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Showing papers in "Canadian Journal of Bioethics in 2020"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Les enjeux ethiques de la recherche en ergotherapie commencent, for leur part, a susciter de l'interet de la part des chercheurs.
Abstract: Les enjeux ethiques de la recherche dans le domaine de la sante sont bien documentes. Les enjeux ethiques de la recherche en ergotherapie commencent, pour leur part, a susciter de l’interet de la part des chercheurs. Cela dit, aucune recherche n’a documente les enjeux ethiques vecus par les ergotherapeutes qui font de la recherche en contexte academique au Quebec. C’est ce que revele la recension des ecrits a l’origine de la presente recherche qualitative dont les resultats sont ici presentes. Cet article presente aussi les resultats d’une recherche qualitative menee aupres de onze femmes ergotherapeutes-chercheuses du Quebec. Un devis qualitatif d’inspiration phenomenologique a ete utilise. Des entretiens semi-diriges ont ete menes pour discuter des enjeux ethiques vecus en recherche dans le domaine de l’ergotherapie. Trois unites de sens emergent des donnees narratives, a savoir que les enjeux ethiques sont lies : 1) a l’environnement de la recherche; 2) aux personnes et a leurs interactions; ou 3) a l’occupation qu’est la recherche. Globalement, les resultats de l’etude et ceux recenses dans les ecrits s’entendent sur le fait que les chercheurs en sante, dont ceux en ergotherapie, evoluent dans un contexte peu favorable aux decouvertes scientifiques et a la conduite responsable en recherche. Les enjeux ethiques de la recherche sont principalement de nature systemique, ce qui contribue a la mise en place d’environnements de travail malsains qui en plus de nuire aux relations interpersonnelles, nuisent a la sante et au bien-etre au travail des chercheurs et impactent negativement la vie personnelle et familiale des chercheurs. Quatre resultats inedits emergent de l’etude, soit : 1) le monde academique valorise l’individualisme; 2) des ergotherapeutes font preuve de rebellion a l’endroit de comites d’ethique de la recherche; 3) les milieux cliniques et academiques sont trop deconnectes; et 4) les devis quantitatifs peuvent contribuer a l’exclusion de populations vulnerables.

8 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, les auteures articulent une reflexion critique sur quatre enjeux ethiques qui decoulent de ces modes manageriaux en sante.
Abstract: Apres avoir introduit et decrit les modes manageriaux en sante, les auteures articulent une reflexion critique sur quatre enjeux ethiques qui decoulent de ces modes.

8 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although the occupational therapy profession values occupational justice, university departments are dominated by an epistemic injustice which, in turn, creates occupational injustice, which from an occupational therapy perspective is a concern.
Abstract: Si les enjeux ethiques de l’enseignement sont bien documentes dans les ecrits, tel n’est pas le cas des enjeux ethiques que pose l’enseignement en ergotherapie. Aucune etude n’a ete menee sur le sujet au Quebec. Pour pallier cette lacune, une recherche a ete realisee. Cet article en presente les resultats. Puisque l’etat des connaissances sur le sujet est limite, un devis qualitatif a ete utilise. Onze ergotherapeutes-enseignantes ont participe a un entretien individuel semi-dirige pour discuter des enjeux ethiques que soulevent leurs enseignements. Six unites de sens emergent des donnees : 1) l’equite entre les etudiants : un defi ; 2) la sante et le bien-etre des etudiants et des enseignantes : un portrait troublant ; 3) des injustices au sein du corps enseignant : l’elephant dans la piece ; 4) l’identite professionnelle tiraillee par des conflits de roles ; 5) la presence de conflits d’interets preoccupants et 6) l’equilibre occupationnel : un mythe plus qu’une realite. Les resultats rejoignent en general ceux documentes dans les ecrits. Cela dit, un element peu documente dans les ecrits emerge, soit la presence d’une culture academique hierarchisee ou l’autorite epistemique est detenue par les professeurs-chercheurs au detriment des autres types d’enseignants et des milieux cliniques. Ainsi, bien que la profession ergotherapique valorise la justice occupationnelle, les departements universitaires sont domines par une injustice epistemique qui, par ricochet, engendre une injustice occupationnelle, ce qui d’un point de vue ergotherapique est preoccupant. Aussi, le contexte universitaire est lie a une surcharge de travail peu propice a l’agir ethique et a la pratique reflexive.

5 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue for the need to reassert the different voice of relational ethics and the ethics of care into the ongoing discussion of medical assistance in dying (MAiD) in Canada.
