function considered as the most reasonable one maximizes the entropy and satisfies the values of the n × n elements of the spectral matrix of the n components. This solution obeys the nonnegativity constraint on the wave distribution function. Its properties are discussed in terms of stability and predictive power. Applications are proposed to simulated data and to satellite data.

40 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the radiation and impedance properties of dipole and loop antennas in linear, anisotropic plasmas, including radiation patterns, wave interference, pulse propagation, reflections from boundaries and inhomogeneous media effects.
Abstract: The last five years have witnessed remarkable progress in the theory and measurement of both the radiation and impedance properties of antennas in plasmas. Increased motivation for research in this area has been provided by the Space Shuttle program and by the prospect of nuclear fusion. The focus of attention has been on resonance cones in linear, anisotropic plasmas, including radiation patterns, wave interference, pulse propagation, reflections from boundaries and inhomogeneous media effects. Under nonlinear conditions, the focussed field of a resonance cone can significantly depress the plasma density. Under both linear and nonlinear conditions, the input impedance of dipole and loop antennas has been studied extensively, for both anisotropic and isotropic plasmas. A continuing challenge has been the as-yet-not-fully-explained experimental observation of linear, non-collisional enhanced resistivity of the sheath region around an antenna. Numerical impedance calculations employing simplified velocity distributions have shown particular promise. Ion and electron wave radiation patterns for various antenna shapes have been calculated and checked experimentally. The response of both single antennas and pairs of antennas to plasma fluctuations has been studied and found to have applications to plasma diagnostics.

34 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Les representations temporelles et frequentielles d'un signal d'energie finie n’epuisent pas totalement l’information contenue dans un signal d’energetic finie, en particulier pour les signaux modules en amplitude and frequence as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Les representations temporelles et frequentielles d’un signal d’energie finie n’epuisent pas totalement l’information contenue dans un signal d’energie finie, en particulier pour les signaux modules en amplitude et frequence La representation energetique en temps t et frequence ν, ρ(t, ν)definie comme un debit energetique a la date t et a la frequence νpermet une description plus generale des signaux Les definitions proposees dependent d’une fonction de ponderation arbitraire f Sous certaines conditions la representation ρpeut devenir une densite ; elle permet d’obtenir certains parametres caracteristiques des signaux De telles proprietes conviennent parfaitement a l’analyse des signaux a grand produit duree bande passante

17 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the details of l'analyse of pulsations geomagnetiques of type Pc 1 (0.2-5 Hz) enregistrees au sol, mais peuvent egalement etre une combinaison of stations au sol and en satellite, ou de two satellites ou plus.
Abstract: Ces dernieres annees, grâce a l’Eim(Etude Internationale de la Magnetosphere) ont vu se manifester un regain d’interet pour les etudes de pulsations geomagnetiques a partir de plusieurs stations, etudes ayant pour objectif la comprehension des processus de generation et de propagation. Ces reseaux de stations peuvent etre entierement constitues de stations au sol, mais peuvent egalement etre une combinaison de stations au sol et en satellite, ou de deux satellites ou plus. Un aspect tres important de ces etudes est la mesure des differences de temps d’arrivee des signaux parvenant aux stations. L’auteur decrit les techniques usuelles d’analyse par intercorrelation et d’analyse interspectrale, qui sont souvent utilisees. Il considere avec attention l’adaptation de ces methodes au traitement en temps reel, ainsi que leurs limites et leur precision. Pour illustrer ces techniques, il presente les details de l’analyse de pulsations geomagnetiques de type Pc 1 (0.2–5 Hz) enregistrees au sol.

