Showing papers in "Biopolymers Online in 2001"
TL;DR: This paper focuses on the characterization of the phytochemical properties of lignin and its application in the context of 14C-Labeled Lignins.
Abstract: Introduction
Historical Outline
Bacteria and Microfungi
Actinomycetes
Other Bacteria
Soft-Rot Fungi and Other Microfungi
Brown-Rot Basidiomycetes
White-Rot Basidiomycetes
Mineralization of 14C-Labeled Lignins
Ligninolytic Enzymes
Catabolism of Primary Degradation Products
Outlook and Perspectives
Patents
Keywords:
lignin;
wood;
lignocellulose;
white-rot fungi;
brown-rot fungi;
soft-rot fungi;
actinomycetes;
lignin peroxidase;
manganese peroxidase;
laccase;
molecular biology;
radicals;
mediators;
manganese;
veratryl alcohol;
oxalate;
vanillic acid
376 citations
TL;DR: Aromatic Nuclei and side chain structures are used in this article for estimating the molecular mass of Lignin in Lignocellulosics, and a structural model is proposed.
Abstract: Introduction
Historical Outline
Lignin Preparations
Introduction
Milled Wood Lignin (MWL)
Determination of Total Lignin in Lignocellulosics
Methods to Determine the Molecular Mass of Lignin
Introduction
Gel Permeation Chromatography
Vapor Pressure Osmometry
Light Scattering
Ultrafiltration
Degradative Methods of Lignin Analysis
Introduction
Acidolysis and Thioacidolysis
Permanganate Oxidation
Nitrobenzene and Cupric Oxide Oxidation
Ozonolysis
Reductive Cleavage after Derivatization (DFRC)
Functional Group Analysis
Nondegradative Methods of Lignin Analysis
Introduction
Functional Groups
Aromatic Nuclei and Side Chain Structures
Structural Models
Introduction
Softwood Lignin
Hardwood Lignin
Non-Wood Lignin (Straw, Grass)
Patents
Keywords:
lignin;
phenylpropane;
dehydrogenation polymer;
hardwood;
softwood;
grass;
cellulolytic enzymes;
chromatography;
phenol;
NMR spectroscopy;
UV spectroscopy;
guaiacylpropane;
syringylpropane;
acidolysis;
oxidation;
side chains;
condensed units
109 citations
TL;DR: The Lignin-Protein Theory and the sugar-mine theory were proposed by the IHSS in this article, and the Polyphenol theory was used to describe the properties of polyphenols.
Abstract: Introduction
Genesis
The Lignin-Protein Theory
The Sugar-Amine Theory
The Polyphenol Theory
Extraction, Fractionation and Purification
Extraction Methods
Fractionation Procedures
Purification Procedures
Sequential Extraction/Fractionation Procedures
Comprehensive Isolation Procedure Proposed by the IHSS
Chemical Composition, Properties and Structure
Elemental Composition
Functional Groups
Charge Characteristics and Cation Exchange Capacity
Molecular Weight, Size and Shape
Structural Components
Molecular Models
Fractal Nature
Soil Fertility Functions
Physical Functions
Chemical Functions
Nutritional Aspects
Biological Actions
Environmental Functions
Interactions with Organic Pollutants
Interactions with Trace Metals
Summary and Concluding Remarks
Keywords:
soil humic substances;
genesis;
extraction;
fractionation;
purification;
composition;
functional groups;
charge characteristics;
cation exchange capacity;
molecular weight;
size and shape;
structural components;
degradative methods and techniques;
pyrolysis;
spectroscopic methods;
ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy;
fluorescence spectroscopy;
infrared spectroscopy;
nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy;
electron spin resonance spectroscopy;
molecular models;
fractal nature;
soil fertility functions;
environmental functions;
interactions with organic pollutants;
interactions with trace metals
49 citations
TL;DR: The role of Lignin in the Biopolymer Matrix, and its interactions with other Cell-wall Polymers, is examined in this chapter.