Abstract: Among the many remarkable aspects of the June 2016 introduction of legislation to permit medical assistance in dying (MAiD) in Canada, is the central and even dominant role that women have played in moving this legislation forward, and their ongoing influence as the law continues to be reviewed and revised. The index medical cases on which the higher courts have deliberated concern women patients, and the legal decisions in the various courts have been presided over by women justices. Since the legislation has become law in Canada, women have been among the most vocal and enthusiastic proponents for expanding the criteria to ensure MAiD is more accessible to more Canadians. In this paper, I discuss how the voice of women in this debate is not the ‘different voice’ of second wave feminism first articulated by Carol Gilligan and then adapted and expanded in the ethics of care and relational ethics literature. Instead it is the very familiar voice of the ethics of personal autonomy, individual rights and justice which feminist critics have long decried as inadequate to the task of articulating a comprehensive social morality. I argue for the need to reassert the different voice of relational ethics and the ethics of care into our ongoing discussion of MAiD.

4 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Canadian Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID) program has failed to provide Canadians with sufficient publicly accessible evidence to show that it is operating as mandated by the requirements of the law, regulations, and expectations of all stakeholders as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The Canadian medical assistance in dying (MAID) program, based on an ambitious piece of legislation and detailed regulations, has failed to provide Canadians with sufficient publicly accessible evidence to show that it is operating as mandated by the requirements of the law, regulations, and expectations of all stakeholders. The federal law that was adopted in 2016 defined the eligibility criteria and put in place a number of safeguards that had to be satisfied before providing assisted dying to a person in order not to transgress the Criminal Law. The responsibility of monitoring for the purpose of investigating compliance with the eligibility criteria and procedural safeguards was assigned by the Federal Ministry of Health (responsible for all monitoring) to the provincial and territorial governments. Some of the governments have released statistical data concerning the program, but none have yet issued a comprehensive report on adherence to the eligibility criteria and its safeguards as required by the law and regulations. This paper explains the process, explores the possible reasons for this shortfall, and offers some suggestions for actions that could rectify this aspect of the MAID program. Accountability and transparency are integral to the delivery of MAID and the publications of the mandated federal as well as provincial/territorial monitoring reports are one important approach to achieving confidence and trust in the program.

3 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: To ensure that adolescent patients and their parents make informed FP decisions that meet their personal goals and values, it is important for physicians to discuss alternative parenting options with them in a culturally sensitive manner.
Abstract: Background: With multiple options available today to become a parent, how does the matter of genetic relatedness factor into adolescent cancer patients’ fertility preservation (FP) decision making? This study reports on and normatively analyzes this aspect of FP decision making. Methods: A convenience sample of Israeli adolescent cancer survivors and their parents were invited to participate in individual, semi-structured interviews. Results: In discussing the importance of genetic relatedness to future children or grandchildren, participants repeatedly brought up the interrelated issues of nature, normalcy, and personal identity. Regardless of preference or ambivalence for genetic relatedness, the majority of participants were aware of alternative parenting options and noted both their advantages and disadvantages. However, knowledge of alternative parenting options was not uniform. Conclusions: To ensure that adolescent patients and their parents make informed FP decisions that meet their personal goals and values, it is important for physicians to discuss alternative parenting options with them in a culturally sensitive manner. Greater credence also should be given to those who question the importance of genetic relatedness.

3 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In clinical ethics consultations, patients are confronted with requests for definitive contraception for environmental reasons that put the medical profession and the very foundations of clinical ethics in difficulty.
Abstract: La Terre est de plus en plus hostile a l’egard de nombreuses especes vivantes et inhabitable dans certaines regions du monde. Ce qui est annonce dans les decennies a venir n’est pas la fin du monde, mais celle du monde que nous connaissons. Partout dans le monde, de nombreux individus (scientifiques, intellectuels, citoyens) croient aujourd’hui au caractere ineluctable d’un effondrement de notre civilisation et leur existence est profondement bouleversee : peuvent-ils encore avoir le projet de fonder une famille? Doivent-ils poursuivre leurs etudes ou des aujourd’hui preparer leur survie? L’existence a-t-elle encore un sens? Dans les Consultations d’ethique clinique, nous sommes confrontes a des demandes de contraception definitive pour raison environnementale qui mettent en difficulte le corps medical et les fondements meme de l’ethique clinique. Quelles reponses sont legitimes?