12 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review the techniques available for finding out the location and polarization of a radio source using antennas with low directivity, that is, electric or magnetic antennas with dimensions less than the wavelength.
Abstract: The authors review the techniques available for finding out the location and polarization of a radio source using antennas with low directivity, that is, electric or magnetic antennas with dimensions less than the wavelength The use of such antennas is imposed by the combination of the low frequency of observation and of the dynamical constraints upon the antenna length particularly in the case of planetary probes First they summarize the relationship of an arbitrary antenna to the parameters describing the radiation field, emphasizing the importance of the antenna polarization vector The application of these results defines precisely the limited information available using short electric antennas In principle, it is possible to determine the direction (except for the sense) and also the polarization of a point source, using either three such antennas on a three-axis stabilized spacecraft or two antennas on a spinning spacecraft With a single antenna which is neither parallel nor perpendicular to the spin axis it is possible to determine the source direction with a πambiguity but not its complete polarization If the single antenna is perpendicular to the spin axis (as is usually the case) only the great circle containing the source direction and the spin axis can be obtained, and this at the expense of assumptions about the source polarization Source localization requires, in addition to the direction, either observations from another spacecraft or some assumption about the source mechanism and the spatial distribution of the relevant plasma parameters The application of these methods to the observations of solar radio bursts and terrestrial kilometric radiations is presented

12 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Roger Gendrin1, Claude de Villedary1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the f −t patterns which are obtained when analysing two different types of signals, i.e., closely adjacent gliding tones and monochromatic lines of finite duration.
Abstract: When analysed with simple methods, multicomponent time-varying signals may present, in the frequency-time plane, patterns which look similar even when the original structures of the signals are completely different The authors study here the f–t patterns which are obtained when analysing two different types of signals Type I signals are closely adjacent gliding tones (whose frequency varies linearly with time) Type II signals consist of a series of monochromatic lines of finite duration, slightly spaced in time Depending on the bandwidth of the analysing filter B, different patterns are obtained, which they discuss as a function of B and of the intrinsic properties of the original signal A method is proposed for distinguishing unambiguously between the two types of signals A numerical simulation is done in order to demonstrate the validity of the theory

10 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, quelques methodes numeriques de detection de contour apparues ces dernieres annees dans la litterature in les considerant d'un point de vue local (detection d’elements de contours) and d'one point of vue plus global (suivi of contours), on les distingue suivant leur type (syntaxique ou parametrique, iteratif ou temps reel), and donne des exemples d'utilisation.
Abstract: L’auteur presente quelques methodes numeriques de detection de contour apparues ces dernieres annees dans la litterature en les considerant d’un point de vue local (detection d’elements de contour) et d’un point de vue plus global (suivi de contour); on les distingue suivant leur type (syntaxique ou parametrique, iteratif ou temps reel), et on donne des exemples d’utilisation. Enfin, on introduit quelques etudes de comparaison entre ces methodes.

10 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an integral equation is developed for the unknown electric field in the slot and it is solved numerically for several cases of interest for a slotted parallel-plate waveguide, terminated in a specified load.
Abstract: A slotted parallel-plate waveguide, terminated in a specified load, is analyzed in this paper. The guide is excited by an interiortemwave and illumination from an exterior source. An integral equation is developed for the unknown electric field in the slot and it is solved numerically for several cases of interest. Values of slot electric field, scattering parameters, and the far field radiated through the slot are presented graphically.

10 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, Renyia ete obtenue formellement, a partir d'une suite de proprietes mathematiques a prioriqu'il semble souhaitable que toute mesure d'information possede, mais il ne semble pas pour autant que le probleme de sa signification concrete soit completement elucidee.
Abstract: L’entropie dite de Renyia ete obtenue formellement, a partir d’une suite de proprietes mathematiques a prioriqu’il semble souhaitable que toute mesure d’information possede, mais il ne semble pas pour autant que le probleme de sa signification physique concrete soit completement elucidee.

8 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, plusieurs approches du probleme de la recherche de la densite spectrale de puissance d’une fonction aleatoire a partir d'une estimation de la FONction dautocorrelation ont ete etudiees.
Abstract: Depuis quelques annees, plusieurs approches du probleme de la recherche de la densite spectrale de puissance d’une fonction aleatoire a partir d’une estimation de la fonction d’autocorrelation ont ete etudiees.

