Showing papers in "Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism in 2007"
TL;DR: In this paper, the extent of conversion in humans of the parent PUFA, linoleic acid or alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), to their respective long-chain PUFA products was investigated.
Abstract: There is considerable interest in the potential impact of several polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in mitigating the significant morbidity and mortality caused by degenerative diseases of the cardiovascular system and brain. Despite this interest, confusion surrounds the extent of conversion in humans of the parent PUFA, linoleic acid or alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), to their respective long-chain PUFA products. As a result, there is uncertainty about the potential benefits of ALA versus eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Some of the confusion arises because although mammals have the necessary enzymes to make the long-chain PUFA from the parent PUFA, in vivo studies in humans show that asymptotically equal to 5% of ALA is converted to EPA and <0.5% of ALA is converted to DHA. Because the capacity of this pathway is very low in healthy, nonvegetarian humans, even large amounts of dietary ALA have a negligible effect on plasma DHA, an effect paralleled in the omega6 PUFA by a negligible effect of dietary linoleic acid on plasma arachidonic acid. Despite this inefficient conversion, there are potential roles in human health for ALA and EPA that could be independent of their metabolism to DHA through the desaturation - chain elongation pathway.
517 citations
TL;DR: W brisk walking for at least 30 min daily can be recommended as the principal form of physical activity at the population level and, if there are no contraindications, more vigorous physical exercise or resistance training should also be considered to obtain additional health benefits.
Abstract: Randomised controlled trials have shown that exercise training has a mild or moderate favourable effect on many metabolic and cardiovascular risk factors that constitute or are related to the metab...
474 citations
TL;DR: Physical activity and (or) exercise prescriptions should emphasize activities of the specificity and type to improve components related to the maintenance of functional capacity and independence; these will also delay morbidity and mortality.
Abstract: De nombreuses etudes epidemiologiques confirment les bienfaits procures par l'activite physique en ce qui concerne la diminution du risque de maladie associee a l'âge et de la mortalite quelle qu'en soit la cause. L'analyse de la litterature scientifique centree sur les caracteristiques principales (intensite, type, quantite) montre que la quantite necessaire d'activite physique est celle qui ameliore la condition cardiorespiratoire, la force musculaire, la puissance et, indirectement, l'equilibre. L'appauvrissement de ces fonctions avec l'âge entraine des limitations physiques qui conditionnent les activites fonctionnelles journalieres. En revanche, un programme d'activite physique peut attenuer ces pertes, evitant ainsi aux personnes âgees (plus de 65 ans) de traverser le seuil de l'incapacite physique. Les etudes transversales et longitudinales revelent un lien entre la condition cardiorespiratoire et la capacite fonctionnelle et l'autonomie; la force musculaire et par surcroit, la puissance musculaire, permettent d'accomplir plus efficacement les activites de tous les jours; l'equilibre dynamique en combinaison avec la puissance musculaire forment un ensemble de prevention contre les chutes. D'apres les etudes sur les programmes d'intervention, les personnes âgees peuvent ameliorer leurs capacites fonctionnelles car elles possedent la capacite d'adaptation a l'entrainement physique. Les quelques etudes qui ont analyse les quantites minimale et optimale d'activite physique indiquent qu'il faut faire des exercices dans les plages d'intensite moderee a vigoureuse si on veut atteindre et preserver les gains resultant de la pratique reguliere. Par consequent, on devrait prescrire des activites physiques en specifiant le type d'activite qui ameliorera les variables organiques associees au maintien de la capacite fonctionnelle et de l'autonomie et, de ce fait, on repoussera la maladie et la mort. Une bonne recommandation concernant l'exercice physique chez les personnes âgees devrait inclure des activites cardiorespiratoires moderement vigoureuses (la marche rapide), un entrainement a la force et a la puissance pour la preservation de la masse musculaire et de la capacite de travail de groupes musculaires choisis et des exercices d'equilibre et d'etirement au besoin.