3 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the results of a qualitative analysis of the moyens (macro, meso, and micro) used by ergotherapeutes-chercheurs for resoudre enjeux ethiques of recherche.
Abstract: La recherche est une occupation propice a l’emergence d’enjeux ethiques, en outre parce qu’elle est liee a des conflits d’interets parfois difficiles a gerer et se realise dans un contexte hautement competitif qui valorise la performance. Alors que les enjeux ethiques de la pratique clinique de l’ergotherapie commencent a etre documentes, les enjeux ethiques vecus par les chercheurs en ergotherapie et les moyens qu’ils utilisent pour gerer ces enjeux ne sont quasiment pas documentes. Cet article presente les resultats d’une etude qualitative qui a documente les moyens (macro, meso et micro) qui sont proposes par des ergotherapeutes-chercheurs pour resoudre les enjeux ethiques de la recherche. Onze ergotherapeutes (n=11) ont participe a la recherche et partagent les moyens qu’ils utilisent ou envisagent pour gerer les enjeux ethiques de la recherche qu’ils vivent comme chercheur. Les moyens proposes par les ergotherapeutes rejoignent plusieurs moyens suggeres dans les ecrits, quoique certains moyens proposes dans les ecrits relatifs a la relation a etablir avec les participants de recherche soient peu abordes par les participants, ce qui est surprenant compte tenu des valeurs humanistes au fondement de la profession d’ergotherapeute. Au final, cet article qui presente une synthese a la fois des moyens repertories dans des ecrits pour resoudre les enjeux ethiques de la recherche et ceux discutes par les participants vise a habiliter l’ergotherapeute-chercheur a resoudre les enjeux que pose la recherche academique tout en restant fidele aux valeurs de la profession.

3 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Overall, it is argued that VC allows for greater accessibility, availability, and affordability of healthcare, and certain clinical scenarios may not be suitable for VC, particularly when a thorough physical examination is required.
Abstract: Virtual care (VC), a novel method of healthcare delivery, allows patients to stay home or at their preferred location and use personal internet-enabled devices to video-conference with their healthcare provider. VC is becoming ubiquitous across the US and Canada, particularly in response to COVID-19. In this paper, we discuss the benefits and limitations of VC and explore how it may align with or detract from the four principles of bioethics through case studies. Overall, we argue that it allows for greater accessibility, availability, and affordability of healthcare. However, certain clinical scenarios may not be suitable for VC, particularly when a thorough physical examination is required. While it may not always be clear when to use digital health technologies, it is prudent to have an honest and open conversation with the patient when offering this option.

3 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focused on a debate at the core of the perceived role of regulatory law in health technology development, namely: Environment, Health and Safety Issues (EHSI) vs Ethical, Legal and Social Issues (ELSI) that arose in technology governance.
Abstract: This paper aims to provide a better understanding of the law circumscribing the social role of Health Technology Assessment (HTA) and gain insight into the reasons challenging the inclusion of ethics into HTA. We focused on a debate at the core of the perceived role of regulatory law in health technology development, namely: Environment, Health and Safety Issues (EHSI) vs Ethical, Legal and Social Issues (ELSI) that arose in technology governance. Data collection was based on a literature review and a case study analysis. The former was founded on previous work. Three HTA agencies were selected for the latter using categories ranging from a greater to a lesser level of legal obligatory intensity. Our literature review revealed five different themes relating to the social role of HTA and a distinction between the role/use of “hard law” and “soft law” in regulatory law, thus providing an understanding of how agencies used law for handling ethics in HTA. Both approaches revealed that the debate, first observed in the EHSI/ELSI technology-governance and assessment, is reproduced in HTA. The main trend revealed by the literature review and the case study, is the presence of a pact between science and regulatory law. The social demand for integrating ELSI, and more precisely, ethical evaluation into HTA, is not the main preoccupation of the traditional legal frameworks governing HTA and remains to be considered primarily by alternative, soft law initiatives. The reported difficulties in integrating ethics into HTA demonstrate the need for rethinking legal governance in HTA.

Journal ArticleDOI
Felix Carrier1
TL;DR: In this paper, a discussion transparente de ces aspects avec certains patients peut beneficier a la relation therapeutique and permettre aux personnes atteintes de troubles mentaux d'envisager un narratif qui n’ait pas a se limiter a condition psychiatrique ni a se constituer par le rejet de cette derniere, mais puisse lui laisser une place legitime.