8 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a relativistic fuzzy set theory, which is based on the theory of the triplet (S,I, R) in which the information is quantitatively defined by its syntax and its semantics, mutually dependent, and both depending upon the observer.
Abstract: L’auteur a propose, recemment, un nouveau modele a’information, dite information relativiste, qui est essentiellement une theorie du triplet (S,I, R)ou Sdesigne un systeme qui est observe par l’experimentateur R,tandis que I represente l’information miss en jeu dans ce processus d’observation. La theorie, ainsi obtenue, est relativiste en ce que l’information est quantitativement decrite par sa syntaxe et sa semantique, duales l’une de l’autre, et variables avec le referentiel de l’observateur. Apres un rappel sur cette information relativiste et sur le modele de systeme general d’ou elle decoule, l’article montre comment ses equations de definition redonnent l’information de Shannon comme cas particulier, sous des hypotheses qui sont tout a fait implicites dans cellesci, quoique pas toujours clairement enoncees, ce qui est illustre sur un exemple simple. Ensuite, il montre que le modele permet une construction physique simple de l’entropie de Renyi, d’ou une nouvelle signification pour celleci, et par la meme, de nouvelles perspectives d’utilisation. En derniere application, l’auteur obtient une nouvelle theorie des ensembles flous relativistes, qui introduit explicitement les facteurs subjectifs d’observation dus a l’observateur luimeme: l’ensemble n’est plus defini par une signature, mais par une fonction de flou, avec des lois bien precises pour passer d’un observateur a l’autre. Le concept de variable floue relativiste est obtenu, d’ou un nouveau calcul du flou qui pourrait avoir un developpement analogue a celui du calcul des probabilites. The author recently proposed a new concept for information, the socalled relativistic information, which is basically a theory of the triplet (S,I, R)in which Sdenotes a system which is observed by the observer R,while Iis the information which is so involved by the observation process. The theory so obtained is relativistic in the way that the information is quantitatively defined by its syntax and its semantics, mutually dependent, and both depending upon the observer. After a brief background on this relativistic information and on the general system theory from where it is derived, the paper shows how it provides the Shannon information as special case under specific assumptions which are implicite in this latter although they are not always clearly mentionned, as shown with a simple example. Then, it gives a physical derivation for the Renyi entropy, therefore a new interesting meaning to it and, by this way, new prospects for its use. As a last application, the author get a new relativistic fuzzy set theory which explicitely involves the point of view of the observer: a relativistic fuzzy set is not defined by a membership function, but is so by a relativistic fuzziness function with explicite composition laws regarding the observers. The concept for relativistic fuzzy variable is exhibited therefore a new fuzziness calculus which can be expanded in a way similar to that of the probability calculus.

Journal ArticleDOI
David C. Webb1
TL;DR: The use of complex demodulation techniques, where a frequency band of interest in a given time series is shifted to zero and then low pass filtered, is discussed in this paper.
Abstract: The use of complex demodulation techniques, where a frequency band of interest in a given time series is shifted to zero and then low pass filtered, is discussed Instantaneous values of signal phase and amplitude are derived from the complex demodulates and cross spectra can be estimated from averages of their products The technique is discussed with particular reference to the geomagnetic field; the instantaneous properties of the magnetic field fluctuations yielding information concerning the non stationary properties of hydromagnetic waves (the wave polarization parameters) Cross spectral determinations can be used to produce transfer functions which enable the response of the Earth to be estimated for variations of different frequencies Complex demodulation enables a selection criteria to be applied so that more reliable values of the transfer function may be computed

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a methode is proposed for the representation spectrale energetique dans le plan tempsfrequence (donnee par exemple par un sonogramme) fait apparaitre plusieurs motifs disjoints Ils exposent une methode qui permet d'isoler ces motifs.
Abstract: Les auteurs s’interessent a des signaux pour lesquels la representation spectrale energetique dans le plan tempsfrequence (donnee par exemple par un sonogramme) fait apparaitre plusieurs motifs disjoints Ils exposent une methode qui permet d’isoler ces motifs Le principe de la methode est une demodulation a frequence variable Le pouvoir separateur de ce traitement et ses proprietes sont testes sur des signaux synthetiques Cette methode est ensuite appliquee a des signauxUbfde typePc1LesPc1sont caracterises en premiere approximation par une montee en frequence suivie de nombreux echos La presente methode permet d’isoler chaque echo et donc ensuite de comparer entre eux ces echos individuels L’analyse interspectrale entre echos isoles et pris deux a deux, permet l’identification du milieu magnetospherique a chaque passage de l’onde et evite donc les effets de moyennage des methodes classiques On peut en deduire l’evolution du milieu d’un passage au suivant