Abstract: Introduction
Historical Outline
Occurrence in the Plant Kingdom
According to Type of Plant
According to Plant Tissue
Contribution to Dry Matter
Annual Global Synthesis
Ultrastructure of Wood and Lignocellulose
Role of Lignin in the Biopolymer Matrix
Interactions with Other Cell-wall Polymers
Functions of Lignin
Stability of Plant Tissues
Protection against Biodegradation
Regulation of Water Transport
Other Functions Related to Plant Evolution and Systematics
Precursors of Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis
Transport
Established Pathways
Radical Polymerization
Labeling Experiments
Recent Findings, Hypotheses, and Controversies
Regulation of Lignification
Expression of Enzymes and Genes
Effects of Genetic Manipulation
Patents
Keywords:
algae;
angiosperm;
biodegradation;
biomechanic;
plant cell wall;
cellulose;
cryptogram;
plant evolution;
fern;
grass;
gymnosperm;
hemicellulose;
humification;
lignins;
lignin–polysaccharide complex;
monocotyledon;
moss;
phenolic acids;
plant systematic;
pectin;
structural protein;
suberin;
water transport;
wood
45 citations
TL;DR: The phytochemical properties of humic substances, including humic acid, fulvic acid, and melanoidin, have an important role in the degradation of HS.
Abstract: Introduction
Genesis and Stability of Humic Substances
General Aspects of the Degradation of HS
Aerobic Degradation of HS
Methods to Estimate Microbial Degradation of HS
Bacteria
Fungi
Anaerobic Transformation of HS
Outlook and Perspectives
Keywords:
humic substances;
humic acid;
fulvic acid;
melanoidin;
degradation;
decomposition;
actinomycetes;
heterotrophic bacteria;
microfungi;
basidiomycetes;
Streptomyces;
Arthrobacter;
Penicillium frequentans;
Phanerochaete chrysosporium;
Trametes versicolor;
Nematoloma frowardii;
Geobacter metallireducens;
Geothrix fermentans;
Wolinella succinogenes;
Propionibacterium freundenreichii;
lignin peroxidase;
manganese peroxidase;
laccase;
electron acceptor;
electron donor;
redox mediator;
interspecies electron transfer;
respiration
43 citations
TL;DR: This paper focuses on the study of the biodegradation of Rubber Pipe Joint Rings by microorganisms and biotechnological applications.
Abstract: Introduction
Historical Outline
General Considerations
Early Investigations on the Biodegradation of Natural Rubber
Biodegradation of Rubber Pipe Joint Rings
Degradation by Fungi
Recent Developments
Investigations in the Authors' Laboratory
Conclusions
Microorganisms Capable of Rubber Biodegradation
Actinomycetes
Microorganisms Other than Actinomycetes
Optimization of Rubber Biodegradation
Previous Experiences
Recent Efforts
Enzymatic Mechanisms and Genetic Basis
Primary Degradation Reaction for cis-1,4-Polyisoprene
Analogous Degradation Known from Other Isoprenoids
Catabolism of Rubber Degradation Products
Recent Investigations in the Authors' Laboratory
Biodegradation of Synthetic Rubbers
Biodegradation of trans-1,4-Polyisoprene
Anaerobic Biodegradation of cis-1,4-Polyisoprene
Perspectives and Biotechnological Applications
Acknowledgements
Keywords:
Actinomycetes;
bacteria;
biodegradation;
biodeterioration;
cis-1,4-polyisoprene;
carotenoids;
classification;
dioxygenase;
fungi;
isoprene rubber;
isoprenoids;
latex;
latex gloves;
lignostilbene;
microbial degradation;
microorganisms;
natural rubber;
optimization;
oxidative cleavage;
oxygenase;
pipe-joint rings;
polyisoprene;
rubber degradation;
rubber hydrocarbon;
rubber polymer;
rubber recycling;
synthetic rubbers;
taxonomy;
Actinomyces;
Aspergillus;
Cladosporium;
Fusarium;
Gordonia;
Micromonospora;
Mycobacterium;
Nocardia;
Penicillium;
Proactinomyces;
Pseudomonas;
Streptomyces;
Xanthomonas
38 citations
TL;DR: The anti-inflammatory effect and pro-inflammatory properties of Humic Substances influence on Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis and Protection against Ionizing Irradiation.