333 citations
TL;DR: It is indicated that a training program that links interactive video games to cycle exercise results in greater improvements in health-related physical fitness than that seen after traditional cycle exercise training.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of interactive video games (combined with station- ary cycling) on health-related physical fitness and exercise adherence in comparison with traditional aerobic training (sta- tionary cycling alone). College-aged males were stratified (aerobic fitness and body mass) and then assigned randomly to experimental (n = 7) or control (n = 7) conditions. Program attendance, health-related physical fitness (including maximal aerobic power (VO 2m ax), body composition, muscular strength, muscular power, and flexibility), and resting blood pressure were measured before and after training (60%-75% heart rate reserve, 3 d/week for 30 min/d for 6 weeks). There was a significant difference in the attendance of the interactive video game and traditional training groups (78% ± 18% vs. 48% ± 29%, respectively). VO 2m axwas significantly increased after interactive video game (11% ± 5%) but not traditional (3% ± 6%) training. There was a significantly greater reduction in resting systolic blood pressure after interactive video game (132 ± 6 vs. 123 ± 6 mmHg) than traditional (131 ± 7 vs. 128 ± 8 mmHg) training. There were no significant changes in body composition after either training program. Attendance mediated the relationships between condition and changes in health outcomes (including VO 2m ax, vertical jump, and systolic blood pressure). The present investigation indi- cates that a training program that links interactive video games to cycle exercise results in greater improvements in health- related physical fitness than that seen after traditional cycle exercise training. It appears that greater attendance, and thus a higher volume of physical activity, is the mechanism for the differences in health-related physical fitness.
276 citations
TL;DR: The evidence suggests that the components of diet currently recommended as "healthy" are likely also protective against MetS, including low saturated and trans fat (rather than low total fat) and balanced carbohydrate intake rich in dietary fiber, as well as high fruit and vegetable intake; and the inclusion of low-fat dairy foods.
Abstract: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of metabolic abnormalities that increase the risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The exact etiology remains ...
220 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a review of existing physical activity guidelines for school-aged children and youth, with an emphasis placed on how Cana- da's guidelines compare and contrast with those of other countries and organizations, is presented.
Abstract: The aim of this review is to provide a scientific update on evidence related to the biological and psycho-social health benefits of physical activity in school-aged children and youth. To accomplish this aim, the first part of the paper reviews existing physical activity guidelines for school-aged children and youth, with an emphasis placed on how Cana- da's guidelines compare and contrast with those of other countries and organizations. The paper then provides an overview of physical activity levels of Canadian children and youth, which indicates that few Canadian youngsters meet current physical activity recommendations. The next section of the paper summarizes the literature that informs how much physi- cal activity is required to promote health and well-being in children and youth. The paper then provides suggestions on modifications that could be made to Canada's physical activity guidelines for children and youth. Specifically, considera- tion should be given to setting both minimal (‡60 min/d) and optimal (up to several hours per day) physical activity tar- gets. The final section identifies future research needs. In this section, a need is noted for comprehensive dose-response studies of physical activity and health in the paediatric age group. Resume´ : Cette etude se propose de faire un relevedes etudes scientifiques qui etablissent les effets benefiques de l'ac- tivitephysique sur les plans biologique et psychosocial chez les enfants d'age scolaire et chez les adolescents. Pour atteindre cet objectif, la premiere partie de cet article analyse les directives courantes en matiere d'activitephysique a l'intention des enfants et des adolescents et s'attarde acomparer et a distinguer les directives canadiennes de celles des autres pays et organisations. Dans un deuxieme temps, l'article presente un apercu des niveaux de pratique de l'activite´ physique chez les enfants et les adolescents et arrive au constat que peu de jeunes Canadiens font ce qui est recommande´ en matiere d'activitephysique. Par la suite, l'article trace le bilan des articles scientifiques portant sur la quantited'activite´ physique requise pour ameliorer la santeet le bien-etre chez les enfants et les adolescents. Puis l'article propose des modi- fications aux directives canadiennes al'intention des enfants et des adolescents. Notamment, on devrait cibler des durees minimale (au moins 1 heure par jour) et optimale (jusqu'aquelques heures par jour) de pratique de l'activitephysique. En derniere partie, l'article suggere des pistes de recherche et souligne la necessitede faire des etudes detaillees sur la quan- tited'activitephysique afaire (dose) pour obtenir des gains (effet) sur le plan de la santechez les jeunes au Canada. Mots-cles: activitephysique, enfants, adolescents, sante´. (Traduit par la Redaction)
216 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that caloric restriction and exercise result in limited weight gain in obese subjects with GDM, less macrosomic neonates, and no adverse pregnancy outcomes.