Abstract: Cet article aborde le theme de la reduction diagnostique en psychiatrie, un processus par lequel des situations forcement complexes et multifactorielles sont reduites a des conditions medicales. Ce processus presente des ecueils evidents, mais aussi certaines fonctions, notamment celle de circonscrire ce sur quoi porte legitimement ou non le jugement psychiatrique. Nous discuterons parallelement des distinctions entre souffrance narrative et pathologique, ainsi que des jugements moraux et medicaux qui peuvent leur etre associes. Ceci menera a argumenter en faveur d’une attitude pragmatique par rapport a la classification diagnostique psychiatrique, c’est-a-dire par rapport au vocable standardise servant a categoriser et identifier les troubles dits de sante mentale. Nous degagerons par la suite des implications pour la pratique clinique, notamment qu’une discussion transparente de ces aspects avec certains patients peut beneficier a la relation therapeutique et permettre aux personnes atteintes de troubles mentaux d’envisager un narratif qui n’ait pas a se limiter a une condition psychiatrique ni a se constituer par le rejet de cette derniere, mais puisse lui laisser une place legitime. Ultimement, nous souhaitons que la sensibilisation des cliniciens aux enjeux ethiques inherents au diagnostic psychiatrique permette de limiter le caractere potentiellement pejoratif et deshumanisant de la reduction diagnostique, en leur permettant d’adopter des attitudes reflexives et transparentes sur ces questions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A questionnaire for mental health care providers to better understand their perspectives related to ethical issues in relation to medical-aid-in-dying (MAiD) in the context of severe and persistent suffering caused by mental illness highlights how extending MAiD to people with a mental illness would affect daily practices.
Abstract: Context: In most jurisdictions where medical-aid-in-dying (MAiD) is available, this option is reserved for individuals suffering from incurable physical conditions. Currently, in Canada, people who have a mental illness are legally excluded from accessing MAiD. Methods: We developed a questionnaire for mental health care providers to better understand their perspectives related to ethical issues in relation to MAiD in the context of severe and persistent suffering caused by mental illness. We used a mixed-methods survey approach, using a concurrent embedded model with both closed and open-ended questions. Findings: 477 healthcare providers from the province of Quebec (Canada) completed the questionnaire. One third of the sample (34.4%) were nurses, one quarter psychologists (24.3%) and one quarter psycho-educators (24%). Nearly half of the respondents (48.4%) considered that people with a severe mental illness should be granted the right to opt for MAiD as a way to end their suffering. Respondents were more likely to feel comfortable listening to the person and participating in discussions related to MAiD for a mental illness than offering care or the means for the person to access MAiD. Most (86.2%) reported that they had not received adequate/sufficient training, education or preparation in order to address ethical questions surrounding MAiD. Conclusions: The findings highlight how extending MAiD to people with a mental illness would affect daily practices for mental healthcare providers who work directly with people who may request MAiD. The survey results also reinforce the need for adequate training and professional education in this complex area of care.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Given the research ethics concept of “non-identifiability” is increasingly questionable, policies based around it may be rendered untenable, and the potential inability to ensure anonymity could have significant ramifications for the research enterprise.
Abstract: The obligation to maintain the privacy of patients and research participants is foundational to biomedical research. But there is growing concern about the challenges of keeping participant information private and confidential. A number of recent studies have highlighted how emerging computational strategies can be used to identify or reidentify individuals in health data repositories managed by public or private institutions. Some commentators have suggested the entire concept of privacy and anonymity is “dead”, and this raises legal and ethical questions about the consent process and safeguards relating to health privacy. Members of the public and research participants value privacy highly, and inability to ensure it could affect participation. Canadian common law and legislation require a full and comprehensive disclosure of risks during informed consent, including anything a reasonable person in the participant or patient’s position would want to know. Research ethics policies require similar disclosures, as well as full descriptions of privacy related risks and mitigation strategies at the time of consent. In addition, the right to withdraw from research gives rise to a need for ongoing consent, and material information about changes in privacy risk must be disclosed. Given the research ethics concept of “non-identifiability” is increasingly questionable, policies based around it may be rendered untenable. Indeed, the potential inability to ensure anonymity could have significant ramifications for the research enterprise.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of the formal, informal, and hidden ethics curricula at two postgraduate psychiatry programs in Canada was conducted, and the authors found that adherence to the hidden curriculum in certain circumstances determines whether residents become part of an in-group or demonstrate a sense of belonging to that group.