Journal ArticleDOI
Patrick Robert1, Kunihiko Kodera1, S. Perraut1, Roger Gendrin1, Claude de Villedary1 
TL;DR: In this article, a methode d'analyse de signaux polarises permettant de determiner the frequence, l'amplitude, and the polarisation instantanees d'ondes is proposed.
Abstract: Les auteurs decrivent rapidement une methode d’analyse de signaux polarises permettant de determiner la frequence, l’amplitude et la polarisation instantanees d’ondesUbfdetectees dans un referentiel de mesure qui tourne a une frequence proche de celles des ondes etudiees. Cette methode est appliquee aux donnees des satellites europeensGeos-1et 2, stabilises par rotation a environ 0,17Hz. Le champ magnetique statique local comporte une forte composante perpendiculaire a l’axe de rotation du satellite, qui induit donc dans les antennes une forte composante a la frequence de rotation. Une partie de ce signal parasite est eliminee directement a bord par un systeme despin.Mais la perturbation restante affecte toutes les frequences du spectre de puissance dans une proportion qui depend de la valeur relative du temps d’integration et de la periode de rotation. Les auteurs etudient en detail cette modification du spectre et montrent que l’on peut s’en affranchir grâce a une methode simple de traitement numerique au sol. Les deux methodes conjointes permettent de produire en routine des sommaires pour experimentateurs,grâce auxquels on peut suivre, au cours du temps, les principales caracteristiques des ondes detectees.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the difficulties associated with definition of appropriate boundary conditions for use in analyses of antennas and other structures immersed in plasmas, and make distinctions according to whether cold plasma, microscopic, or macroscopic theory is to be employed; whether the plasma is considered uniform or inhomogeneous, and whether or not there is a static magnetic field.
Abstract: This paper discusses some of the difficulties associated with definition of appropriate boundary conditions for use in analyses of antennas and other structures immersed in plasmas Distinctions may be made according to whether cold plasma, microscopic, or macroscopic theory is to be employed; whether the plasma is to be considered uniform or inhomogeneous, and whether or not there is a static magnetic field The properties and limitations of these models, and the commonly-used boundary conditions of specular reflection and velocity diffusion (for opaque boundaries), and transparency (for grids or wires) are discussed As a specific illustrative example, a series of approximations to the impedance of a magnetoplasma capacitor are reviewed