Abstract: Objective: This study assessed whether a weight-gain restriction regimen, with or without exercise, would impact glycemic control, pregnancy outcome, and total pregnancy weight gain in obese subjec...
215 citations
TL;DR: The higher WBV amplitude (4 mm) and frequencies (35, 40, 45 Hz) resulted in the greatest increases in EMG activity, and WBV had no effect on BB EMG, but did increase TB activity.
Abstract: Whole-body vibration (WBV) training uses a vertically oscillating platform and reports suggest that this perturbation elicits reflexive muscle contractions that augment muscle activity and contribute to increased strength. No WBV study has measured both upper- and lower-body muscle activation. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal WBV stimulus (frequency x amplitude) to increase electromyography (EMG) in upper- and lower-body muscles for three distinctive unloaded actions: isometric semi-squat, dynamic leg squats, and static and dynamic bilateral bicep curls. Surface EMG was measured for the vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), biceps brachii (BB), and triceps brachii (TB) in 10 recreationally active male university students (24.4+/-2.0 years; mean+/-SD) when WBV was administered at 2 and 4 mm and at 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 Hz. EMG changes are reported as the difference between WBV and no WBV EMG root mean square expressed as a percentage of maximum voluntary exertion (%MVE). In static semi-squat, WBV increased muscle activity 2.9%-6.7% in the VL and 0.8%-1.2% in the BF. During dynamic squatting, WBV increased muscle activity in the VL by 3.7%-8.7% and in the BF by 0.4%-2.0%. In a static biceps curl, WBV had no effect on BB EMG, but did increase TB activity 0.3%-0.7%. During dynamic biceps curls, WBV increased BB EMG activity by 0.6%-0.8% and TB activity by 0.2%-1.0%. The higher WBV amplitude (4 mm) and frequencies (35, 40, 45 Hz) resulted in the greatest increases in EMG activity.
208 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate that: (i) the prevalence of the MONW syndrome ranges between 5% and 45%, depending on the criteria used, age, BMI, and ethnicity; (ii) when compared with control subjects, MONW subjects display an altered insulin sensitivity, a higher abdominal and visceral adiposity, a more atherogenic lipid profile, a Higher blood pressure, and a lower physical activity energy expenditure.
Abstract: The existence of a subgroup of normal-weight individuals displaying obesity-related phenotypic characteristics was first proposed in 1981. These individuals were identified as metabolically obese b...
201 citations
TL;DR: Muscle-derived cytokines appear to have important roles in metabolism, and exercise plays a role in orchestrating the interplay between cytokines and metabolism.
Abstract: Skeletal muscle fibers express several cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, and IL-15. Solid evidence exists that muscular IL-6 and IL-8 are regulated by muscle contractions, at both the ...
190 citations
TL;DR: Available data from skeletal muscle support the concepts developed in adipocytes with regard to the role AS160 plays in the regulation of insulin-stimulated glucose transport, and it is uncertain whether elevated AS160 phosphorylation plays a similar role with exercise/contraction.
Abstract: Insulin and exercise, the most important physiological stimuli to increase glucose transport in skeletal muscle, trigger a redistribution of GLUT4 glucose transporter proteins from the cell interio...
TL;DR: The present review aims to discuss the different definitions of the metabolic syndrome, focusing on their application in clinical or research settings, and a brief overview of the increasing prevalence of the MetS.
Abstract: The metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a cluster of metabolic abnormalities that predisposes an individual to a greater risk of developing coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes. The condition is widespread among adults from developed nations, and progresses in frequency with age. In recent years, several organizations have proposed diagnostic criteria that could be used by clinical practitioners or for research purposes. While the core components of the MetS have generally been sustained among the various proposed definitions, the number of features required for the MetS to be diagnosed and the cut-off points indicating metabolic perturbations have differed quite significantly between organizations. This has led to considerable confusion among clinicians and health professionals. The present review aims to discuss the different definitions of the MetS, focusing on their application in clinical or research settings. A brief overview of the increasing prevalence of the MetS will also be presented.