Abstract: The residency years comprise the last period of a physician’s formal training. It is at this stage that trainees consolidate the clinical skills required for independent practice and achieve a level of ethical development essential to their work as physicians, a process known as professional identity formation (PIF). Ethics education is thought to contribute to ethical development and to that end the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC) requires that formal ethics education be integrated within all postgraduate specialty training programs. However, a formal ethics curriculum can operate in parallel with informal and hidden ethics curricula, the latter being more subtle, pervasive, and influential in shaping learner attitudes and behavior. This paper reports on a study of the formal, informal, and hidden ethics curricula at two postgraduate psychiatry programs in Canada. Based on the analysis of data sources, we relate the divergences between the formal, informal, and hidden ethics curricula to two aspects of professional identity formation (PIF) during psychiatry residency training. The first is the idea of group membership. Adherence to the hidden curriculum in certain circumstances determines whether residents become part of an in-group or demonstrate a sense of belonging to that group. The second aspect of PIF we explore is the ambiguous role of the resident as a student and a practitioner. In ethically challenging situations, adherence to the messages of the hidden curriculum is influenced by and influences whether residents act as students, practitioners, or both. This paper describes the hidden curriculum in action and in interaction with PIF. Our analysis offers a complementary, empirical perspective to the theoretical literature concerning PIF in medical education. This literature tends to position sound ethical decision-making as the end result of PIF. Our analysis points out that the mechanism works in both directions: how residents respond to hidden curriculum in ethics can be a driver of professional identity formation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Fairness Dialogues as discussed by the authors ) is a new method for deliberating health equity among the general public, featuring reason-giving and inclusive group deliberation using a hypothetical scenario (the town of Troutville).
Abstract: Context. Public engagement efforts in health policy have posed many value-laden questions, yet those that appreciate the complexity and diversity of the concept of health equity are rare. We introduce the Fairness Dialogues, a new method for deliberating health equity among the general public. We provide its theoretical underpinning and present its empirical illustration and qualitative assessment. Methods. Primarily informed by the scholarship of deliberation, we designed the Fairness Dialogues, featured by reason-giving and inclusive group deliberation using a hypothetical scenario (the town of Troutville) that presents carefully designed, simple, open-ended cases focusing on a chosen equity and fairness issue. To assess whether the Fairness Dialogues encourages reflective views, we conducted a qualitative investigation by focusing on fairness and unfairness of inequalities in life expectancy. Findings. Our results revealed the complex intuitions that people have and their curiosity, patience, and willingness to scrutinize them in-depth through a small group dialogue. Intuitions shared by our study participants are similar to those presented in the scholarly philosophical literature. Conclusions. The Fairness Dialogues is a promising method to incorporate the public’s views into policy-making involving value judgment and to develop the capacity of the public to discuss value-laden questions in a reflective and inclusive manner.

Journal ArticleDOI
Karim Zaouaq1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose an analysis of the different enjeux ethiques that souleve the GPA, avant de sarreter sur les divers courants juridiques interdisant ou autorisant totalement ou partiellement cette pratique.
Abstract: Dans un marche mondial de procreation fort evolutif, la GPA en tant que forme de maternite de substitution, se pratique aujourd’hui de plus en plus et suscite de nombreuses problematiques ethiques en termes de respect de la dignite des femmes, d’indisponibilite de son corps, de prise en compte de l’interet superieur de l’enfant a naitre et d’etablissement de sa filiation. Face a de tels questionnements ethiques, la reponse juridique en droit international fut timide alors que celle des Etats fut foncierement disparate variant entre des regimes d’interdiction ou d’encadrement legal de cette pratique et d’autres qui la tolerent, mais ne la reglementent pas. Cet article propose d’analyser les differents enjeux ethiques que souleve la GPA, avant de s’arreter sur les divers courants juridiques interdisant ou autorisant totalement ou partiellement cette pratique, tout en etudiant le traitement juridique reserve par le droit international a cette question.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The extrinsic solutions deal with the appropriate measures which can and should be implemented so as to better support the supervisors’ work and better recognize the important contribution of occupational therapists who train the next generation of occupational therapist in clinical settings.