Abstract: Introduction
Historical Outline
Pharmacological Effects of Humic Substances with Potential Use in Medicine
Antiviral Activity
Anti-inflammatory Effect and Pro-inflammatory Properties
Influence on Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis
Estrogenic Activity
Veterinary-Medical Applications of Humic Substances
Humic Substances and Environmental Health
Mutagenicity
Protection against Ionizing Irradiation
Blackfoot Disease
Outlook and Perspectives
Keywords:
anti-inflammatory effect;
antiviral activity;
arachidonic acid release;
balneotherapy;
blood coagulation;
blackfoot disease;
estrogenic activity;
fibrinolysis;
foot and mouth disease;
furanones;
gastrointestinal diseases;
gynecologic diseases;
heat shock;
herpesviruses;
humic acid-like polymers;
human cytomegalovirus;
human immunodeficiency virus;
influenza viruses;
5-lipooxygenase;
mutagenicity;
musculoskeletal disorders;
osteoarthrosis;
peat therapy;
peat preparations;
phenolic polymers;
phospholipase A2;
pro-inflammatory cytokines;
radiation protection;
skin diseases
36 citations
TL;DR: This paper discusses biodegradation of polyethers throughaerobic and Anaerobic Biodegradation, as well as synthetic polymers, through which xenobiotic polymers and Miscellaneous Polyethers are degraded.
Abstract: Introduction
Historical Outline
Chemical Structures
Biodegradation of PEG
Aerobic Biodegradation of PEG
Anaerobic Biodegradation and Metabolism of PEG
Extracellular One-electron Oxidation of PEG
Biodegradation of PPG
Biodegradation of PTMG
Biodegradation of Miscellaneous Polyethers
Physiology
Production
Outlook and Perspectives
Patents
Acknowledgments
Keywords:
polyether;
microbial/enzymatic degradation;
xenobiotic polymers;
synthetic polymers;
polyethylene glycol;
polypropylene glycol;
polytetramethylene glycol;
polybutylene glycol;
polyglycidol;
polyglycerine
26 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discussed the function in aquatic ecosystems and the interaction of Humic Matter with other Water Constituents in technical application of water using NMR-spectroscopy and mass spectrometers.
Abstract: Introduction and Historical Outline
Occurrence
Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Fractions
Chemical Structure
Elemental Composition
Molecular Size Distribution and Charge
Spectral Absorbance and Fluorescence
Infrared Spectra
Mass Spectrometry
NMR Spectroscopy
Soft Hydrolysis
Interaction of Humic Matter with Other Water Constituents
Fate of Humics in Technical Application of Water
Viewing the Function in Aquatic Ecosystems
Keywords:
aquatic humic substances;
hydrophobic and hydrophilic fractions;
chemical structure;
elemental composition;
molecular size distribution and charge;
spectral absorbance and fluorescence;
infrared spectra;
mass spectrometry;
NMR-spectroscopy;
soft hydrolysis;
interaction;
function in aquatic ecosystems
24 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the structure of the chain-end of a polyisoprene unit was investigated. But the structure was not shown to be a function of the number of polyisopsrene units produced by the plant.
Abstract: Historical Outline
Rubber Production and Consumption
Structure of Rubber
Synthetic Rubber
Outlook and Perspectives
Rubber Production Technology
Rubber Protein Allergy
Purification of Natural Rubber
Chemical Structure of Isoprene Units
Geometric Isomerism of Isoprene Unit
Structure of the Chain-Ends of Naturally Occurring Polyisoprenes
Molecular Weight and Molecular Weight Distribution
Occurrence of Polyisoprene in Living Organisms
cis-Polyisoprene in Higher Plants
trans-Polyisoprene in Other Higher Plants and Grasses
cis-Polyisoprene in Mushrooms
Natural Rubber from H brasiliensis
Production of Commercial Natural Rubber and Latex
Composition of Natural Rubber
Structure of both Chain Ends of Natural Rubber
Structure of Branch-Points and Gel
Structure of trans-Polyisoprene from Higher Plants
trans-Polyisoprene from Chicle
trans-Polyisoprene from Gutta Percha and Balata
trans-Polyisoprene from Eucommia ulmoides
Other Natural Polyisoprenes
Structure of cis-Polyisoprene from Fungi
Structure of cis-Polyisoprene from Other Higher Plants
20 citations
TL;DR: Lignin Mutants and Phenylalanine ammonia lyase: A Beginner’s Guide to Lignin Transgenics and its Applications.