TL;DR: A high-protein diet was superior to a low-fat, high-carbohydrate diet either alone or when combined with an aerobic/resistance-training program in promoting weight loss and nitrogen balance, while similarly improving body composition and risk factors for the Metabolic Syndrome in overweight and obese Canadian women.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of 3:1 and 1:1 carbohydrate to protein ratios, hypocaloric diets with and without exercise, and risk factors associated with the Metabolic Syndr...
TL;DR: In this paper, a monitorage objectif, avec une attention particuliere portee a l-accelerometrie, peut dresser un bilan d'activite / dinactivite.
Abstract: L'evaluation precise de la quantite d'activite physique pratiquee de facon reguliere constitue une donnee fondamentale dans l'etude de la relation entre l'activite physique et la sante. Cependant, plusieurs techniques de mesure de l'activite physique ne donnent que des resultats valables pour une seule journee comme, par exemple, la depense d'energie realisee d'apres une auto-evaluation par questionnaire, le nombre de pas fait d'apres un podometre, l'intensite d'activite physique mesuree au moyen d'un accelerometre comptant le temps a faire des exercices d'intensite moderee a vigoureuse. On peut maintenant utiliser les techniques de monitorage qui informent davantage sur les comportements actifs et sedentaires pour approfondir l'etude de la relation entre la sante et la frequence, l'intensite et la duree des mouvements accomplis. Cet article presente comment un monitorage objectif, avec une attention particuliere portee a l'accelerometrie, peut dresser un bilan d'activite / d'inactivite. Au moyen de donnees objectives prelevees dans la litterature, on presente un bilan kinesique detaille et des exemples d'etude de cas incorporant des donnees et leur interpretation. La quantite d'informations recueillies dans ce profil complet offre de nouvelles avenues de surveillance et d'etudes scientifiques pouvant deboucher sur de nouvelles directives en matiere de pratique de l'activite physique. Nous presentons les resultats de diverses facons pour demontrer les dangers d'une mauvaise interpretation des donnees quand on evalue une population d'apres son taux de conformite aux directives contenues dans le Guide d'activite physique canadien. Nous enoncons des recommandations en matiere de profil kinesique / akinesique et nous proposons quelques pistes de recherche.
TL;DR: The emerging model predicts that muscle insulin resistance arises from a mitochondrial disconnect between beta-oxidation and TCA cycle activity, and understanding of this "disconnect" and its molecular basis may lead to new therapeutic approaches to combatting metabolic disease.
Abstract: Dyslipidemia and intramuscular accumulation of fatty acid metabolites are increasingly recognized as core features of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Emerging evidence suggests that normal physiologic...
TL;DR: Data from the authors' and other laboratories indicate that exercise-induced modulation of ROS levels plays a role in the protein content and expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, tyrosine recepetor kinase B, and cAMP response element binding protein, resulting in better function and increased neurogenesis.
Abstract: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously generated during aerobic metabolism. Certain levels of ROS, which could be dependent on the type of cell, cell age, history of ROS exposure, etc., could facilitate specific cell functions. Indeed, ROS stimulate a number of stress responses and activate gene expression for a wide range of proteins. It is well known that increased levels of ROS are involved in the aging process and the pathogenesis of a number of neurodegenerative diseases. Because of the enhanced sensitivity of the central nervous system to ROS, it is especially important to maintain the normal redox state in different types of neuro cells. In the last decade it became clear that regular exercise beneficially affects brain function as well, and can play an important preventive and therapeutic role in stroke and in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. The effects of exercise appear to be very complex and could include neurogenesis via neurotrophic factors, increased capillarization, decreased ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyse l'impact des activites physiques dites accessoires (ne constituant pas de l'exercice physique en soi ou netant pas utiles) on the depense energetique totale (TEE) and les indicateurs de sante.