Abstract: Occupational therapists who contribute to fieldwork education are exposed to ethical issues when supervising trainees. Both the ethical issues and the solutions to address these ethical issues are undocumented in the literature. A qualitative study was conducted to document these issues and their solutions. Twenty-three occupational therapists with supervising experience participated in this study. All the participants reported experiencing ethical issues while supervising trainees. This article aims to present the solutions proposed by the participants in order to address the ethical issues of fieldwork education. Intrinsic solutions are linked to supervisors’ ethical, pedagogical or occupational therapy competences. The extrinsic solutions deal with the appropriate measures which can and should be implemented so as to better support the supervisors’ work and better recognize the important contribution of occupational therapists who train the next generation of occupational therapists in clinical settings. This study is likely to have implications on clinical practice, teaching, research and governance.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore whether commodification critiques can ground an alternative justification for the noncommercialization of surrogacy and suggest that commodification critique might provide a normative basis for a self-sufficiency regulatory framework, which centres on values such as solidarity and the public good.
Abstract: Canada’s Assisted Human Reproduction Act justifies its non-commercialization approach to surrogacy on the grounds that commercial payments for surrogacy commodify women and are exploitative. However, empirical evidence suggests that payments in surrogacy are not exploitative, at least not to an extent that would warrant criminalizing payments. Given skepticism about the connection between exploitation and commodification, I explore whether commodification critiques can ground an alternative justification for the non-commercialization of surrogacy. First, I examine Vida Panitch’s argument that commodification critiques are flawed for being absolutist, that is, they cannot identify what makes some surrogacy transactions better or worse than others. Second, I examine Anne Phillips’ rearticulation of a commodification critique: Commercial surrogacy is problematic because it undermines equality in a democratic society. I argue that Phillips’ revision can escape absolutism and provide a better justification for Canada’s non-commercialization stance. However, it also entails that the preference for criminalizing payments is weakened, as other policy solutions might be effectively implemented to protect equality. As a result, I propose a shift in how commodification is appealed to: Less attention should be paid to abstract values and more attention should be given to how those values are enacted relationally between members of a political community. I also tentatively suggest that commodification critiques might provide a normative basis in Canadian policy for a self-sufficiency regulatory framework, which centres on values such as solidarity and the public good.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the question of the sterilisation force of population autochtone comme a problem bioethique, a point of vue interdisciplinaire, a partir de la sociologie historique and en dialogue avec l’anthropologie medicale, les etudes de genre et les droits humains.
Abstract: Cet article cherche a explorer la question de la sterilisation forcee de population autochtone comme probleme bioethique d’un point de vue interdisciplinaire, a partir de la sociologie historique et en dialogue avec l’anthropologie medicale, les etudes de genre et les droits humains. Sa methodologie est basee sur l’etude d’un cas empirique, en lien avec un travail de terrain realise dans une municipalite du sud du Mexique, dans l’etat de Guerrero. Elle est complementee par une recherche documentaire qui a permis, entre autres, la construction d’un cas theorique a partir des evenements survenus au Perou, a la meme epoque que le cas mexicain, dans les annees 1990. Le principal resultat de ce travail de recherche historique est que la sterilisation forcee, bien que largement due a une politique de controle demographique ainsi qu’a certaines pratiques de planification familiale, est egalement liee, dans le cas particulier de la population autochtone, a des processus contre-insurrectionnels deployes face a l’activite de guerillas, caracteristique de ces annees-la en Amerique Latine.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a fine line between authorship and contributorship from the research ethics perspective is drawn, and the authors resolve the intricate authorship issue based on global organizations' regulations.
Abstract: The article helps resolve the intricate authorship issue based on global organizations’ regulations. It draws a fine line between authorship and contributorship from the research ethics perspective.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is argued that the Canadian government’s position against screening for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and publicly funding HCV treatment is ethically unjustifiable and being denied screening and early treatment is to be denied the best possible outcome.
Abstract: In this article, I argue that the Canadian government’s position against screening for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and publicly funding HCV treatment is ethically unjustifiable. Cost of medication and likelihood of widening existing health inequality are the government’s argument for not funding HCV treatment and for also not having a screening program. I object to this position and argue in favour of a screening program and public funding of HCV treatment. I argue that these barriers are ethically unjust. Conclusively, being denied screening and early treatment is to be denied the best possible outcome.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that a broad generalization about intellectual disabilities is justified: it always has a negative impact on quality of life, even though there is no single negative impact.