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a one year millimeter wave propagation experiment with a satellite-to-earth link was performed using Japan's first geostationary satellite "Kiku-2", which carries a beacon transmitter with three coherent frequencies, 1.7, 11.5 and 34.5 GHz.
Abstract: A one year millimeter wave propagation experiment with a satellite-to-earth link was performed using Japan’s first geostationary satellite «Kiku-2». The satellite carries a beacon transmitter with three coherent frequencies, 1.7, 11.5 and 34.5 GHz. A coherent receiving system with a 10 m diameter antenna was employed. Other instrumentation included a C band rain radar. The experiment was carried out on 24 h-a-day basis and achieved nearly eight thousand hours of test time. The results show that a 20 dB rain margin is necessary for a millimeter wave satellite communication link with 99.9 % reliability. This paper describes the experiment and the results in outline.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors studied the stability of the estimator in the presence of errors in the normalized covariance and showed that the optimal estimator is particularly interesting when it is impossible to use a long time integration for the power estimation.
Abstract: La realisation d’un systeme de commande automatique de gain en regime aleatoire necessite a chaque instant une estimation de puissance. Lorsque le bruit etudie possede des proprietes spectrales normalisees connues, on peut realiser un estimateur optimal de la puissance qui est asymptotiquement parfait. Dans une premiere partie on presente diverses approches de l’estimateur optimal de puissance (estimateur a temps continu, a temps discret, de type vectoriel) et on donne une interpretation de ses proprietes asymptotiques. Dans une seconde partie on etudie la stabilite de cet estimateur en presence d’erreurs sur la covariance normalisee. Il apparait alors deux types d’erreurs: l’une sur la moyenne (biais) qui ne peut etre eliminee et l’autre sur la variance qui tend vers zero lorsque la duree d’observation augmente. L’article montre alors que l’estimateur optimal est surtout avantageux dans les cas ou la constante de temps de stationnarite du bruit n’est pas tres grande ce qui empeche une integration trop forte. In order to design a system of automatic gain control in the case of random noise it is necessary to estimate at every time instant the instantaneous power of the noise. In the case where the normalized spectral properties of the noise are known, it is possible to introduce an optimal estimator of the power. In the first part of this paper the authors present some approaches to this optimal estimator (continuous or discrete time estimator, vectoriel description) and they give an interpretation of its properties. In the second part they study the stability of this estimator in the presence of errors in the normalized covariance. Then there appear two kinds of errors. The first one, due to bias in the mean value, cannot be eliminated; the second one in the variance decreases to zero as the observation time increases. Then they show that the optimal estimator is particularly interesting when it is impossible to use a long time integration for the power estimation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a comparative study of spectral and wave polarization analysis using both simulated and real data has shown that the spectral matrix and state vectors for a desired wave type can be used to design a polarization detector function in the frequency domain.
Abstract: Digital power spectral and wave polarization analysis are powerful techniques for studying ULF waves in the earth's magnetosphere. Four different techniques for using the spectral matrix to perform such an analysis have been presented in the literature. Three of these techniques are similar in that they require transformation of the spectral matrix to the principal axis system prior to performing the polarization analysis. The differences in the three techniques lie in the manner in which determine this transformation. A comparative study of these three techniques using both simulated and real data has shown them to be approximately equal in quality of performance. The fourth technique does not require transformation of the spectral matrix. Rather, it uses the measured spectral matrix and state vectors for a desired wave type to design a polarization detector function in the frequency domain. The design of various detector functions and their application to both simulated and real data will be presented.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Apres avoir indique les caracteristiques de la station experimentale de telecommunication par satellite ducneta Gometz La Ville, on decrit les mesures de propagation qui y ont ete effectuees, de novembre 1977 a november 1978, sur des signaux emis par le satellite experimental italien de telecommunicationsirio l,puis on presente quelques exemples de donnees brutes and de statistiques obtenues as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Apres avoir indique les caracteristiques de la station experimentale de telecommunication par satellite ducneta Gometz La Ville, on decrit les mesures de propagation qui y ont ete effectuees, de novembre 1977 a novembre 1978, sur des signaux emis par le satellite experimental italien de telecommunicationsirio l,puis on presente quelques exemples de donnees brutes et de statistiques obtenues.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the concept of instantanee (instantanee) complexe is used to restituer en particulier the direction de la normale d'onde en fonction a la fois du temps and de la frequence.
Abstract: La methode decrite permet d’etudier la polarisation du champ electromagnetique d’une onde plane, dont les caracteristiques varient rapidement au cours du temps. Cette methode est fondee sur l’utilisation du concept de polarisation complexe (instantanee) d’un signal. Elle permet de restituer en particulier la direction de la normale d’onde en fonction a la fois du temps et de la frequence. La precision de cette restitution en fonction de l’amplitude du rapport signal a bruit et de l’excentricite de l’ellipse de polarisation est etudiee. L’application de cette methode a la determination de la direction des normales d’onde de signaux naturels de tres basse frequence (Tbf)se propageant dans la magnetosphere met en evidence l’existence de variations importantes des caracteristiques de propagation de ces signaux.

Journal ArticleDOI
D. Soufflet1, Michel Joindot1
TL;DR: In this paper, the bit error probability for 16 QASK modulation of rectangular type is computed using a Gram-Charlier expansion using only the moments of the intersymbol interference, and avoiding the computation of the probability distribution function itself.
Abstract: Cet article presente une methode de calcul de la probabilite d’erreur pour une modulation d’amplitude et de phase a 16 etats (MAQ 16). L’application visee etait la realisation d’un faisceau hertzien destine a transmettre 140 Mbit/s par canal radioelectrique. On etudie l’influence du filtrage, de quelques defauts du modulateur ou du demodulateur, des brouilleurs, et d’un modele simplifie d’evanouissements. La methode de calcul utilisee s’appuie sur un developpement en serie de Gram — Charlier donnant la probabilite d’erreur en fonction des moments de la variable aleatoire «interference intersymbole». Quelques valeurs experimentales sont comparees aux resultats theoriques. In this paper the bit error probability for 16 QASK modulation of rectangular type is computed. The method was applied to the design of a 140 Mbit/s radio-link equipment. Filtering, modem impairments, interferences, propagation impairments are taken into account. Bit error probability is given by a Gram — Charlier expansion using only the moments of the intersymbol interference, and avoiding the computation of the probability distribution function itself. Comparison with experimental results is given.