Abstract: Introduction
Potential Applications
Challenges
Historical Outline
Chemistry
Biology
Lignin Mutants
Brown Midrib Monocots
Loblolly Pine
Arabidopsis
Lignin Transgenics
The Shikimate Pathway and Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase
Cinnamate 4-Hydroxylase and 4-Coumarate-3-Hydroxylase
4-Coumarate:CoA Ligase
O-Methyltransferases
Cinnamoyl-CoA Reductase
Ferulate 5-Hydroxylase
Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Coniferin β-Glucosidase
Peroxidases and Other Oxidases
Transcription Factors and Other Targets
Outlook and Perspectives
Patents
Keywords:
lignin;
O-methyltransferase;
cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD);
phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL);
4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL);
ferulate 5-hydroxylase (F5H);
cinnamoyl-CoA reductase (CCR);
Arabidopsis;
Loblolly pine;
brown midrib mutants;
peroxidase;
laccase;
coniferin β-glucosidase;
cinnamate 4-hydroxylase;
4-coumarate 3-hydroxylase;
pulp and paper;
wood;
textile fibers;
biomass;
transcription factors
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the history of rubber trees and rubber plantations, and the development of rubber and rubber properties, as well as the role or function of the Latex in plants.
Abstract: Introduction
Historical Outline
Discovery of Rubber and Improvement of Rubber Properties
History of Rubber Trees and Rubber Plantations
Latex of Hevea brasiliensis
Composition of Hevea Latex
Non-Rubber Constituents of Hevea Latex
Rubber Particles in Hevea Latex
Rubber Particle Membrane
C Serum of Hevea Latex
Lutoids of Hevea Latex
Lutoids and Colloidal Stability of Latex
Hevea Latex Metabolism
Factors Affecting Rubber and Latex Yields
Latex of Other Plants
Latex of Guayule
Possible Role or Functions of the Latex in Plants
Latex of Fungi
Diseases Related to Natural Rubber Latex (Latex Allergy)
Latex Allergy
Latex Protein Allergens
Proteins and Allergens in Latex Gloves
Cross-Reactivity of Allergens
Allergens and Antigens of Latex Products
Remarks on Hevea Latex Usage and Allergy
Latex Protein Allergens from cDNA Clones
Outlook and Perspectives
Relevant Patents
Keywords:
Hevea brasiliensis;
latex;
natural rubber;
rubber particles;
laticifers;
C-serum;
B-serum;
lutoids;
rubber transferase;
hevein;
rubber elongation factor (REF);
quebrachitol;
latex allergy;
latex allergens;
deproteinized rubber;
ethylene;
latex flow;
latex composition;
latex vessels plugging;
colloidal stability
TL;DR: The application of Ligninolytic Enzymes in Biopulping and Biobleaching has changed from a cradle-to-grave process to a two-step process over a period of several decades.
Abstract: Introduction
Historical Outline
Biopulping
Biobleaching
Effluent Treatment
Biopulping
Mechanical Pulping
Chemical Pulping
Biobleaching
Effluent Treatment
Application of Ligninolytic Enzymes
Bleaching
Effluent Treatment
Outlook and Perspectives
Patents
Keywords:
fungi;
lignin;
wood chips;
enzymes;
effluent;
white-rot;
lignin-degrading;
pulping;
mechanical pulping;
bleaching;
biopulping;
biobleaching;
engineering;
scale-up;
chemical pulping;
thermomechanical pulping;
ligninolytic enzymes;
pitch reduction;
energy savings;
sulfite pulping;
kraft pulping;
color reduction;
decontamination
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the application of soil organic matter study in the field of agricultural organic matter analysis and propose a methodology for soil organic mass study using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
Abstract: Introduction
Historical Outline
Chemical Analyses
Elemental Analysis
Chemical Degradation
Pyrolysis GC/MS
Analytical and Preparative Pyrolysis
Analytical and Preparative Thermochemolysis
Application to Soil Organic Matter Study
Spectroscopic Methods
UV/Visible Spectroscopy
Infrared Spectroscopy
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
Other Spectroscopic Methods
Molecular Weight Analysis
Gel Filtration
Ultrafiltration Techniques
Other Methods
Outlook and Perspectives
Acknowledgments
Keywords:
humic substances;
chemical structure;
oxidation;
reduction;
hydrolysis;
pyrolysis;
thermochemolysis;
NMR;
infrared;
ester;
ether;
aliphatic acids;
alcohols;
hydrocarbons;
sterols;
stanols;
aromatics;
lignin
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the history of the rubber as a carbon source for Fermentative Processes and describe the products to which biotechnological recycling is applied.