Abstract: The common belief is that disability is bad for the person who is disabled, that it has a negative effect on well-being. Some disability rights activists and philosophers, however, assert that disability has little or no impact on how well a person’s life goes, that it is neutral with respect to flourishing. In recent articles Stephen Campbell and Joseph Stramondo, while rejecting both views, claim that we cannot make any broad generalizations about the effect of disability on well-being. Whether they are right about physical and sensory disabilities, I do not know, but I argue that they are wrong about intellectual disabilities (ID). A broad generalization about intellectual disabilities is justified: it always has a negative impact on quality of life, even though there is no single negative impact. The disadvantages of ID are plain (all ID is bad) but complicated (its badness depends on multidimensional influences including biological condition, social environment and personal temperament).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This case study considers the ethical defensibility of recommending weight loss as a treatment for patients with higher body mass indexes and a failure to consider other ethical factors such as those related to equity and the social determinants of health.
Abstract: This case study considers the ethical defensibility of recommending weight loss as a treatment for patients with higher body mass indexes. Recommending weight loss may be motivated by clinicians’ biases toward people living in larger bodies, misperceptions about weight and its relevancy to overall health, and a failure to consider other ethical factors such as those related to equity and the social determinants of health.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore les enjeux ethiques of ce phenomene encore tres peu etudie, and nous amenent, en dernier lieu, a une amorce de proposition for positionner les professionnels impliques.
Abstract: Le devoilement de soi des patients est essentiel au travail des professionnels de la sante, et ceci est encore plus critique en sante mentale ou la parole du patient est le reflet du contenu de la psyche. Le devoilement de soi concerne alors des symptomes invisibles qui sont associes a des problemes de sante ou la discrimination et la stigmatisation sont encore tres presentes. Cet article explore les enjeux ethiques de ce phenomene encore tres peu etudie. Le devoilement en tant que processus decisionnel, interpersonnel, dynamique et complexe sera defini et approfondi a l’aide d’exemples tires de la recherche. Par la suite, la vulnerabilite de la personne qui se devoile sera abordee, suivie des enjeux lies aux normes de pratique professionnelle associees au devoilement des patients et a leur responsabilite avers celui-ci. Ces elements mettent en lumiere de nombreuses questions ethiques et nous amenent, en dernier lieu, a une amorce de proposition pour positionner les professionnels impliques.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The 3eme Cafe de bioethique de 2019 as discussed by the authors was held in Quebec, 2019, with the theme "Defis and opportunites": "Le citoyen comme acteur de sante publique": defis et opportunites.
Abstract: Ce compte-rendu synthetise les echanges tenus lors du 3eme Cafe de bioethique de 2019 a Quebec, qui ont porte sur le theme : « Le citoyen comme acteur de sante publique : defis et opportunites ». Trois panelistes – Yan Kestens, Allison Marchildon et Karine Lefeuvre – ont enrichi cette rencontre de leur expertise en sante publique et en ethique. Cet echange a fait ressortir la valeur de la participation citoyenne en sante publique et l’importance d’en nuancer sa comprehension et sa mise en application. Il est prioritaire de considerer les relations entre les differentes parties prenantes, les facteurs contextuels pouvant affecter ce processus et les strategies ethiques permettant de renforcir de « bonnes » participations citoyennes. Cette rencontre s’inscrit dans une serie de Cafes de bioethique tenus a Montreal et a Quebec sur le sujet de l’ethique, de la sante et des donnees.

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TL;DR: In 2018, a qualitative transversale was conducted in cinq communautes rurales de Boulsa, au Burkina Faso, where participants were asked to evaluate the perceptions and pratiques of sante et al. as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Contexte : Les preuves des bienfaits des politiques de gratuite des soins sont reunies, mais les enjeux ethiques que ces politiques soulevent dans les pays a faibles revenus ont ete peu examines. Au Burkina Faso, la gratuite a ete introduite en juillet 2016 pour les enfants de moins de 5 ans et les femmes enceintes, en ce qui concerne les soins en sante reproductive. Il a ete rapporte que les criteres d’eligibilite sont parfois difficiles a interpreter ou a mettre en application. L’objectif de cette etude est double : 1) comprendre les perceptions et les pratiques du personnel de sante et des beneficiaires a l’egard du respect des criteres d’eligibilite a la gratuite et 2) explorer les tensions ethiques qui en ont decoule et les eventuels modes de resolution. Methodologie : En 2018, une etude qualitative transversale a ete menee dans cinq communautes rurales de Boulsa, au Burkina Faso, Des entrevues individuelles semi-dirigees ont ete realisees aupres du personnel soignant (n=10) et de meres de jeunes enfants (n=10), qui ont ete selectionnees avec l’aide d’agents de sante a base communautaire. Les enregistrements audios ont ete traduits et retranscrits. Une analyse thematique de contenu a ete realisee sur l’ensemble du materiel. Les themes qui sont ressortis de l’analyse thematique ont ete identifies par les membres de l’equipe, qui en ont discute et les ont reformules. Resultats : L’etude suggere que les criteres d’eligibilite a la gratuite ne sont pas toujours bien connus des beneficiaires, ce qui peut entrainer des debordements involontaires. Elle revele aussi l’adoption de pratiques pour contourner le respect strict des criteres d’eligibilite a la gratuite, notamment pour en faire beneficier les enfants de 5 ans et plus. Ces debordements deliberes resultent de tensions ethiques vecues par les beneficiaires, et en soulevent d’autres chez le personnel soignant. Des mecanismes sont mis en oeuvre officieusement pour reconcilier les dissonances ressenties par les prestataires. Conclusion : La mise en oeuvre de la politique de gratuite au Burkina Faso s’opere grâce a des mecanismes de reinvention locale pour surmonter les tensions ethiques liees au respect des criteres d’eligibilite.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a psychiatrie transculturelle sinteresse a l’impact of the culture on the sante mentale and the maladie and remet le patient au centre de the relation en respectant ses manieres de faire and de penser, individuellement mais aussi collectivement.