Journal ArticleDOI
Jean Yves Moisan1
TL;DR: In this paper, a methode de laboratoire is mise au point permettant de mesurer le coefficient de diffusion and la solubilite des antioxydants dans le polyethylene.
Abstract: Une methode de laboratoire a ete mise au point permettant de mesurer le coefficient de diffusion et la solubilite des antioxydants dans le poly’ethylene. Il a ete ainsi demontre que le coefficient de diffusion variait avec la temperature suivant la loi d’Arrhenius, et que diffusion et solubilite dependaient de la structure moleculaire de l’antioxydant. Les resultats font apparaitre que, dans ces materiaux, employes en câblerie, la diffusion des stabilisants est rapide et doit etre prise en consideration si l’on veut une duree de vie suffisante des materiaux.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The International Sun-Earth Explorer (ISEE) 1 and 2 carry receivers for detecting electro-magnetic waves with kilometric wavelengths as discussed by the authors, where analog data and a reference frequency are transmitted to ground stations and tape recorded along the precise time and frequency information.
Abstract: The International Sun-Earth Explorer (ISEE)space-craft 1 and 2 carry receivers for detecting electro-magnetic waves with kilometric wavelengths. For selected receiver frequencies from 30 kHz to 2 MHz, a 10 kHz bandwidth channel is single-sideband mixed down to baseband. This analog data and a reference frequency, which is a submultiple of the local oscillator frequency, are transmitted to ground stations and tape recorded along the precise time and frequency information. Cross correlation of these tape recorded signals constitutes a satellite-to-satellite interferometer with a fringe spacing of 0.4’ to 41’ (at a range of 10,000 to 100 km spacing between spacecraft for 250 kHz in frequency) and with a time delay resolution of 32 μs for a 10 kHz bandwidth which gives an angular resolution of 3’ to 6°. For kilometric radiation at the Earth, sources in the size range of 25 to 2500 km can be identified (from 20 RE) and located in relative position ranging from 0.02 to 2 REdepending on spacecraft spacing. Reception and analysis of Solar and Jovian bursts may also be possible.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a dynamic cross spectrum program has been developed to display the phase of the particle flux modulation relative to the magnetic field variations in the frequency-time plane of the cross correlation coefficient between any particle flux time series and the magnetic fields vector.
Abstract: Magnetic field observations made by satellites in the earth's magnetic field reveal a wide variety of ULF waves. These waves interact with the ambient particle populations in complex ways, causing modulation of the observed particle fluxes. This modulation is found to be a function of species, pitch angle, energy and time. The characteristics of this modulation provide information concerning the wave mode and interaction process. One important characteristic of wave-particle interactions is the phase of the particle flux modulation relative to the magnetic field variations. To display this phase as a function of time a dynamic cross spectrum program has been developed. The program produces contour maps in the frequency time plane of the cross correlation coefficient between any particle flux time series and the magnetic field vector. This program has been utilized in several studies of ULF wave-particle interactions at synchronous orbit.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the facteur de couplage en puissance entre une onde incidente quelconque and la charge d'une antenne illuminee par cette onde was calculated, and the coefficient de transfert was deduit du schema equivalent de lensemble antenneonde incidente visavis de la charge.
Abstract: Cet article est consacre au calcul du facteur de couplage en puissance entre une onde incidente quelconque et la charge d’une antenne illuminee par cette onde. Le coefficient de transfert se deduit du schema equivalent de l’ensemble antenneonde incidente visavis de la charge, etabli grâce au theoreme de reciprocite. La puissance fournie a la charge s’exprime en fonction du spectre angulaire d’ondes spheriques associe a Fonde incidente et de la caracteristique de l’antenne en regime d’emission. L’expression du facteur de couplage se prete bien a la discussion de l’influence des differents parametres et permet de definir les conditions de couplage optimal.