Abstract: Introduction
Grinding of Rubber Material
Recycling of Rubber Material
Biotechnological Processes
Historical Outline
Rubber Products to which Biotechnological Recycling is Applied
Microbial Degradation of Rubber
Surface Modification
Microbial Detoxification
Current State
Rubber as a Carbon Source for Fermentative Processes
Putative Products
Outlook and Developments
Acknowledgements
Keywords:
biotechnological processes;
degradation;
desulfurization;
microbial deterioration;
polymers;
rubber;
rubber additives;
rubber recycling;
rubber grinding;
rubber production;
rubber reuse;
rubber use;
sulfur cross-links;
surface modification;
tires;
vulcanization;
Amycolatopsis;
Nocardia;
Rhodococcus;
Streptomyces;
Xanthomonas
TL;DR: In this article, the MEP pathway was used to recognize the Isoprene Unit and isoprenoids and the first C5 Isoprenoid precursors, including Deoxyxylulose and Methylerythritol derivatives.
Abstract: Introduction: Recognition of the Isoprene Unit and Isoprenoids
Historical Outline
The Classical Mevalonate Pathway
The Recently Discovered Methylerythritol Phosphate Pathway
Labeling Experiments: Discovery and Elucidation of the MEP Pathway
Origin of the Carbon Skeleton of Isoprene Units
Identification of Deoxyxylulose and Methylerythritol Derivatives as the First C5 Isoprenoid Precursors
Enzymology and Genetics
1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate Synthase
1-Deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate Isomero-reductase
From Methylerythritol Phosphate to Methylerythritol Cyclodiphosphate
On the Origin of the Hydrogen Atoms in Isoprene Units: Indications on Further Steps
Distribution of the MEP Pathway and Evolutionary Impacts
Outlook and Perspectives
Keywords:
deoxyxylulose;
deoxyxylulose phosphate;
dimethylallyl diphosphate;
diterpenoids;
ginkgolides;
hopanoids;
isopentenyl diphosphate;
isoprene;
isoprenoids;
menaquinone;
mevalonate;
methylerythritol;
methylerythritol phosphate;
monoterpenes;
plastoquinone;
phytol;
sterols;
sesquiterpenoids;
terpenoids;
ubiquinone
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the properties of rubber materials containing microbially treated rubber. But they do not discuss the specific properties of the rubber materials that need to be treated.
Abstract: Introduction
Rubber Material
Grinding of Rubber Material
Historical Outline
Rubber Products to which Desulfurization is Applied
Sulfur-Oxidizing Microorganisms
Sulfur-Reducing Microorganisms
Bioreactors
Analytical Tools and Techniques
Toxic Effects
Properties of Rubber Material Containing Microbially Treated Rubber
Current State
Outlook and Developments
Relevant Patents
Acknowledgements
Keywords:
bioreactors;
cryo-ground tire rubber;
desulfurization;
devulcanization;
glass transition;
temperatures;
microbial deterioration;
polymers;
recycling;
revulcanization;
rubber;
rubber additives;
rubber grinding;
sulfur cross-links;
tires;
Acidianus brierleyi;
Pyrococcus furiosus;
Rhodococcus rhodochrous;
Sulfolobus acidocaldarius;
Sulfolobus solfataricus;
Thiobacillus ferrooxidans;
Thiobacillus thiooxidans;
Thiobacillus thioparus
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the transportation, storage, and in-house distribution of Latices, and propose solutions of Rubber Compounds, including sheeted and reinforced rubber compounds.
Abstract: Latex Processing
Latex Testing
Transportation, Storage, and In-House Distribution of Latices
Compounding and Compounding Formulation
Processing Procedure
Solid Rubber Processing
Internal Mixer (Kneader)
Open Mill
Pellet and Strip Feeding
Production of Sheeted and Reinforced Rubber
Extruded Articles
Molded Articles
Solutions of Rubber Compounds
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the chemical structure, origin and function of the chemical industry, including technical production, technical production process, and application of chemical structures, properties, and functions.