Abstract: Les messages de sante publique en matiere d'activite physique au Canada ont mis traditionnellement l'accent sur la prescription d'exercices physiques utiles, principalement pratiques durant les periodes de loisir (LTPA). Meme si les LTPA contribuent a la depense energetique totale (TEE), une grande partie des activites faites durant la journee sont negligees a moins de porter une attention a l'energie depensee en plus des activites utiles. Cet article analyse l'impact des activites physiques dites accessoires (ne constituant pas de l'exercice physique en soi ou n'etant pas utiles) et des activites physiques integrees dans le mode de vie (les tâches journalieres et la marche concomitante) sur la TEE et les indicateurs de sante. Comme les mouvements accessoires s'accomplissent de facon intermittente dans le quotidien, cette forme de depense d'energie devrait diminuer face a la generalisation de la mecanisation et de l'automatisation des tâches. Cet article analyse aussi la relation entre l'inactivite physique, y compris le sommeil, et l'activite physique, la TEE et les repercussions sur la sante. On y trouve egalement des propositions visani a la prescription d'activite physique plus detaillee incluant toutes les composantes de la TEE. Le monitorage objectif des activites physiques selon les periodes de la journee constitue le meilleur moyen d'evaluer et d'analyser les mouvements humains durant toute la journee.
TL;DR: It is concluded that a small dose of whey protein with carbohydrate (21 g) can stimulate a rise in MPS after resistance exercise in trained young men that would be supportive of a positive net protein balance, which, over time, would lead to hypertrophy.
Abstract: Whey protein is a supplemental protein source often used by athletes, particularly those aiming to gain muscle mass; however, direct evidence for its efficacy in stimulating muscle protein synthesis (MPS) is lacking. We aimed to determine the impact of consuming whey protein on skeletal muscle protein turnover in the post-exercise period. Eight healthy resistance-trained young men (age = 21 ± 1 .0 years; BMI = 26.8 ± 0.9 kg/m2 (means ± SE)) participated in a double-blind randomized crossover trial in which they performed a unilateral leg resistance exercise workout (EX: 4 sets of knee extensions and 4 sets of leg press; 8–10 repetitions/set; 80% of maximal), such that one leg was not exercised and acted as a rested (RE) comparator. After exercise, subjects consumed either an isoenergetic whey protein plus carbohydrate beverage (WHEY: 10 g protein and 21 g fructose) or a carbohydrate-only beverage (CHO: 21 g fructose and 10 g maltodextran). Subjects received pulse-tracer injections of l-[ring-2H5]phenylala...
TL;DR: The aim of this review is to provide a scientific update on evidence related to the biological and psycho-social health benefits of physical activity in school-aged children and youth, with an emphasis on how Canada's guidelines compare and contrast with those of other countries and organizations.
Abstract: The aim of this review is to provide a scientific update on evidence related to the biological and psycho-social health benefits of physical activity in school-aged children and youth To accomplish this aim, the first part of the paper reviews existing physical activity guidelines for school-aged children and youth, with an emphasis placed on how Canada's guidelines compare and contrast with those of other countries and organizations The paper then provides an overview of physical activity levels of Canadian children and youth, which indicates that few Canadian youngsters meet current physical activity recommendations The next section of the paper summarizes the literature that informs how much physical activity is required to promote health and well-being in children and youth The paper then provides suggestions on modifications that could be made to Canada's physical activity guidelines for children and youth Specifically, consideration should be given to setting both minimal (>/=60 min/d) and optimal (up to several hours per day) physical activity targets The final section identifies future research needs In this section, a need is noted for comprehensive dose-response studies of physical activity and health in the paediatric age group
TL;DR: Les directives canadiennes et the plupart des directives issues des autres pays recommandent the pratique d'activite physique d'intensite moderee presque tous les jours of the semaine.