Abstract: La psychiatrie transculturelle s’interesse a l’impact de la culture sur la sante mentale et la maladie et remet le patient au centre de la relation en respectant ses manieres de faire et de penser, individuellement mais aussi collectivement. La culture definit les representations ontologiques, les theories etiologiques et les logiques therapeutiques qui influencent l’expression symptomatologique de la souffrance et les modes de resilience des individus, tout aussi varies que les cultures desquelles elles emergent. Or la psychiatrie occidentale est de la meme maniere indissociable de la culture dans laquelle elle est nee, ce qui pose la question de la souffrance psychique et des soins en situation transculturelle. La psychiatrie transculturelle amene le clinicien a se remettre en question et a elargir la clinique aux questions sociales, geopolitiques et historiques qui teintent les liens du tissu social, les relations de pouvoir et l’acces aux soins pour les individus des communautes culturelles. Comment faire que notre rencontre avec les patients venus d’autres mondes et ne partageant pas la meme langue que nous soit ethique? Comment soigner face a l’alterite culturelle? Et quels impacts pour la sante mentale des jeunes d’aujourd’hui qui grandissent dans ces societes mondialisees aux defis identitaires complexes qui peuvent mener a des radicalites? Nous proposons dans cet article quelques reponses a ces defis ethiques et cliniques, en passant par le metissage des representations, gage d’un meilleur vivre ensemble et d’une creativite renouvelee, pour un « ethos de la solidarite » dans les soins en sante mentale.

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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a case study in which femmes desire to rester without enfants, but are prevented from doing so by their parents. But they do not specify the reasons for this desire.
Abstract: Avec les modifications sociales des dernieres decennies, particulierement avec l’avenement de l’avortement, de la contraception et de la liberalisation du marche du travail, les femmes ont pu trouver leur place hors de leur role de mere et se construire en tant qu’individu propre, non resume a un role reproductif. Ainsi, pour bien des raisons que nous allons presenter, certaines femmes desirent et font le choix de rester sans enfant, elles sont, dans ce cas, appelees childfree (c’est-a-dire, sans enfant par choix). C’est notamment le cas de jeunes femmes de moins 30 ans qui, par peur notamment d’une grossesse non desiree, vont s’orienter vers la ligature tubaire plutot que vers des methodes dites non definitives. Cependant, nos societes occidentales sont encore assez pronatalistes, et cette decision de mettre un terme a leur capacite reproductive choque et interpelle. Le personnel soignant, et plus precisement les medecins, confronte a ces demandes de sterilisations les rejette souvent lorsqu’elles sont faites par des femmes sans enfants de moins 30 ans, en s’appuyant sur plusieurs justifications que nous allons expliciter, dont la peur d’apparition de regrets chez celle-ci. Il ressort de cette situation une confrontation entre le principe d’autonomie de la personne qui s’exprime par le respect de sa decision d’agent autonome d’une part et, d’autre part, la deontologie du medecin, encore parfois teintee d’un certain paternalisme. Nous allons donc analyser ce dilemme ethique et tenter d’apporter quelques pistes de recommandations pour une prise en charge plus adaptee de ces situations, grâce notamment a l’approche de l’ethique narrative et du partenariat relationnel, aussi appele le Montreal Model.