Abstract: Introduction and Historical Outline
Chemical Structure, Origin and Functions
Technical Production
Pulping Processes
Producers
Applications
Lignosulfonates
Alkaline Lignins (Kraft Lignins)
Patents
Raw Materials
Pulping Process
Process Technology
Outlook and Perspectives
Keywords:
Kraft lignin;
lignosulfonate;
lignopol;
pulping process;
raw material;
binder;
dispersant;
granules;
injection molding;
phenolic;
liquor;
polymer;
lignosulfonic acid
TL;DR: Aroisoprenoids (Hybrid polyisoprinoids) as discussed by the authors are a type of polyene-type polyisopsinsoprenoid polyenes that are derived from polyene skeletons.
Abstract: Introduction
Historical Outline
Synthetic Polyisoprenoids
(E)-1,5-Polyene Isoprenoids
(Z)-1,5-Polyene Isoprenoids
Saturated Polyisoprenoids
Aroisoprenoids (Hybrid Polyisoprenoids)
Outlook and Perspectives
Keywords:
(E)-1,5-polyene-type polyisoprenoids;
(Z)-1,5-polyene-type polyisoprenoids;
saturated polyisoprenoids;
Aroisoprenoids (Hybrid polyisoprenoids);
acyclic α,ω-bifunctional (Z) -1,5-polyene isoprenoids;
acyclic α,ω-bifunctional (E)-1,5-polyene isoprenoids;
1,5-polyene skeleton;
polyisoprenoid polyenes;
Wittig and related reactions;
E-selective reaction;
Z-selective reaction
TL;DR: The pathway of polyisoprenoid biosynthesis is described in detail in this paper, where the authors discuss the history, structural determination, and future prospects of the pathway. But they do not discuss the route of the biosynthetic pathway.
Abstract: Introduction
History
Structural Determination
Biosynthesis of Isoprenoid Compounds
Biosynthesis Routes of Polyisoprenoid Compounds
Squalene and Triterpenes
Steroids
Carotenoids
Ubiquinones and Menaquinones
Dolichols and Related Compounds
Future Prospects
Acknowledgements
Keywords:
isoprenoid biosynthesis;
isoprenoid metabolism;
isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway;
triterpene;
steroid;
sterol;
cholesterol;
ergosterol;
plant sterol;
bile acid;
steroid hormone;
carotenoid;
ubiquinone;
menaquinone;
dolichol
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the history and future of chemical synthesis, technical production, and patent applications in the field of bio-medical textiles, including the following entities:
Abstract: Introduction
History
Isoprene
Polyisoprene
Other Copolymers
Chemical Synthesis
Isoprene
cis-1,4 Polyisoprene
trans-1,4 Polyisoprene
3,4 Polyisoprene
Others
Technical Production
Isoprene
Polyisoprene
Others
Properties
Isoprene
cis-1,4 Polyisoprene
trans-1,4 Polyisoprene
3,4 Polyisoprene
Others
Outlook and Perspectives
Isoprene
cis-1,4 Polyisoprene
trans-1,4 Polyisoprene
3,4 Polyisoprene
SBIR
Others
Relevant Patents
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the use of catalytic hydrogenation for coal liquefaction by hydrogen donor solvents in the context of brown coal coal processing and coal gasification.