Abstract: Cet article fait le tour des dernieres etudes scientifiques sur les fondements biologiques et psychosociaux du Guide d'activite physique canadien pour une vie active saine et porte une attention particuliere a l'effet de l'activite physique sur la sante des adultes âges de 20 a 55 ans. Nous exposons brievement les directives provenant d'un peu partout dans le monde en matiere d'activite physique a l'intention des adultes et nous les comparons aux directives canadiennes. Nous presentons l'epidemiologie descriptive de l'activite physique et de l'inactivite physique et nous analysons l'importance de la relation entre l'activite physique et certaines repercussions sur la sante en mettant l'accent sur les quantites minimale et optimale requises a cette fin. En conclusion, nous mentionnons des pistes de recherche particulieres. En bref, les directives canadiennes et la plupart des directives issues des autres pays recommandent la pratique d'activite physique d'intensite moderee presque tous les jours de la semaine. L'activite physique diminue fort probablement le risque de souffrir de plus de 25 conditions chroniques, notamment la maladie coronarienne, l'accident cerehrovasculaire, l'hypertension, le cancer du sein, le cancer du colon, le diabete de type 2 et l'osteoporose. D'apres les etudes recensees. si la population canadienne entiere adherait aux recommandations du Guide, on eviterait environ un tiers des deces associes a la maladie coronarienne, un quart des deces associes a l'accident cerebrovasculaire et a l'osteoporose, un cinquieme des deces associes au cancer du colon, a l'hypertension et au diabete de type 2 et un septieme des deces associes au cancer du sein. II semble aussi que la prevention du gain de poids et le maintien de la perte de poids exigent de plus gros efforts que ne l'indiquent les recommandations actuelles.
TL;DR: The evidence for the presence of familial aggregation for the individual components of MetS and their heritability levels is summarized and an overview of the studies that have dealt with candidate genes for MetS is provided.
Abstract: The concept of a metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of pre-clinical metabolic alterations commonly associated with obesity, is the object of much debate. Genetic studies have the potential to contribute to some of the key questions, including the true nature of the cluster of pre-clinical features and whether it is associated with human genetic variation. This review summarizes the evidence for the presence of familial aggregation for the individual components of MetS and their heritability levels. It also provides an overview of the studies that have dealt with candidate genes for MetS. Potential leads from genome-wide linkage scans are also discussed. The assumption is made that obesity, ectopic fat deposition and abnormal adipose tissue metabolism are responsible for alterations in lipid metabolism, which in turn generates the commonly observed pre-clinical shifts in glucose tolerance, lipids and lipoprotein profile, blood pressure, inflammatory markers, endothelial function, and a prothrombotic state. Progress in the understanding of the genetic basis of MetS should occur as soon as a consensus is reached on the true nature of MetS, its components and diagnostic criteria.
TL;DR: Habits that protect against childhood obesity include eating more vegetables and fruit, eating meals with family, and being physically active.
Abstract: The need has never been greater to support healthy eating and physical activity in children and youth; the numbers of overweight and obese children have doubled and tripled, respectively, over the ...
TL;DR: The independent role of physical activity in the treatment of obesity in a broader context is evaluated, through its effects on abdominal obesity and liver and muscle fat, in addition to its established effects on body weight and (or) total fat mass.
Abstract: The prevalence of obesity is high and continues to increase. Obesity is a leading risk factor for premature mortality and numerous chronic health conditions. The role of physical activity as a trea...
TL;DR: Viewed collectively, the multiple benefits of resistance exercise represent an attractive option for the aging population to enhance and maintain their health from a number of perspectives that are not achievable through pharmacological intervention or with solely aerobic-based exercise.
Abstract: Progressive resistance training promotes strength gains in both the young and the aged. Importantly, gains in strength in aged persons are, with the appropriate duration, intensity, and progression...
TL;DR: A critical assessment of the physical activity surveillance procedures, analytical practices, and reporting protocols currently employed in Canada to provide insights for accurate and consistent interpretation of data, as well as recommendations for future surveillance efforts are provided.
Abstract: Le faible niveau de pratique de l'activite physique chez les Canadiennes et les Canadiens constitue une preoccupation majeure de sante publique. Bien entendu, il est important de saisir les pratiques et les tendances actuelles. Des irregularites concernant le monitorage, l'analyse et l'etablissement du bilan creent de la confusion aupres des chercheurs, des decideurs et du public en general. Cette etude se propose de consolider les observations anterieures, de faire une evaluation critique des methodes d'observation et d'analyse de la pratique de l'activite physique et de presenter des resultats couramment utilisees au Canada. Nous proposons une approche afin d'interpreter de facon juste et valable les observations et nous recommandons des strategies de surveillance.