Journal ArticleDOI
D. Jones1
TL;DR: In this paper, an efficient method of producing spectrograms of signals recorded on spacecraft is proposed, which is to compute on board the correlation function and, after telemetering this to ground, subjecting it to aFft(Fast Fourier Transform).
Abstract: An efficient method of producing spectrograms of signals recorded on spacecraft is to compute on board the correlation function and, after telemetering this to ground, subjecting it to aFft(Fast Fourier Transform). This is the procedure adopted onGeos 1and 2. Results are presented of whistlers, chorus, hiss and electrostatic waves illustrating that high quality spectrograms can be obtained by this method. Correlators to be flown on the InterKosmos spacecraftMagik,despite having a very low allocated telemetry rate still yield spectrograms on which one may distinguish chorus,hiss and whistlers.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, aucune des methodes de calcul daffaiblissement connues de l’auteur ne permet de rendre compte de ce phenomene etrangement selectif en frequence.
Abstract: L’analyse meteorologique de l’apres-midi du 23 janvier 1978 ne montre rien d’exceptionnel et il semblerait que, pour tout un chacun, y compris pour les meteorologistes, il ne s’agisse que d’une mechante journee d’hiver froide et pluvieuse n’ayant aucune caracteristique anormale. Cependant, du point de vue de la propagation, c’est de beaucoup l’affaiblissement le plus important qui ait ete observe pendant les trois annees 1976–1978 (*) pour la frequence de 11,7 GHz, alors que les deux autres liaisons de 12 km et 16 km fonctionnant a 13 GHz n’ont pas ete perturbees. Aucune des methodes de calcul d’affaiblissement connues de l’auteur ne permet de rendre compte de ce phenomene etrangement selectif en frequence. Jusqu’a plus ample information, il parait raisonnable de considerer que le phenomene qui vient d’etre decrit est extremement rare.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Anharmonic frequency analysis (Afa) as mentioned in this paper collects the spectral components between those frequencies and the results are the average amplitude and phase for each band defined by two consecutive frequencies, which is by far superior to Fourier analysis especially if unknown discrete frequencies are present in the time series and those frequencies are not harmonics of one common basic frequency.
Abstract: Fourier analysis of a finite time series allocates amplitudes and phases to a given set of frequencies which are integer multiples of a basic frequency determined by the length of the time series. Anharmonic frequency analysis (Afa)collects the spectral components between those frequencies and the results are the average amplitude and phase for each band defined by two consecutive frequencies. A repetition of the transform involved for a later reference time determines the effective frequency within each band by the time change of the phase. This process is by far superior to Fourier analysis especially if unknown discrete frequencies are present in the time series and those frequencies are not harmonics of one common basic frequency. The principles of this method, some of its properties and a few results are presented.

Journal ArticleDOI
Pierre Le Gall1
TL;DR: In this article, the authors consider lecoulement du trafic dans un faisceau de circuits telephoniques a acces total, dans le cas du modele a appels perdus.
Abstract: On considere l’ecoulement du trafic dans un faisceau de circuits telephoniques a acces total, dans le cas du modele a appels perdus. On envisage les processus d’arrivees les plus generaux et une loi de duree de prise arbitraire, en regime stationnaire ou non. Dans une etude anterieure, on avait montre la tres grande complexite d’obtention des lois d’ecoulement du trafic dans le cas general, en explicitant les formules uniquement pour un ou deux circuits. On se propose maintenant d’exposer les formules explicites ainsi que les demonstrations permettant de les obtenir, pour un nombre quelconque de circuits.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, auteurs montrent comment l'etude de ses valeurs propres permet de determiner le nombre de sources independantes presentes simultanement.
Abstract: Apres avoir rappele les differentes methodes de mesure de la matrice interspectrale de signaux stationnaires, les auteurs montrent comment l’etude de ses valeurs propres permet de determiner le nombre de sources independantes presentes simultanement.