Abstract: Introduction
Historical Outline
Fuels
Solid Fuels
Liquid Fuels
Gaseous Fuels
Tars
Hard Coal High-Temperature Tar
Brown Coal Low-Temperature Tar
Brown-Coal Tar Processing
Chemical Feedstock
Paraffins
Phenols
Pyridines
Polycyclic Aromatics and Heteroaromatics
Other Products
Montan Wax
Humic Acids
Outlook and Perspectives
Keywords:
coal liquefaction by catalytic hydrogenation;
coal liquefaction coal liquefactionby hydrogen donor solvents;
Fischer–Tropsch process;
paraffins;
recovery;
utilization;
Montan wax;
humic acids;
phenols;
pyridines;
coal gasification;
coal tar from brown coal;
coal from hard coal;
pitch;
aromatic hydrocarbons;
coke from hard coal;
coal from brown coal
TL;DR: In this article, the present situation and future trends of the tire-manufacturing industry are evaluated and a market and areas of application for the future trends are discussed, including the following:
Abstract: Introduction
Market and Areas of Application
Nomenclature and Classification
Properties
Production
Producers
Emulsion Styrene–Butadiene Rubber (E-SBR)
Chloroprene Rubber (CR)
Nitrile Rubber (NBR)
Emulsion Polybutadiene (E-BR)
Acrylate Rubber (ACM)
Fluororubbers (Logothetis, 1989, 1992; Cook and Lynn, 1990)
Synthesis by Anionic Polymerization
Synthesis by Ziegler–Natta Polymerization
Synthesis of Butyl Rubber by Cationic Polymerization (Kirk-Othmer, 1991–1998; Kresge et al., 1987)
EVM and Ethylene Copolymers
Epoxide Rubbers (CO, ECO, GECO, GPO)
Polynorbornene
Polyoctenamers
Silicone Rubber
Thiokol Rubber
Halobutyl Rubber
Chloropolyethylene and Chlorosulfonyl Polyethylene
Hydrogenated Nitrile Rubber
Polyphosphazenes
Evaluation of the Present Situation and Remarks on Future Trends
Market
Producers
Tire-Manufacturing Industry
Manufacturers of Technical Rubber Goods
Rubber Toughening of Thermoplastic and Thermoset Materials
Keywords:
synthetic rubber;
emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber;
chloroprene rubber;
nitrile rubber;
emulsion polybutadiene;
acrylate rubber;
fluororubbers;
butyl rubber;
EVM;
ethylene copolymers;
epoxide rubbers;
polynorbornene;
polyoctenamers;
silicone rubber;
thiokol rubber;
halobutyl rubber;
chloropolyethylene;
chlorosulfonyl polyethylene;
hydrogenated nitrile rubber;
polyphosphazenes
TL;DR: Introduction Historical Outline Modification of Hard Coal, Bacteria, Fungi, and other Approaches to Convert Coal: Mechanisms: Solubilization, Depolymerization, Utilization.
Abstract: Introduction
Historical Outline
Modification of Hard Coal
Bacteria
Fungi
Bioconversion of Brown Coal
Mechanisms: Solubilization, Depolymerization, Utilization
Organisms
Solubilization of Brown Coal
Depolymerization of Brown Coal by Oxidative Enzymes
Anaerobic and other Approaches to Convert Coal
Outlook and Perspectives
Patents
Keywords:
hard coal;
brown coal;
lignite;
low-rank coal;
humic acid;
fulvic acid;
humin;
solubilization;
depolymerization;
bacteria;
microfungi;
basidiomycetes;
chelators;
alkaline substances;
oxidative enzymes;
manganese peroxidase;
lignin peroxidase;
laccase;
esterase
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the origins and type of sulfur in coal, and propose several approaches for coal desulfurization, including mechanization, chemical desulfURization, and removal of organosulfur compounds.
Abstract: Introduction
Origin and Type of Sulfur in Coal
Approaches for Coal Desulfurization
Mechanical Processes
Importance of Raw Material Properties for the Preparation Technique
Methods of Mechanical Pyrite Removal
Costs and Cost-efficiency
Conclusions
Chemical Processes
Biotechnological Processes
Removal of Pyrite
Removal of Organosulfur Compounds
Conclusions
Keywords:
coal;
sulfur in coal;
organic sulfur;
inorganic sulfur;
desulfurization;
coal preparation;
chemical desulfurization;
biodesulfurization
TL;DR: This paper focuses on the conversion of Coal into PHAs and the use of Biotechnologically Liquefied Lignite as Chemical Feedstock for the Production of Bioplastics.
Abstract: Introduction
Historical Outline
Biotechnological Conversion of Lignite to Liquid Products for the Energy and Chemical Sectors
Chemical versus Biotechnological Conversion
Chemical Lignite Conversion in Aqueous Solution
Enzymatically Induced, Chemical Coal Conversion
Enzymatic Conversion of Coal into Liquids
Use of Biotechnologically Solubilized Lignite for Electricity Generation
Use of Biotechnologically Liquefied Lignite as Input Material in the Refinery Sector
Use of Biotechnologically Liquefied Lignite as Chemical Feedstock for the Production of Bioplastics
Reasons to Investigate the Conversion of Coal into PHAs
Screening of Laboratory Strains which Grow on Lignite Depolymerization Products and Convert them into PHAs
Outlook and Perspectives
Patents