TL;DR: Health and quality of life gains can be realized by improving the nutritional status of older adults, and nutrition promotion policy is currently lacking for older adults in Canada, an important barrier to improving food intake in this growing segment of the population.
Abstract: Older adults (>65 y) living in the community have the potential to have significant nutrition concerns and deficits owing to the physiological, social, and psychological changes that occur with age...
TL;DR: The main finding of the present study is that an acute swimming bout at 70%-75% maximum velocity resulted in blood oxidative stress in a similar manner in both trained young boys and girls.
Abstract: This study investigated the effect of an acute swimming protocol on selected blood redox status indices in trained children. Eleven boys and 11 girls (aged 9-11 y) swam 12 bouts of 50 m at a pace corresponding to 70%-75% of the participant's 50 m maximum velocity, with each bout separated by 1 min rest periods. At rest, no differences in any redox status marker between boys and girls were observed. As compared with the pre-exercise values, significant increases in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyls, catalase activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) concentration, as well as significant decreases in reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration and GSH:GSSG, were found post-exercise in both boys and girls. The magnitude of the exercise-induced alterations in the blood redox status based on the calculated effect sizes could be considered large for all parameters in both sexes (median effect size in absolute values was equal to 1.38). The main finding of the present study is that an acute swimming bout at 70%-75% maximum velocity resulted in blood oxidative stress in a similar manner in both trained young boys and girls.
TL;DR: It is of utmost importance to standardize measures that are now thought to provide a good inventory of the training status of the athlete to distinguish the OTS from overreaching and other potential causes of temporary underperformance such as anemia, acute infection, muscle damage, and insufficient carbohydrate intake.
Abstract: Since the publication of the serotonin hypothesis, numerous theories involving the accumulation or depletion of different substances in the brain have been proposed to explain central fatigue. Alth...
TL;DR: Data indicate that women have higher resting antioxidant levels than men in response to exercise of similar intensity and duration, and two weeks of antioxidant supplementation can attenuate exercise-induced oxidative stress equally in both genders.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of gender and antioxidant supplementation on exercise-induced oxidative stress. Twenty-five men and 23 women ran for 30 min at 80% VO 2m ax, once before and once after 2 weeks of supplementation, and again after a 1-week wash-out period. Subjects were randomly assigned to either placebo (P), antioxidant (A: 400 IU vitamin E + 1 g vitamin C), or a fruit and vegetable powder (FV) treatment. Blood was obtained at rest and immediately after exercise. Before supplementation, women had higher resting reduced gluta- thione, total glutathione, and plasma vitamin E compared with men. With both A and FV supplementations, plasma vita- min E gender differences disappeared. Protein carbonyls, oxidized glutathione, and malondialdehyde all increased similarly for both genders in response to exercise. Both A and FV attenuated the reduced glutathione decrease and the oxidized glu- tathione and protein carbonyls increase compared with P, with no gender differences. 8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine was lower with treatment A compared with FV and P only for men. Plasma vitamin C increased 39% (A) and 21% (FV) compared with P. These data indicate that women have higher resting antioxidant levels than men. Markers of oxidative stress in- creased similarly in both genders in response to exercise of similar intensity and duration. Two weeks of antioxidant sup- plementation can attenuate exercise-induced oxidative stress equally in both genders.
TL;DR: Preliminary evidence is reviewed regarding the role of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in modulating each of the components of the triad of adiposity, inflammation, and fatty acid metabolism, with particular attention to therole of the postprandial period as a contributor to the pathophysiology of MetS.
Abstract: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) comprises an array of metabolic risk factors including abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and glucose intolerance. Individuals with MetS are at elevated risk for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Central to the etiology of MetS is an interrelated triad comprising inflammation, abdominal obesity, and aberrations in fatty acid metabolism, coupled with the more recently recognized changes in metabolism during the postprandial period. We review herein preliminary evidence regarding the role of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in modulating each of the components of the triad of adiposity, inflammation, and fatty acid metabolism, with particular attention to the role of the postprandial period as a contributor to the pathophysiology of MetS.